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Ballabio C, Jones A, Panagos P. Cadmium in topsoils of the European Union - An analysis based on LUCAS topsoil database. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168710. [PMID: 38008327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring element that can accumulate in the soil through the application of fertilisers containing cadmium and as a waste of industrial processes. Cadmium inputs in the soil have increased significantly (+50 %) during the 20th century as a result of the application of fertilisers and sewage sludge, and also due to local contamination (e.g. waste dumping, mining) and industrial emissions (e.g. zinc smelters). Using the 21,682 soil samples from the LUCAS soil survey, we aim to estimate the spatial distribution of the concentration of Cd in the European Union (EU) and UK topsoil. Out of the total, 72.6 % of the samples have Cd values <0.07 mg kg-1, 21.6 % in the range 0.07-1 mg kg-1 and the remaining 5.5 % higher than the threshold of 1 mg kg-1, which is generally considered the limit for risk assessment. The mean Cd value in the EU topsoils is 0.20 mg kg-1, slightly higher in grasslands (0.24 mg kg-1) compared to croplands (0.17 mg kg-1). Applying an ensemble of machine learning models supported by a variety of environmental descriptors, we created maps of Cd distribution at a resolution of 100 m. The ensemble approach included five models and increased the prediction accuracy to R2 of 0.45 (an increase of 0.1 compared to best single model performance). The approach used resulted in a high predictive power for the general Cd distribution, while also identifying hotspots of Cd contamination. Natural factors influencing Cd levels include soil properties (pH, clay), topography, soil erosion, and leaching. As anthropogenic factors, we identified phosphorus inputs to agricultural lands as the most important for Cd levels. The application of the EU Fertiliser Directive should further limit Cd inputs and potentially the Cd content in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arwyn Jones
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Thompson-Morrison H, Ariantiningsih F, Arief SM, Gaw S, Robinson B. Chemical elements in Elaeis guineensis materials and derived oil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1836. [PMID: 38246913 PMCID: PMC10800330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Southeast Asia is vital to the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia. Both fertilisers and pesticides used in palm production can contain elevated concentrations of Trace Elements (TEs) which may accumulate in soils and leaf tissues of plants. We hypothesised that leaves from oil palms may be deficient in essential elements, while containing elevated concentrations of non-essential TEs commonly found in agrichemicals. Samples of plant materials (leaves and fruitlets) were collected from active and former plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia, and analysed for essential and non-essential elements. Indonesian palm oil samples were sourced in New Zealand and their elemental concentrations determined. Leaf materials from both active and abandoned production sites were deficient in N, K, S and Mo, while leaf materials from abandoned sites were deficient in P. These deficiencies may have been a contributing factor to the abandonment of production at these sites. Concentrations of non-essential elements were below or comparable to average plant concentrations and no evidence of contamination was found in plant tissues. Palm oil contained low concentrations of TEs, which did not pose any toxicity risks. However, Na and Al were present in concentrations of 1198 and 159 mg kg-1 respectively, which were higher than have been previously reported. Tropical oil palm production could benefit from the determination of bioaccumulation factors for fertiliser contaminants in E. guineensis, to limit the transfer of contaminants to plants and products if increased fertiliser applications were used to correct nutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadee Thompson-Morrison
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brett Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Jensen H, Lehto N, Almond P, Gaw S, Robinson B. The Uptake of Rare Trace Elements by Perennial Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.). TOXICS 2023; 11:929. [PMID: 37999581 PMCID: PMC10674648 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Technological development has increased the use of chemical elements that have hitherto received scant scientific attention as environmental contaminants. Successful management of these rare trace elements (RTEs) requires elucidation of their mobility in the soil-plant system. We aimed to determine the capacity of Lolium perenne (a common pasture species) to tolerate and accumulate the RTEs Be, Ga, In, La, Ce, Nd, and Gd in a fluvial recent soil. Cadmium was used as a reference as a well-studied contaminant that is relatively mobile in the soil-plant system. Soil was spiked with 2.5-283 mg kg-1 of RTE or Cd salts, representing five, 10, 20, and 40 times their background concentrations in soil. For Be, Ce, In, and La, there was no growth reduction, even at the highest soil concentrations (76, 1132, 10.2, and 874 mg kg-1, respectively), which resulted in foliar concentrations of 7.1, 12, 0.11, and 50 mg kg-1, respectively. The maximum no-biomass reduction foliar concentrations for Cd, Gd, Nd, and Ga were 0.061, 0.1, 7.1, and 11 mg kg-1, respectively. Bioaccumulation coefficients ranged from 0.0030-0.95, and increased Ce < In < Nd ≅ Gd < La ≅ Be ≅ Ga < Cd. Beryllium and La were the RTEs most at risk of entering the food chain via L. perenne, as their toxicity thresholds were not reached in the ranges tested, and the bioaccumulation coefficient (plant/soil concentration quotient) trends indicated that uptake would continue to increase at higher soil concentrations. In contrast, In and Ce were the elements least likely to enter the food chain. Further research should repeat the experiments in different soil types or with different plant species to test the robustness of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Jensen
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand (S.G.)
