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Boithias L, Jardé E, Latsachack K, Thammahacksa C, Silvera N, Soulileuth B, Xayyalart M, Viguier M, Pierret A, Rochelle-Newall E, Ribolzi O. Village Settlements in Mountainous Tropical Areas, Hotspots of Fecal Contamination as Evidenced by Escherichia coli and Stanol Concentrations in Stormwater Pulses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6335-6348. [PMID: 38530925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fecal bacteria in surface water may indicate threats to human health. Our hypothesis is that village settlements in tropical rural areas are major hotspots of fecal contamination because of the number of domestic animals usually roaming in the alleys and the lack of fecal matter treatment before entering the river network. By jointly monitoring the dynamics of Escherichia coli and of seven stanol compounds during four flood events (July-August 2016) at the outlet of a ditch draining sewage and surface runoff out of a village of Northern Lao PDR, our objectives were (1) to assess the range of E. coli concentration in the surface runoff washing off from a village settlement and (2) to identify the major contributory sources of fecal contamination using stanol compounds during flood events. E. coli pulses ranged from 4.7 × 104 to 3.2 × 106 most probable number (MPN) 100 mL-1, with particle-attached E. coli ranging from 83 to 100%. Major contributory feces sources were chickens and humans (about 66 and 29%, respectively), with the highest percentage switching from the human pole to the chicken pole during flood events. Concentrations indicate a severe fecal contamination of surface water during flood events and suggest that villages may be considered as major hotspots of fecal contamination pulses into the river network and thus as point sources in hydrological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Boithias
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Jardé
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Keooudone Latsachack
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Chanthanousone Thammahacksa
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Norbert Silvera
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bounsamay Soulileuth
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Mose Xayyalart
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Marion Viguier
- IRD, Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM), P.O. Box 4199, Ban Nongviengkham, Xaythany District, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Alain Pierret
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Emma Rochelle-Newall
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ribolzi
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Gerken T, Wiegner TN, Economy LM. A comparison of soil Staphylococcus aureus and fecal indicator bacteria concentrations across land uses in a Hawaiian watershed. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:916-929. [PMID: 35653014 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB; Enterococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens) concentrations increase in Hawaiian streams and estuaries following storms and pose a health threat to recreational water users. To reduce this risk, watershed bacteria sources need to be identified for management actions. This study's goals were to identify soil bacteria sources among different land uses and to determine if their concentrations were associated with different soil properties. Soil samples were collected three times on 24 d between October 2017 and November 2018 at urban, agriculture, and native-forest land uses in the Hilo Bay watershed, Hawai'i Island, Hawai'i. Soil bacteria concentrations were quantified using culturing techniques with selective media. Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and FIB were present in soil from all land uses. Bacteria concentrations were highest in urban soils and lowest in native-forest soils, with up to three orders of magnitude differences among land uses. Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and FIB soil concentrations were positively correlated with each other and with soil temperature and pH, but inversely correlated with soil moisture and organic matter content. Our results demonstrate that soils are a watershed bacteria source and that some soil properties affect their concentrations. Identifying these sources is critical for implementing management actions to reduce pathogen loads to estuaries and transmission to recreational water users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Gerken
- Geography and Environmental Science Dep., Univ. of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St., Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- Dep. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Univ. of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tracy N Wiegner
- Marine Science Dep., Univ. of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St., Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Louise M Economy
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, Univ. of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
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Guo D, Thomas J, Lazaro AB, Matwewe F, Johnson F. Modelling the influence of short-term climate variability on drinking water quality in tropical developing countries: A case study in Tanzania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142932. [PMID: 33268262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the prevalence of water-borne diseases especially in developing countries. Climate-resilient drinking water supplies are critical to protect communities from faecal contamination and thus against increasing disease risks. However, no quantitative assessment exists for the impacts of short-term climate variability on faecal contamination at different drinking water sources in developing countries, while existing understanding remains largely conceptual. This critical gap limits the ability to predict drinking water quality under climate change or to recommend climate-resilient water sources for vulnerable communities. This study aims to provide such quantitative understanding by investigating the relationships between faecal contamination and short-term climate variability across different types of water sources. We collected a novel dataset with over 20 months' monitoring of weather, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms, at 233 different water sources in three climatically different regions in Tanzania. We then took a rigorous statistical analysis with Bayesian hierarchical models, to relate both contamination occurrence and amount to climate variability. The model results explained the temporal variability in drinking water faecal contamination using climate predictors, and also revealed the climate sensitivity of faecal contamination for individual water sources. We found that: a) short-term climate variability and baseline contamination levels can explain about half the observed variability in faecal contamination (R2 ≥ 0.44); b) increased contamination was most consistently related to recent heavy rainfall and high temperature across different water sources; c) unimproved water sources such as the unprotected dug wells have substantially higher climate sensitivity. Based on these results, we can expect substantial increases in drinking water contamination risks across tropical Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asian developing countries under a warmer climate, which highlight the urgent need of protecting vulnerable communities from the severe climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlu Guo
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Thomas
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia.
