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Joseph JV, van Roosmalen IAM, Busschers E, Tomar T, Conroy S, Eggens-Meijer E, Peñaranda Fajardo N, Pore MM, Balasubramanyian V, Wagemakers M, Copray S, den Dunnen WFA, Kruyt FAE. Serum-Induced Differentiation of Glioblastoma Neurospheres Leads to Enhanced Migration/Invasion Capacity That Is Associated with Increased MMP9. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145393. [PMID: 26700636 PMCID: PMC4689519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly infiltrative brain tumor in which cells with properties of stem cells, called glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), have been identified. In general, the dominant view is that GSCs are responsible for the initiation, progression, invasion and recurrence of this tumor. In this study, we addressed the question whether the differentiation status of GBM cells is associated with their invasive capacity. For this, several primary GBM cell lines were used, cultured either as neurospheres known to enrich for GSCs or in medium supplemented with 10% FCS that promotes differentiation. The differentiation state of the cells was confirmed by determining the expression of stem cell and differentiation markers. The migration/invasion potential of these cells was tested using in vitro assays and intracranial mouse models. Interestingly, we found that serum-induced differentiation enhanced the invasive potential of GBM cells, which was associated with enhanced MMP9 expression. Chemical inhibition of MMP9 significantly reduced the invasive potential of differentiated cells in vitro. Furthermore, the serum-differentiated cells could revert back to an undifferentiated/stem cell state that were able to form neurospheres, although with a reduced efficiency as compared to non-differentiated counterparts. We propose a model in which activation of the differentiation program in GBM cells enhances their infiltrative potential and that depending on microenvironmental cues a significant portion of these cells are able to revert back to an undifferentiated state with enhanced tumorigenic potential. Thus, effective therapy should target both GSCs and differentiated offspring and targeting of differentiation-associated pathways may offer therapeutic opportunities to reduce invasive growth of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin V. Joseph
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A. M. van Roosmalen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Busschers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tushar Tomar
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siobhan Conroy
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellie Eggens-Meijer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Peñaranda Fajardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milind M. Pore
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerakumar Balasubramanyian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Wagemakers
- Department of Neuro-surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Copray
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. A. den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A. E. Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Latini F, Hjortberg M, Aldskogius H, Ryttlefors M. The use of a cerebral perfusion and immersion-fixation process for subsequent white matter dissection. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 253:161-9. [PMID: 26149289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Klingler's method for white matter dissection revolutionized the study of deep cerebral anatomy. Although this technique made white matter dissection more feasible and widely used, it still presents some intrinsic limitations. NEW METHOD We evaluated the quality of different methods for specimen preparation based on an intra-carotidal formalin perfusion fixation process. Ten post-mortem human hemispheres were prepared with this method and dissected in a stepwise manner. RESULTS The homogeneous and rapid fixation of the brain allowed documentation of several fine additional anatomical details. Intra-cortical white matter terminations were described during the first stage of dissection on each specimen. No limitations were encountered during dissection of the major associative bundles. On the contrary, the quality of the fixation of the specimens made it possible to isolate them en bloc. One of the most complex and deep bundles (accumbo-frontal fasciculus) was dissected without technical limitations. Deep vascular structures were very well preserved and dissected within the white matter until their sub-millimetric terminations. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Short time for preparation, a more homogeneous fixation, no technical limitation for a detailed description of superficial and deep white matter anatomy, the possibility to dissect with a single technique the fibre organization and the white matter vascular architecture are the advantages reported with the perfusion fixation. CONCLUSION These results provide encouraging data about the possibility to use a perfusion fixation process, which may help in improving the quality of white matter dissection for research, didactic purposes and surgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Latini
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mats Hjortberg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Education, Uppsala University, Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Aldskogius
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Ryttlefors