| | - Niklas Lehto
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (N.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Peter Almond
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (N.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand (S.G.)
| | - Brett Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand (S.G.)
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Meister A, Gutiérrez-Ginés MJ, Lowe H, Robinson B. The Potential of Myrtaceae Species for the Phytomanagement of Treated Municipal Wastewater. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2844. [PMID: 37570998 PMCID: PMC10421016 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of native plants in land application systems for treated municipal wastewater (TMW) can contribute to ecological restoration. However, research on the potential of native species to manage the nutrients and contaminants contained in TMW is scarce. At a 10-hectare field site irrigated with TMW at >4000 mm yr-1, we investigated the distribution of nutrients and trace elements in the soil-plant system, comparing the New Zealand native Myrtaceae species Leptosperum scoparium and Kunzea robusta with pasture. The results showed that plant growth did not correlate with TMW irrigation rates. L. scoparium and K. robusta had higher foliar trace element concentrations than pasture, but these were not correlated with TMW irrigation rates. The pasture accumulated more N and P (68 kg of N ha-1 yr-1 and 11 kg of P ha-1 yr-1) than the Myrtaceae species (0.6-17 kg of N ha-1 yr-1 and 0.06-1.8 kg of P ha-1 yr-1). Regular harvesting of the pasture would likely remove more N and P from the site than the Myrtaceae species. The results highlight the importance of adjusting TMW application rates to the soil-plant capacity, in which case, native plants could provide ecological or economic value to TMW-irrigated land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Meister
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | | | - Hamish Lowe
- Lowe Environmental Impact, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Brett Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Mu D, Zheng S, Lin D, Xu Y, Dong R, Pei P, Sun Y. Derivation and validation of soil cadmium thresholds for the safe farmland production of vegetables in high geological background area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162171. [PMID: 36775143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive dietary intake of cadmium (Cd) poses toxicity risks to human health, and it is therefore essential to establish accurate and regionally appropriate soil Cd thresholds that ensure the safety of agricultural products grown in different areas. This study investigated the differences in the Cd accumulation in 32 vegetable varieties and found that the Cd content ranged from 0.01 to 0.24 mg·kg-1, and decreased in the order of stem and bulb vegetables > leafy vegetables > solanaceous crops > bean cultivars. A correlation analysis and structural equation model showed that pH, soil organic matter, and the cation exchange capacity had significant effects on Cd accumulation in the vegetables and explained 72.1 % of the variance. In addition, species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves showed that stem and bulb vegetables were more sensitive to Cd than other types of vegetables. Using the Burr Type III function for curve fitting, we derived Cd thresholds of 6.66, 4.15, and 1.57 mg·kg-1 for vegetable soils. These thresholds will ensure that 20 %, 50 %, and 95 % of these vegetable varieties were risk-free, respectively. The predicted threshold of soil Cd was more than twice that of China's current National Soil Quality Standard (GB 15618-2018) for Cd values. Therefore, soil scenarios and cultivars should be considered comprehensively when determining farmland soil thresholds. The present results provide a new model for setting soil Cd criteria in high geological background areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demiao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shunan Zheng
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, MARA, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Dasong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Ruyin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Penggang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yuebing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China.