| | | | | | - Fiona Johnson
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Santy S, Mujumdar P, Bala G. Potential Impacts of Climate and Land Use Change on the Water Quality of Ganga River around the Industrialized Kanpur Region. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9107. [PMID: 32499634 PMCID: PMC7272608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavily industrialised Kanpur region is the most polluted stretch of the Ganga river because of excessive pollutant discharge from the industries. Agricultural runoff along with climate change further adds to the pollution risk in this industrialised stretch of Ganga. In this paper, we analyse the potential impacts of climate change and land use change on the water quality in this stretch under hypothetical scenarios using the water quality model, QUAL2K. Water quality indicators of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, organic-, inorganic- and total phosphorous and faecal coliform are assessed for eight climate change and six land use land cover scenarios. Eutrophic conditions are observed in this stretch of the river for all scenarios, implying severe impacts on aquatic life. DO is identified as the most sensitive indicator to the climate change scenarios considered, while nutrients and faecal coliform are more sensitive to the land use scenarios. Increase in agricultural land area leads to larger nutrient concentration while increase in built-up area causes an increase in faecal coliform concentration. Results from this hypothetical study could provide valuable guidance for improving the water quality of the Ganges in future climate change and land use change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Santy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pradeep Mujumdar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. .,Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Govindasamy Bala
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Coffey R, Paul M, Stamp J, Hamilton A, Johnson T. A REVIEW OF WATER QUALITY RESPONSES TO AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION CHANGES 2: NUTRIENTS, ALGAL BLOOMS, SEDIMENT, PATHOGENS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 2018; 55:844-868. [PMID: 33867785 PMCID: PMC8048137 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we review the published, scientific literature addressing the response of nutrients, sediment, pathogens and cyanobacterial blooms to historical and potential future changes in air temperature and precipitation. The goal is to document how different attributes of water quality are sensitive to these drivers, to characterize future risk, to inform management responses and to identify research needs to fill gaps in our understanding. Results suggest that anticipated future changes present a risk of water quality and ecosystem degradation in many U.S. locations. Understanding responses is, however, complicated by inherent high spatial and temporal variability, interactions with land use and water management, and dependence on uncertain changes in hydrology in response to future climate. Effects on pollutant loading in different watershed settings generally correlate with projected changes in precipitation and runoff. In all regions, increased heavy precipitation events are likely to drive more episodic pollutant loading to water bodies. The risk of algal blooms could increase due to an expanded seasonal window of warm water temperatures and the potential for episodic increases in nutrient loading. Increased air and water temperatures are also likely to affect the survival of waterborne pathogens. Responding to these challenges requires understanding of vulnerabilities, and management strategies to reduce risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Coffey
- Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Michael Paul
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jen Stamp
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech, Inc., Montpelier, Vermont, USA
| | - Anna Hamilton
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., USA