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Johnson SB, Schmitz HM, Santi PA. TSLIM imaging and a morphometric analysis of the mouse spiral ganglion. Hear Res 2011; 278:34-42. [PMID: 21420476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thin-sheet laser imaging microscopy (TSLIM) was used to serially section five whole cochleas from 4-wk-old CBA/JCr mice. Three-dimensional reconstructions of Rosenthal's canal (RC) were produced in order to measure canal length and volume, to generate orthogonal cross sections for area measurements, and to determine spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) number. RC length averaged 2.0 mm ± 0.04 (SEM) as measured along the centroid of the canal compared to an average basilar membrane (BM) length of 5.9 ± 0.05 (SEM). RC volume averaged 0.036 mm(3) ± 0.009 (SEM). Significant increases in the radial area of RC were observed at the base (13%), middle (62%), and apex (90%) of its length. The total number of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in RC in each of the five animals averaged 8626 ± 96 (SEM). SGN number increased at the expanded regions of RC. Increased area and cell number at the base and apex are likely related to extensions of the organ of Corti past the length of RC in these areas. The increase in area and cell number in the middle of the RC appears to be related to the most sensitive frequency region of the organ of Corti. Volume imaging or tomography of the cochlea as provided by TSLIM has the potential to be an efficient and accurate semi-automated method for the quantitative assessment of the number of SGNs and hair cells of the organ of Corti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane B Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Kasukurthi R, Brenner MJ, Moore AM, Moradzadeh A, Ray WZ, Santosa KB, Mackinnon SE, Hunter DA. Transcardial perfusion versus immersion fixation for assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 184:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Villa P, Triulzi S, Cavalieri B, Di Bitondo R, Bertini R, Barbera S, Bigini P, Mennini T, Gelosa P, Tremoli E, Sironi L, Ghezzi P. The interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) receptor inhibitor reparixin improves neurological deficits and reduces long-term inflammation in permanent and transient cerebral ischemia in rats. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17592546 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00008.villa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration is viewed as a pharmacological target in cerebral ischemia. We previously reported that reparixin, a CXCL8 receptor blocker that inhibits neutrophil infiltration, and related molecules can reduce infarct size in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The study aims were to compare the effects of reparixin in transient and permanent MCAO using varied treatment schedules and therapeutic windows to evaluate effects on long-term neurological deficits and late inflammatory response. Reparixin, administered for 1 to 3 days, 3.5 to 6 h after MCAO, ameliorates neurological function recovery and inhibits long-term inflammation. The infarct size reduction at 24 h, evaluated by TTC staining, is more pronounced in transient MCAO. MRI analysis identified a decrease in the progression of infarct size by reparixin that was more evident at 48 h in permanent MCAO, and was associated with a significantly improved recovery from long-term neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Villa
- Mario Negri Institute, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Villa P, Triulzi S, Cavalieri B, Di Bitondo R, Bertini R, Barbera S, Bigini P, Mennini T, Gelosa P, Tremoli E, Sironi L, Ghezzi P. The interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) receptor inhibitor reparixin improves neurological deficits and reduces long-term inflammation in permanent and transient cerebral ischemia in rats. MOLECULAR MEDICINE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2007; 13:125-33. [PMID: 17592546 PMCID: PMC1892761 DOI: 10.2119/2007–00008.villa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration is viewed as a pharmacological target in cerebral ischemia. We previously reported that reparixin, a CXCL8 receptor blocker that inhibits neutrophil infiltration, and related molecules can reduce infarct size in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The study aims were to compare the effects of reparixin in transient and permanent MCAO using varied treatment schedules and therapeutic windows to evaluate effects on long-term neurological deficits and late inflammatory response. Reparixin, administered for 1 to 3 days, 3.5 to 6 h after MCAO, ameliorates neurological function recovery and inhibits long-term inflammation. The infarct size reduction at 24 h, evaluated by TTC staining, is more pronounced in transient MCAO. MRI analysis identified a decrease in the progression of infarct size by reparixin that was more evident at 48 h in permanent MCAO, and was associated with a significantly improved recovery from long-term neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Villa
- Mario Negri Institute, 20157 Milan, Italy
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Gelosa
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Mario Negri Institute, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Pietro Ghezzi, Laboratory of Neuroim-munology, Mario Negri Institute, via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy. Phone: + 39-02-39014486; Fax: + 39-02-3546277; E-mail:
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Pevsner PH, Naftolin F, Hillman DE, Miller DC, Fadiel A, Kogus A, Stern A, Samuels HH. Direct identification of proteins from T47D cells and murine brain tissue by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization post-source decay/collision-induced dissociation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:429-36. [PMID: 17216666 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of the direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) identification of proteins in fixed T47D breast cancer cells and murine brain tissues. The ability to identify proteins from cells and tissue may lead to biomarkers that effectively predict the onset of defined disease states, and their dynamic behavior could be an important hint for drug target discoveries. Direct tissue application of trypsin allows protein identification in cells and tissues, while maintaining spatial integrity and intracellular organization. Using a chemical printer, matrix was co-registered on trypsinized human T47D breast cancer cells and cryo-preserved sections of murine brain tissue, followed by MALDI post-source decay (PSD) or MALDI collision-induced dissociation (CID), respectively. Mass-to-charge (m/z) data from the cells and brain tissues were processed using Mascot software interrogation of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Histone H2B was identified from cultured T47D human breast cancer cells. Tubulin beta2 was identified from mouse brain cortex following an induced stroke. These results suggest that MALDI PSD/CID, combined with bioinformatics, can be used for the direct identification of proteins from cells and tissues. Refinements in preparation techniques may improve this approach to provide a tool for quantitative proteomics and clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Pevsner
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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