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6
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Anderson CWN, Smith SL, Jeyakumar P, Thompson-Morrison H, Cavanagh JAE. Forage crops and cadmium: How changing farming systems might impact cadmium accumulation in animals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154256. [PMID: 35248626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Production advantages, environmental benefits and increasing parasite resistance are changing the composition of New Zealand pastures. Traditional ryegrass/clover pasture mixes are being replaced by forage herb crops such as lucerne, chicory and plantain that accumulate a higher concentration of contaminants such as cadmium (Cd). To explore the relationship between Cd in forage crops and the Cd concentration accumulated by animals, four-month-old lambs at four farms across the central North Island of New Zealand were grazed on different forage crops (ryegrass, chicory, lucerne and plantain) between weaning and slaughter. Soil and pasture samples, and sequential liver biopsies, were collected and analysed for total Cd. There were significant differences in Cd concentration between the forage crops (chicory > plantain > lucerne > ryegrass) and this ordering was repeated for Cd in liver. There was no exceedance of maximum limits (ML) for Cd in offal set by the EU and NZ/Australia food safety standards authorities for animals of this study, although the highest concentration of Cd in chicory (0.85 mg/kg DW) was considerably lower than has been recorded elsewhere in New Zealand (4.5 mg/kg DW). Provisional Soil Management Values (SMVs) were developed to explore compliance of liver with EU food standards as a function of grazing chicory. For a soil pH of 5, exceedance might occur at a soil cadmium concentration of 0.34 mg/kg. This concentration falls within Tier 0 of the New Zealand Tiered Fertiliser Management System which seeks to ensure soil Cd remains within acceptable limits over the next 100 years and beyond. Increased Cd uptake by fodder crops and its management in these Tier 0 pastoral soils is therefore an emerging issue for pastoral agriculture. The risk of ML exceedance for animals grazing forage crops such as chicory on low Cd soils should be further considered to ensure uninterrupted access to export markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W N Anderson
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Stefan L Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hadee Thompson-Morrison
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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7
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Chemical Elements and the Quality of Mānuka ( Leptospermum scoparium) Honey. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071670. [PMID: 34359540 PMCID: PMC8303644 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil properties in the foraging range of honeybees influence honey composition. We aimed to determine relationships between the antimicrobial properties of New Zealand mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey and elemental concentrations in the honey, plants, and soils. We analyzed soils, plants, and fresh mānuka honey samples from the Wairarapa region of New Zealand for the chemical elements and the antimicrobial activity of the honey as indicated by methylglyoxal (MGO) and dihydroxyacetone (DHA). There were significant negative correlations between honey MGO and the concentrations of Mn, Cu, Mg, S, Na, Ba, K, Zn, and Al. These elements may provide a low-cost means of assessing mānuka honey quality. For individual elements, except for K, there were no correlations between the honeys, plants, and soils. Soil nitrate concentrations were negatively correlated with concentrations of MGO and DHA in the honey, which implies that soil fertility may be a determiner of mānuka honey quality.
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8
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Ubeynarayana N, Jeyakumar P, Bishop P, Pereira RC, Anderson CWN. Effect of soil cadmium on root organic acid secretion by forage crops. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115839. [PMID: 33120331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The two forage species used in New Zealand pastoral agricultural systems, chicory (Cichorium intybus) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata) show differential ability to absorb and translocate cadmium (Cd) from roots to shoots. Chicory can accumulate Cd from even low Cd soils to levels that might exceed regulatory guidelines for Cd in fodder crops and food. Chicory and plantain were grown in soil-filled rhizocolumns under increasing Cd levels (0 (Control), 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg Cd/kg soil) for 60 days and showed variable secretion of oxalic, fumaric, malic and acetic acids as a function of Cd treatment. Plant roots secrete such Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids into the rhizosphere soil, which can influence Cd uptake. Chicory showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower secretion of fumaric acid, and higher secretion of acetic acid than plantain at all Cd treatments. We propose that the significant secretion differences between the two species can explain the significantly (P < 0.05) higher shoot Cd concentration in chicory for all Cd treatments. Understanding the mechanism for increased uptake in chicory may lead to breeding or genetic modification which yield low Cd uptake cultivars needed to mitigate the risk of Cd accumulation in pastoral agricultural food chains from this increasingly important fodder crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilusha Ubeynarayana
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Bishop
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Roberto Calvelo Pereira
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Christopher W N Anderson
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Rigby H, Smith SR. The significance of cadmium entering the human food chain via livestock ingestion from the agricultural use of biosolids, with special reference to the UK. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105844. [PMID: 32673905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