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Laursen S, Puniwai N, Genz AS, Nash SAB, Canale LK, Ziegler-Chong S. Collaboration Across Worldviews: Managers and Scientists on Hawai'i Island Utilize Knowledge Coproduction to Facilitate Climate Change Adaptation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:619-630. [PMID: 29846783 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex socio-ecological issues, such as climate change have historically been addressed through technical problem solving methods. Yet today, climate science approaches are increasingly accounting for the roles of diverse social perceptions, experiences, cultural norms, and worldviews. In support of this shift, we developed a research program on Hawai'i Island that utilizes knowledge coproduction to integrate the diverse worldviews of natural and cultural resource managers, policy professionals, and researchers within actionable science products. Through their work, local field managers regularly experience discrete land and waterscapes. Additionally, in highly interconnected rural communities, such as Hawai'i Island, managers often participate in the social norms and values of communities that utilize these ecosystems. Such local manager networks offer powerful frameworks within which to co-develop and implement actionable science. We interviewed a diverse set of local managers with the aim of incorporating their perspectives into the development of a collaborative climate change research agenda that builds upon existing professional networks utilized by managers and scientists while developing new research products. We report our manager needs assessment, the development process of our climate change program, our interactive forums, and our ongoing research products. Our needs assessment showed that the managers' primary source of information were other professional colleagues, and our in-person forums informed us that local managers are very interested in interacting with a wider range of networks to build upon their management capacities. Our initial programmatic progress suggests that co-created research products and in-person forums strengthen the capacities of local managers to adapt to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Laursen
- University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
| | - Noelani Puniwai
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ayesha S Genz
- University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Sarah A B Nash
- University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Lisa K Canale
- University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
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Kim M, Boithias L, Cho KH, Sengtaheuanghoung O, Ribolzi O. Modeling the Impact of Land Use Change on Basin-scale Transfer of Fecal Indicator Bacteria: SWAT Model Performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1115-1122. [PMID: 30272793 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.11.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Land use change from annual crops to commercial tree plantations can modify flow and transport processes at the watershed scale, including the fate and transport of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as . The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a useful means for integrating watershed characteristics and simulating water and contaminants. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the impact of land use change on microbial transfer from soils to streams using the SWAT model. This study was conducted for the Houay Pano watershed located in northern Lao People's Democratic Republic. Under the observed weather conditions, the SWAT model predicted a decrease from 2011 to 2012 and an increase from 2012 to 2013 in surface runoff, suspended solids, and transferred from the soil surface to streams. The amount of precipitation was important in simulating surface runoff, and it subsequently affected the fate and transport of suspended solids and bacteria. In simulations of identical weather conditions and different land uses, fate and transport was more sensitive to the initial number of than to its drivers (i.e., surface runoff and suspended solids), and leaf area index was a significant factor influencing the determination of the initial number of on the soil surface. On the basis of these findings, this study identifies several limitations of the SWAT fertilizer and bacteria modules and suggests measures to improve our understanding of the impacts of land use change on FIB in tropical watersheds.
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McGinnis S, Spencer S, Firnstahl A, Stokdyk J, Borchardt M, McCarthy DT, Murphy HM. Human Bacteroides and total coliforms as indicators of recent combined sewer overflows and rain events in urban creeks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:967-976. [PMID: 29554782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are a known source of human fecal pollution and human pathogens in urban water bodies, which may present a significant public health threat. To monitor human fecal contamination in water, bacterial fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) are traditionally used. However, because FIOs are not specific to human sources and do not correlate with human pathogens, alternative fecal indicators detected using qPCR are becoming of interest to policymakers. For this reason, this study measured correlations between the number and duration of CSOs and mm of rainfall, concentrations of traditional FIOs and alternative indicators, and the presence of human pathogens in two urban creeks. Samples were collected May-July 2016 and analyzed for concentrations of FIOs (total coliforms and E. coli) using membrane filtration as well as for three alternative fecal indicators (human Bacteroides HF183 marker, human polyomavirus (HPoV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) and nine human pathogens using qPCR. Four of the nine pathogens analyzed were detected at these sites including adenovirus, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, norovirus, and Salmonella. Among all indicators studied, human Bacteroides and total coliforms were significantly correlated with recent CSO and rainfall events, while E. coli, PMMoV, and HPoV did not show consistent significant correlations. Further, human Bacteroides were a more specific indicator, while total coliforms were a more sensitive indicator of CSO and rainfall events. Results may have implications for the use and interpretation of these indicators in future policy or monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McGinnis
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Spencer
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Aaron Firnstahl
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Joel Stokdyk
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Mark Borchardt
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Heather M Murphy
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Vitro KA, BenDor TK, Jordanova TV, Miles B. A geospatial analysis of land use and stormwater management on fecal coliform contamination in North Carolina streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:709-727. [PMID: 28359567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although non-point source (NPS) pathogen pollution is a leading cause of stream impairment in the United States, the sources of NPS pollution are often difficult to ascertain. While previous studies have employed land use regression methods to develop a greater understanding of the sources and dynamics of microbial NPS pollution, little work has explicitly considered the effects of local, state, and federal stormwater management policies on water quality across multiple watersheds or at larger spatial scales. How do land use and stormwater management efforts collectively influence fecal coliform (FC) levels at a regional or multiple-watershed scale? We construct a unique spatial regression model of stream FC pollution (n=327 monitoring stations) throughout the state of North Carolina (USA), incorporating both land cover and urban development variables. We then use a subset of our data (nbmp=80 monitoring stations) to incorporate local stormwater control measures and stormwater management policies. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of policy and management variables improves the explanatory capacity for FC levels (R2=0.4412 versus R2=0.5323). Locally, this model can be used to better target stream restoration and water quality mitigation actions and investments, as well as help to predict FC levels at unmonitored locations throughout North Carolina's stream network. More generally, the novel structure of this model can also help examine the large-scale effects of stormwater regulations on surface water pathogen levels, helping researchers and planners better predict water quality in the absence of extensive monitoring station data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Vitro
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140, United States
| | - Todd K BenDor
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140, United States.
| | - Tania V Jordanova
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140, United States
| | - Brian Miles
- UNC Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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Donahue A, Feng Z, Kelly E, Reniers A, Solo-Gabriele HM. Significance of beach geomorphology on fecal indicator bacteria levels. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 121:160-167. [PMID: 28595980 PMCID: PMC5548550 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Large databases of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurements are available for coastal waters. With the assistance of satellite imagery, we illustrated the power of assessing data for many sites by evaluating beach features such as geomorphology, distance from rivers and canals, presence of piers and causeways, and degree of urbanization coupled with the enterococci FIB database for the state of Florida. We found that beach geomorphology was the primary characteristic associated with enterococci levels that exceeded regulatory guidelines. Beaches in close proximity to marshes or within bays had higher enterococci exceedances in comparison to open coast beaches. For open coast beaches, greater enterococci exceedances were associated with nearby rivers and higher levels of urbanization. Piers and causeways had a minimal contribution, as their effect was often overwhelmed by beach geomorphology. Results can be used to understand the potential causes of elevated enterococci levels and to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Donahue