When biosolids are applied to agricultural soil, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulate in the topsoil, although it takes many repeated applications to reach soil limit values. Two programmes of UK government-funded research were commissioned in the 1990s to investigate the transfer of PTEs to the food chain via ingestion by sheep grazing biosolids-amended soil. Here, we critically re-examine this evidence in the light of other published work and current food quality standards. This was particularly motivated by the need to determine the safety of biosolids controls on PTEs in relation to revised and stricter European food quality controls for PTEs in foodstuffs. The major pathway for transfer of PTEs to grazing livestock is via direct ingestion of biosolids or biosolids-amended soil from the soil surface. The main elements of concern for the human diet are cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), with Cd being the focus of the current paper. Animal ingestion of plant tissue is also a potential pathway for Cd exposure, which, unlike Pb, can transfer to crop tissues. The concentrations of Cd in the muscle tissue of sheep grazing biosolids-amended soil were generally small and similar to control values. Cadmium concentrations in sheep offal were below the maximum permitted concentration for human consumption. This was despite ingestion of soils exceeding the maximum permissible concentration for Cd in soil (3 mg kg-1 dry soil) by up to three times, at an ingestion rate of 10% total dietary dry matter intake. Grazing trials under practical conditions on high Cd soils demonstrated that the Cd concentrations in sheep offal remained below the food limit value for this element in offal from the combined intakes from biosolids-amended soil and herbage. Futhermore, given the substantial fall in environmental emissions and concentrations in biosolids of this element and, consequently, it cannot accumulate in soil to the limit value, biosolids Cd does not represent an issue for the safety of animal meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rigby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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10
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Gray CW, McDowell RW, Condron LM, McLenaghen RD. Changes in soil cadmium concentrations with time following cessation of phosphorus fertilizer inputs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1054-1061. [PMID: 33016482 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in soil from the application of phosphorus fertilizer. However, there is little information on what happens to soil Cd concentrations when Cd inputs stop. This study used soil and pasture samples collected from a long-term field trial to measure changes in Cd concentrations in soil for 22 yr after Cd inputs from fertilizer had stopped and assessed whether the application of nitrogen (N) (50 kg ha-1 yr-1 ) could increase plant uptake of Cd and reduce soil Cd concentrations. It was found that there was no significant change in total or labile soil Cd (1 M CaCl2 extractable) concentrations after Cd inputs stopped. The application of N did not significantly (P < .05) increase dry matter yield or increase Cd solubility. As a result, N did not enhance plant uptake of Cd. A mass balance that included Cd loss via plant uptake and Cd leaching confirmed they were insufficient to result in a detectable decrease in soil Cd concentration over the 22-yr interval of the trial. It appears that even an acid soil with low amounts of carbon (2.67%), iron/aluminum oxides, and clay can still strongly retain Cd, preventing Cd depletion from the soil, despite stopping Cd inputs and trying to enhance plant uptake of Cd from the application of N fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin William Gray
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Richard William McDowell
- AgResearch, Lincoln Science Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 85084, Lincoln, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Leo Murtagh Condron
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 85084, Lincoln, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Roger David McLenaghen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 85084, Lincoln, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
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Yi Z, Lehto NJ, Robinson BH, Cavanagh JAE. Environmental and edaphic factors affecting soil cadmium uptake by spinach, potatoes, onion and wheat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136694. [PMID: 32019035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The relative ease with which cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils can transfer to crop plants can pose a potential health risk to consumers. However, efforts to predict and mitigate these risks are often confounded by the various factors that influence metal accumulation in the edible plant parts. The aim of this work was to identify key drivers that determine Cd concentrations in spinach leaves, potato tubers, onion bulbs and wheat grain grown in commercial horticultural operations across New Zealand (NZ). Paired soil and plant samples (n = 147) were collected from farms across different NZ growing regions. Cadmium concentrations in the edible parts were measured and four different tests were used to examine the potential bioavailability of soil Cd: pseudo-total and porewater concentrations, 0.05 M Ca(NO3)2-extraction and diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT). Information on a range of soil and climatic variables was also collected. The methods' ability to represent Cd concentrations in the plant parts was assessed through single and multiple regression analysis that considered the different variables and the farm locations. Soil Cd concentrations determined by the different tests were positively related to plant concentrations and there were clear regional differences between these relationships. The Ca(NO3)2 extraction predicted over 76% of the variability in Cd concentrations in onion bulbs and spinach leaves, while DGT and porewater Cd provided the best estimates for potato tubers and wheat grains, respectively, once regional differences were considered, along with certain environmental and soil variables. The results show that certain soil and environmental factors can be a key influence for determining Cd accumulation in the edible parts of some plants and that regional differences are important for modulating the extent to which this occurs. These effects should be considered when trying to mitigate the potential risks arising from Cd in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Yi
- Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 7647, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Niklas J Lehto
- Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 7647, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Brett H Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jo-Anne E Cavanagh
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Gerald Street, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
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Gutierrez-Gines MJ, Mishra M, McIntyre C, Chau HW, Esperschuetz J, McLenaghen R, Bourke MP, Robinson BH. Risks and benefits of pasture irrigation using treated municipal effluent : a lysimeter case study, Canterbury, New Zealand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11830-11841. [PMID: 31970644 PMCID: PMC7136187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Compared to discharge into waterways, land application of treated municipal effluent (TME) can reduce the need for both inorganic fertilizers and irrigation. However, TME irrigation may result in the accumulation of phosphorus (P) or trace elements in soil, and increased salinity and sodicity, which could damage soil structure and reduce infiltration. TME irrigation can also result in groundwater contamination through nitrate leaching or surface water contamination through runoff. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing TME irrigation rates on quantity and quality of leachate and pasture growth in a lysimeter experiment using a Fluvial Recent soil and a Fragic Pallic soil. Pasture growth in the lysimeters was up to 2.5-fold higher in the TME treatments compared to the non-irrigated treatments. There were no signs of toxicity or accumulation of B, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, As, and Zn. TME significantly increased the concentration of P and Na in the pasture. Nitrogen leaching from the lysimeters was negligible (< 1 kg/ha-1 equiv.) in all treatments, but mineral N accumulated in the soil profile of the highest application rate (1672 mm/yr). Although more P was added than removed in pasture, the rate of accumulation indicated that over a 50-year period, P will still be within the current New Zealand thresholds for grazed pastures. Sodium accumulated in the soil columns in all the TME treatments. The rate of accumulation was not proportional to the TME application rate, indicating that Na was moving down through the soil profile and leaching. Results indicate a low to moderate risk of sodicity in soil or toxicity in plants caused by Na.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Gutierrez-Gines
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, 27 Creyke Rd, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Minakshi Mishra
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Cameron McIntyre
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Henry Wai Chau
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Juergen Esperschuetz
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Roger McLenaghen
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Mike P Bourke
- Christchurch City Council, 53 Hereford Street, Christchurch, 8154, New Zealand
| | - Brett H Robinson
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road/Springs Road, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
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13
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Mossa AW, Young SD, Crout NMJ. Zinc uptake and phyto-toxicity: Comparing intensity- and capacity-based drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134314. [PMID: 31678875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal bioavailability and phytotoxicity may be exaggerated when derived from studies based on amending soils with soluble metal salts. It is therefore important to evaluate soil tests for their consistency in estimating plant uptake and phytotoxicity in both field-contaminated and freshly-spiked soils. This study aimed to compare the effects of zinc (Zn) on plant growth in soils (i) recently spiked with soluble Zn and (ii) historically amended with biosolids. The objective was to reconcile methods for determining bioavailability in both cases by testing a range of 'quantity-based' and 'intensity-based' assays. Soils with a range of Zn concentrations, from an arable farm used for biosolids disposal for over a century, were further amended with Zn added in solution, and were incubated for one month prior to planting with barley seeds in a glasshouse pot trial. The majority (67-90%) of the added Zn remained isotopically exchangeable after 60 days. Zinc in the solution phase of a soil suspension was present mainly as free Zn2+ ions. Cadmium bioaccumulation factors were inversely proportional to Zn concentration in the soil solution confirming that greater Zn availability suppressed Cd uptake by plants. Measurements of soil Zn 'quantities' (total, EDTA-extractable and isotopically exchangeable) and 'intensity' (solution concentration and free ion activity) were correlated with Zn uptake and toxicity by barley plants. Correlations using Zn intensity were much stronger than those using quantity-based measurements. The free Zn2+ ion activity appears to be a consistent driver for plant uptake and phytotoxic response for both metal-spiked soils and historically contaminated soils. Surprisingly, soil Zn accumulation of up to 100 times the current regulations for normal arable land only produced a mild toxic response suggesting that constituents in biosolids (e.g. organic matter and phosphates) strongly restrict metal bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Wahab Mossa
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Scott D Young
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Neil M J Crout
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Jensen H, Orth B, Reiser R, Bürge D, Lehto NJ, Almond P, Gaw S, Thomson B, Lilburne L, Robinson B. Environmental Parameters Affecting the Concentration of Iodine in New Zealand Pasture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:1517-1523. [PMID: 31589720 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2019.03.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine (I) is an essential trace element commonly deficient in agricultural systems. Whereas there is much information on I in food crops, there is a lacuna of knowledge on the environmental factors that affect pasture I concentrations. We aimed to identify the most important environmental factors affecting the concentration of I in New Zealand pastures, and the consequences to agricultural systems. Soil and pastoral samples were collected throughout the country and analyzed for I and other elements. The soils contained 1.1 to 86 mg I kg, with 0.005 to 1.4 mg kg in the pasture. In 26% of pastures, I concentrations were insufficient for sheep nutrition, whereas 87% contained insufficient I for cattle nutrition. Pasture I concentrations were negatively correlated with the distance from the sea, and the concentration of oxalate-extractable amorphous Al, Fe, and Si oxides, which immobilize soil I. Soil organic C and clay increased I retention in soil but did not significantly affect pasture I concentrations. Future work should investigate how soil properties affect pasture I uptake in inland areas.