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Center for Oceans and Human Health, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Zhixuan Feng
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kelly
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Ad Reniers
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628CN, The Netherlands
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Key Biscayne, FL, USA; Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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11
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Hong EM, Shelton D, Pachepsky YA, Nam WH, Coppock C, Muirhead R. Modeling the interannual variability of microbial quality metrics of irrigation water in a Pennsylvania stream. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 187:253-264. [PMID: 27912136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the microbial quality of irrigation waters is extremely limited. For this reason, the US FDA has promulgated the Produce Rule, mandating the testing of irrigation water sources for many farms. The rule requires the collection and analysis of at least 20 water samples over two to four years to adequately evaluate the quality of water intended for produce irrigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of interannual weather variability on surface water microbial quality. We used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model to simulate E. coli concentrations in the Little Cove Creek; this is a perennial creek located in an agricultural watershed in south-eastern Pennsylvania. The model performance was evaluated using the US FDA regulatory microbial water quality metrics of geometric mean (GM) and the statistical threshold value (STV). Using the 90-year time series of weather observations, we simulated and randomly sampled the time series of E. coli concentrations. We found that weather conditions of a specific year may strongly affect the evaluation of microbial quality and that the long-term assessment of microbial water quality may be quite different from the evaluation based on short-term observations. The variations in microbial concentrations and water quality metrics were affected by location, wetness of the hydrological years, and seasonality, with 15.7-70.1% of samples exceeding the regulatory threshold. The results of this work demonstrate the value of using modeling to design and evaluate monitoring protocols to assess the microbial quality of water used for produce irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Hong
- USDA-ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East Bldg. 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Engineering, ARS Research Participation Program, MS 36 P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Daniel Shelton
- USDA-ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East Bldg. 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yakov A Pachepsky
- USDA-ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East Bldg. 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Won-Ho Nam
- Department of Bioresources and Rural Systems Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Cary Coppock
- USDA-ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East Bldg. 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Richard Muirhead
- Farm Systems & Environment, AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Research Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
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12
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Wiegner TN, Edens CJ, Abaya LM, Carlson KM, Lyon-Colbert A, Molloy SL. Spatial and temporal microbial pollution patterns in a tropical estuary during high and low river flow conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:952-961. [PMID: 27866724 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal patterns of coastal microbial pollution are not well documented. Our study examined these patterns through measurements of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), nutrients, and physiochemical parameters in Hilo Bay, Hawai'i, during high and low river flow. >40% of samples tested positive for the human-associated Bacteroides marker, with highest percentages near rivers. Other FIB were also higher near rivers, but only Clostridium perfringens concentrations were related to discharge. During storms, FIB concentrations were three times to an order of magnitude higher, and increased with decreasing salinity and water temperature, and increasing turbidity. These relationships and high spatial resolution data for these parameters were used to create Enterococcus spp. and C. perfringens maps that predicted exceedances with 64% and 95% accuracy, respectively. Mapping microbial pollution patterns and predicting exceedances is a valuable tool that can improve water quality monitoring and aid in visualizing FIB hotspots for management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Wiegner
- Marine Science Department. University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, United States.
| | - C J Edens
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, United States.
| | - L M Abaya
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, United States.
| | - K M Carlson
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, United States.
| | - A Lyon-Colbert
- Amber Lyon-Colbert, M.S., Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, United States.
| | - S L Molloy
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, United States.