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15
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Zhang C, Chen Y, Xu W, Chi S, Li T, Li Y, He Z, Yang M, Feng D. Resistance of alfalfa and Indian mustard to Cd and the correlation of plant Cd uptake and soil Cd form. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13804-13811. [PMID: 30218333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil is considered to be one ecological environmental protection way that is effective and economical. The selection of suitable hyperaccumulators is a key issue for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different Cd levels (0, 75, 150, 300, and 600 mg kg-1 Cd) on the dry weight, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, Cd concentration, Cd accumulation, and soil Cd form distribution ratio (FDC) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The correlations between Cd concentration in shoots and roots of alfalfa and Indian mustard and soil Cd form were also investigated. The results showed that with the increase of soil Cd levels, dry weight of shoot and root of alfalfa and Indian mustard significantly decreased, which decreased by 50.0-71.8% and 29.6-59.3% (alfalfa), 59.6-89.0% and 64.3-74.8% (India mustard), respectively, compared with the control. With the increase of soil Cd level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoot of alfalfa significantly increased. Catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde contents in shoots and roots of alfalfa and Indian mustard, as well as superoxide dismutase activity in the roots of alfalfa and Indian mustard increased first and then decreased with the increase of soil Cd level. With increasing Cd stress, Cd concentration in shoots and roots of alfalfa and Indian mustard significantly increased. At soil Cd level of 75 mg kg-1, Cd concentrations in shoots of alfalfa and Indian mustard exceeded the critical value of Cd-hyperaccumulator (100 mg kg-1), which was 356.46 mg kg-1 and 308.74 mg kg-1, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in shoots and roots of plants were in the order of that of alfalfa > Indian mustard; total Cd accumulation in the aboveground tissues and roots of the plants was in the order of that of Indian mustard > alfalfa at the same Cd level. With increasing soil Cd level, Cd concentrations of exchangeable form (EXC-Cd), carbonate-bound form (CAB-Cd), iron-manganese oxide-bound form (FeMn-Cd), organic-bound form (OM-Cd), and residual form (RES-Cd) showed an increasing trend. The form distribution ratio of soil Cd forms in alfalfa's rhizosphere was in the order of that of exchangeable form Cd > carbonate-bound form Cd > iron-manganese oxide-bound form Cd > residual form Cd > organic-bound form Cd. Except for organic-bound form Cd, soil Cd forms were significantly positively correlated with Cd concentration in shoot and root (P < 0.01). Comprehensively considering the biomass and Cd accumulation, Indian mustard is more suitable as remediation material for soil Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqin Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sunlin Chi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangmi He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
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Welikala D, Hucker C, Hartland A, Robinson BH, Lehto NJ. Trace metal mobilization by organic soil amendments: insights gained from analyses of solid and solution phase complexation of cadmium, nickel and zinc. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:684-693. [PMID: 29475159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of Cd in soils worldwide has increased the demand for methods to reduce the metal's plant bioavailability. Organic matter rich soil amendments have been shown to be effective in achieving this. However, it is not known how long these amendments can retain the Cd, and whether dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from them can enhance the metal's mobility in the environment. In this study we sought to test the Cd binding capacity of various organic soil amendments, and evaluate differences in characteristics of the DOM released to see if they can explain the lability of the Cd-DOM complexes. We collected ten organic soil amendments from around New Zealand: five different composts, biosolids from two sources, two types of peat and spent coffee grounds. We characterised the amendments' elemental composition and their ability to bind the Cd. We then selected two composts and two peats for further tests, where we measured the sorption of Ni or Zn by the amendments. We analysed the quality of the extracted DOM from the four amendments using 3D Excitation Emission Matrix analysis, and tested the lability of the metal-DOM complexes using an adapted diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) method. We found that composts bound the most Cd and that the emergent Cd-DOM complexes were less labile than those from the peats. Ni-DOM complexes were the least labile. The aromaticity of the extracted DOM appears to be an important factor in determining the lability of Ni complexes, but less so for Zn and Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshika Welikala
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cameron Hucker
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Adam Hartland
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Brett H Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Niklas J Lehto
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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17
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Robinson BH, Yalamanchali R, Reiser R, Dickinson NM. Lithium as an emerging environmental contaminant: Mobility in the soil-plant system. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:1-6. [PMID: 29324285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soil with lithium (Li) is likely to increase due to its wider dispersal in the environment, associated in particular, with the disposal of the now ubiquitous Li-ion batteries. There is, however, a paucity of information on the behaviour of Li in the soil-plant system. We measured the sorption of added Li to soil, and uptake of Li by food and fodder species. Around New Zealand, soil concentrations were shown to range from 0.08 mg/kg to 92 mg/kg, and to be positively correlated with clay content. Most geogenic Li in soil is insoluble and hence unavailable to plants but, when Li+ is added to soil, there is only limited sorption of Li. We found that Li sorption increased with increasing soil pH, and decreased proportionately with increasing Li concentrations. Compared to other cations in soil, Li is mobile and may leach into receiving waters, be taken up by plants, or have other biological impacts. In a soil spiked with just 5 mg/kg, plants took up several hundred mg/kg Li into leaves with no reduction in biomass. Lithium appears to be a phloem immobile element, with the highest concentrations occurring in the older leaves and the lowest concentrations occurring in the seeds or fruits. These results may raise concerns and risks in situations where food and fodder crops are associated with waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
| | | | - René Reiser
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Switzerland
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18
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Salmanzadeh M, Hartland A, Stirling CH, Balks MR, Schipper LA, Joshi C, George E. Isotope Tracing of Long-Term Cadmium Fluxes in an Agricultural Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7369-7377. [PMID: 28585807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally widespread phosphate fertilizer applications have resulted in long-term increases in the concentration of cadmium (Cd) in soils. The accumulation of this biotoxic, and bioaccumulative metal presents problems for the management of soil-plant-animal systems, because the magnitude and direction of removal fluxes (e.g., crop uptake, leaching) have been difficult to estimate. Here, Cd isotopic compositions (δ114/110Cd) of archived fertilizer and soil samples from a 66 year-long agricultural field trial in Winchmore, New Zealand, were used to constrain the Cd soil mass balance between 1959 and 2015 AD, informing future soil Cd accumulation trajectories. The isotopic partitioning of soil Cd sources in this system was aided by a change in phosphate source rocks in 1998 AD, and a corresponding shift in fertilizer isotope composition. The dominant influence of mixing between isotopically distinct Cd end-members was confirmed by a Bayesian modeling approach. Furthermore, isotope mass balance modeling revealed that Cd removal processes most likely increased in magnitude substantially between 2000 and 2015 AD, implying an increase in Cd bioaccumulation and/or leaching over that interval. Natural-abundance stable isotopes are introduced here as a powerful tool for tracing the fate of Cd in agricultural soils, and potentially the wider environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Salmanzadeh
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Adam Hartland
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Claudine H Stirling
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago , PO Box 56, Union Place, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan R Balks
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Louis A Schipper
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Waikato , Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Ejin George
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago , PO Box 56, Union Place, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Al Mamun S, Lehto NJ, Cavanagh J, McDowell R, Aktar M, Benyas E, Robinson BH. Effects of Lime and Organic Amendments Derived from Varied Source Materials on Cadmium Uptake by Potato. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:836-844. [PMID: 28783779 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.02.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeated applications of Cd-rich phosphate fertilizers have resulted in elevated concentrations of this toxic element in some New Zealand soils. Exceedance of the food safety standard for Cd (0.1 mg kg fresh weight) has been reported for potato ( L.). Composts may efficiently sorb Cd in soil and therefore reduce its phytoavailability, leading to reduced uptake by plants. We aimed to determine the potential of various composts, shredded corn stover, and lime at two different rates to reduce the transfer of Cd from a soil (containing 1.45 mg kg Cd) to potato (var. 'Nadine'). In the control, the peeled tubers, skins, leaves, and stems had Cd concentrations of 0.04, 0.09, 0.26, and 0.53 mg kg dry weight, respectively. There was a 71% reduction in tuber Cd concentrations in potatoes grown in soil amended with 5% (w/w) shredded corn stover, although it significantly decreased potato biomass. Potatoes grown in soil amended with pig manure compost, mushroom compost, sawdust-animal waste compost, and municipal compost at rates of either 2.5 or 5% (w/w) reduced tuber Cd concentrations by 58 to 66%, 46 to 63%, 52 to 53%, and 29 to 49%, respectively. Lime (1.3%) application in soil reduced tuber Cd concentrations by 50%. Composts significantly increased tuber biomass. Further work is warranted to identify the key components of composts that result in reduced Cd uptake by plants.