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13
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Wu J, Yunus M, Islam MS, Emch M. Influence of Climate Extremes and Land Use on Fecal Contamination of Shallow Tubewells in Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2669-76. [PMID: 26844955 PMCID: PMC4775353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate extremes in conjunction with some land use practices are expected to have large impacts on water quality. However, the impacts of land use and climate change on fecal contamination of groundwater has not been well characterized. This work quantifies the influences of extreme weather events and land use practices on Escherichia coli presence and concentration in groundwater from 125 shallow wells, a dominant drinking water resource in rural Bangladesh, monitored over a 17 month period. The results showed that E. coli presence was significantly associated with the number of heavy rain days, developed land and areas with more surface water. These variables also had significant impacts on E. coli concentration, with risk ratios of 1.38 (95% CI = 1.16, 1.65), 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.09), and 1.02 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.03), respectively. Significant synergistic effects on E. coli presence and concentration were observed when land use and weather variables were combined. The findings suggest that climate extremes and land use practices, particularly urbanization, might promote fecal contamination of shallow well water, thus increasing the risk of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,
Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, NC USA
| | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,
Bangladesh
| | | | - Michael Emch
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, NC USA
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14
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Blaustein RA, Hill RL, Micallef SA, Shelton DR, Pachepsky YA. Rainfall intensity effects on removal of fecal indicator bacteria from solid dairy manure applied over grass-covered soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:583-591. [PMID: 26386449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rainfall-induced release of pathogens and microbial indicators from land-applied manure and their subsequent removal with runoff and infiltration precedes the impairment of surface and groundwater resources. It has been assumed that rainfall intensity and changes in intensity during rainfall do not affect microbial removal when expressed as a function of rainfall depth. The objective of this work was to test this assumption by measuring the removal of Escherichia coli, enterococci, total coliforms, and chloride ion from dairy manure applied in soil boxes containing fescue, under 3, 6, and 9cmh(-1) of rainfall. Runoff and leachate were collected at increasing time intervals during rainfall, and post-rainfall soil samples were taken at 0, 2, 5, and 10cm depths. Three kinetic-based models were fitted to the data on manure-constituent removal with runoff. Rainfall intensity appeared to have positive effects on rainwater partitioning to runoff, and removal with this effluent type occurred in two stages. While rainfall intensity generally did not impact the parameters of runoff-removal models, it had significant, inverse effects on the numbers of bacteria remaining in soil after rainfall. As rainfall intensity and soil profile depth increased, the numbers of indicator bacteria tended to decrease. The cumulative removal of E. coli from manure exceeded that of enterococci, especially in the form of removal with infiltration. This work may be used to improve the parameterization of models for bacteria removal with runoff and to advance estimations of depths of bacteria removal with infiltration, both of which are critical to risk assessment of microbial fate and transport in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Blaustein
- USDA-ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Robert L Hill
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Shelton
- USDA-ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yakov A Pachepsky
- USDA-ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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15
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Rochelle-Newall E, Nguyen TMH, Le TPQ, Sengtaheuanghoung O, Ribolzi O. A short review of fecal indicator bacteria in tropical aquatic ecosystems: knowledge gaps and future directions. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:308. [PMID: 25941519 PMCID: PMC4400915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high numbers of deaths and the debilitating nature of diseases caused by the use of unclean water it is imperative that we have an understanding of the factors that control the dispersion of water borne pathogens and their respective indicators. This is all the more important in developing countries where significant proportions of the population often have little or no access to clean drinking water supplies. Moreover, and notwithstanding the importance of these bacteria in terms of public health, at present little work exists on the persistence, transfer and proliferation of these pathogens and their respective indicator organisms, e.g., fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms in humid tropical systems, such as are found in South East Asia or in the tropical regions of Africa. Both FIB and the waterborne pathogens they are supposed to indicate are particularly susceptible to shifts in water flow and quality and the predicted increases in rainfall and floods due to climate change will only exacerbate the problems of contamination. This will be furthermore compounded by the increasing urbanization and agricultural intensification that developing regions are experiencing. Therefore, recognizing and understanding the link between human activities, natural process and microbial functioning and their ultimate impacts on human health are prerequisites for reducing the risks to the exposed populations. Most of the existing work in tropical systems has been based on the application of temperate indicator organisms, models and mechanisms regardless of their applicability or appropriateness for tropical environments. Here, we present a short review on the factors that control FIB dynamics in temperate systems and discuss their applicability to tropical environments. We then highlight some of the knowledge gaps in order to stimulate future research in this field in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rochelle-Newall
- iEES-Paris, UMR 7618 (IRD-UPMC-CNRS-INRA-Université Paris-Est, Université Paris 7), Centre IRD Bondy, France
| | - Thi Mai Huong Nguyen
- iEES-Paris, UMR 7618 (IRD-UPMC-CNRS-INRA-Université Paris-Est, Université Paris 7), Centre IRD Bondy, France ; Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung
- Agriculture Land Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute Vientiane, Laos
| | - Olivier Ribolzi
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
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