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Yang Y, Chen W, Wang M, Peng C. Regional accumulation characteristics of cadmium in vegetables: Influencing factors, transfer model and indication of soil threshold content. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:1036-1043. [PMID: 27613317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A regional investigation in the Youxian prefecture, southern China, was conducted to analyze the impact of environmental factors including soil properties and irrigation in conjunction with the use of fertilizers on the accumulation of Cd in vegetables. The Cd transfer potential from soil to vegetable was provided by the plant uptake factor (PUF), which varied by three orders of magnitude and was described by a Gaussian distribution model. The soil pH, content of soil organic matter (SOM), concentrations of Zn in the soil, pH of irrigation water and nitrogenous fertilizers contributed significantly to the PUF variations. A path model analysis, however, revealed the principal control of the PUF values resulted from the soil pH, soil Zn concentrations and SOM. Transfer functions were developed using the total soil Cd concentrations, soil pH, and SOM. They explained 56% of the variance for all samples irrespective of the vegetable genotypes. The transfer functions predicted the probability of exceeding China food safety standard concentrations for Cd in four major consumable vegetables under different soil conditions. Poor production practices in the study area involved usage of soil with pH values ≤ 5.5, especially for the cultivation of Raphanus sativus L., even with soil Cd concentrations below the China soil quality standard. We found the soil standard Cd concentrations for cultivating vegetables was not strict enough for strongly acidic (pH ≤ 5.5) and SOM-poor (SOM ≤ 10 g kg-1) soils present in southern China. It is thus necessary to address the effect of environmental variables to generate a suitable Cd threshold for cultivated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Chi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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21
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Esperschütz J, Lense O, Anderson C, Bulman S, Horswell J, Dickinson N, Robinson B. Biowaste Mixtures Affecting the Growth and Elemental Composition of Italian Ryegrass (). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1054-1061. [PMID: 27136174 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.09.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids (sewage sludge) can be beneficially applied to degraded lands to improve soil quality. Plants grown on biosolids-amended soils have distinct concentrations of macronutrients and trace elements, which can be beneficial or present a risk to humans and ecosystems. Potentially, biosolids could be blended with other biowastes, such as sawdust, to reduce the risks posed by rebuilding soils using biosolids alone. We sought to determine the effect of mixing biosolids and sawdust on the macronutrient and trace element concentration of ryegrass over a 5-mo period. was grown in a low fertility soil, typical for marginal farm areas, that was amended with biosolids (1250 kg N ha), biosolids + sawdust (0.5:1) and urea (200 kg N ha), as well as a control. Biosolids increased the growth of from 2.93 to 4.14 t ha. This increase was offset by blending the biosolids with sawdust (3.00 t ha). Urea application increased growth to 4.93 t ha. The biowaste treatments increased N, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn relative to the control, which may be beneficial for grazing animals. Although biowaste application caused elevated Cd concentrations (0.15-0.24 mg kg) five- to eightfold higher than control and urea treatments, these were below levels that are likely to result in unacceptable concentrations in animal tissues. Mixing biosolids with sawdust reduced Cd uptake while still resulting in increased micronutrient concentrations (P, S, Mn, Zn, Cu) in plants. There were significant changes in the elemental uptake during the experiment, which was attributed to the decomposition of the sawdust.
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22
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Research progressing of present contamination of Cd in soil and restoration method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11859-015-1116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang F, Ouyang W, Hao F, Critto A, Zhao X, Lin C. Multivariate interactions of natural and anthropogenic factors on Cd behavior in arable soil. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06920c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of one natural factor was generally weakened by binary interactions, which were further weakened by ternary interactions. This significant effect was computed via design of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Fanghua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Andrea Critto
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Informatics and Statistics
- University Ca' Foscari
- I-30123 Venice
- Italy
| | - Xuchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
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