Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Components in High-Risk Cardiovascular Disease Development in Older Adults

A Comparison of Dry Bean and Pea Consumption on Serum Cholesterol: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Mild Hypercholesterolemia

BACKGROUND

Diets including pulses are associated with better cardiovascular profiles, including lipid, glycemia, and hemodynamics; however, evidence is lacking regarding the contributions of individual pulse varieties.

OBJECTIVES

This randomized, controlled trial examined the effects of beans or peas individually, relative to rice, on LDL-cholesterol levels (primary outcome) and other indices of cardiovascular disease risk (secondary outcomes) at 6 wk in adults with mild hypercholesterolemia.

METHODS

This randomized, controlled, single-blind, 3-arm parallel-group study was conducted in 2 Canadian cities (Edmonton, Alberta; Winnipeg, Manitoba). Participants (n = 60 per group) were randomly assigned to 6 wk of regular consumption of foods containing either 120 g (∼0.75 cups) of beans (mixture of black, great northern, navy, and pinto) or 120 g (∼0.75 cups) peas (mixture of yellow and green), or identical foods containing white, parboiled rice (control foods). LDL-cholesterol (primary outcome) and indices of lipid metabolism, glycemia, and hemodynamics (secondary outcomes) were assessed.

RESULTS

Mean LDL-cholesterol was lower in the bean group (-0.21; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.03) but not the pea group (-0.11; 95% CI: -0.29, 0.07) relative to rice after 6 wk. Non-HDL-cholesterol (-0.20; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.002) and total cholesterol (-0.28; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.06) were also lower in the bean compared with rice groups. No changes were noted in triglycerides (-0.07; 95% CI: -0.28, 0.14), glucose (0.02; 95% CI: -0.17, 0.14), insulin (4.94; 95% CI: -5.51, 11.38), or blood pressure (systolic: -1.39; 95% CI: -5.18, 2.40; diastolic: -1.89; 95% CI: -4.65, 0.88). Dietary fiber intake (grams per day or grams per 1000 kcal) was not correlated with LDL-cholesterol (grams per day: r2 = 0.209, P = 0.142; grams per 1000 kcal: r2 =0.126, P = 0.379) in the bean group. Gastrointestinal effects were transient and most often not related to the study foods.

CONCLUSIONS

Beans, but not peas, lowered LDL-cholesterol, relative to rice, in adults with mild hypercholesterolemia. Fiber may not be responsible for the effect of beans, suggesting other phytochemicals may be the active component(s). Strategies incorporating 120 g of pulses in a meal are feasible for managing some cardiometabolic risk factors. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01661543.

Relationship between Life's Essential 8 and metabolic syndrome among older Americans (NHANES, 2007-2010): navigating biological aging and inflammation

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global health concern, and it is particularly harmful to middle-aged and elderly individuals. Life Element Eight (LE8), a measure to improve cardiovascular health, may offer benefits for MetS. Herein, we examined the relationship between LE8 and MetS among middle-aged and elderly individuals, and elucidated the role of biological aging and inflammation in this process.

Methods

We obtained the LE8 scores of 2,901 Americans, along with their biological aging indicators (Biological age, Phenotypic age, Serum Klotho), and computed their inflammatory indicators SII, DII. Using logistic regression model, we assessed the association among inflammatory markers, Biological aging, LE8 and MetS. Additionally, we generated restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots to display trends in significant variables in logistic regression. Using parallel mediation analysis, we evaluated the possible mediating role of various factors in the risk relationship between LE8 and MetS.

Results

Our examination revealed that higher LE8 scores were associated with a lower incidence of MetS in a fully adjusted model. The high LE8 subgroup had a 79.73% reduction in the risk of MetS compared to the low subgroup with an OR = 0.2027 (95% Cl 0.0871, 0.4714), with similar correlations between health factor scores and MetS risk. Biological aging mediated the associations between LE8, health behaviors and health factor scores and MetS risk.

Conclusion

A rise in the LE8 score among middle-aged and elderly individuals is a protective factor for MetS, and this association may be partially mediated by biological aging, suggesting that LE8 may reduce the risk of MetS by ameliorating aging.

IL-10 and IL-1β Serum Levels, Genetic Variants, and Metabolic Syndrome: Insights into Older Adults' Clinical Characteristics

Populational aging is marked by chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). IL-10 and IL-1β are pleiotropic cytokines with multiple biological effects linked to metabolic disorders. This cross-sectional study assessed 193 participants' IL-10 and IL-1β serum levels regarding their role in developing MetS, clinical characteristics, and their IL1B rs1143627 and IL10 rs1800890 variants' genotype frequencies in a population over 60. IL-10 levels correlated weakly with HDL levels and fat mass and inversely with triglycerides, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and estimated average blood glucose levels. IL-10 levels were also indirectly influenced by the patient's T2DM duration, lean mass amount, and bone mineral content. Participants with altered HDL, elevated serum glucose, raised HbA1c levels, or those over 80 had reduced serum IL-10 levels compared to those with normal levels or other age groups, respectively. Women also had higher serum IL-10 levels than men. Dissimilarly, IL-1β levels correlated directly only with the number of total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils, showing only significant variations with self-reported alcohol consumption. Our study also found that those with the IL10 AA genotype (lower IL-10 levels) had a significantly higher risk of developing MetS. These findings may help direct future research and more targeted therapeutic approaches in older adults.

Shared and unique characteristics of metabolic syndrome in psychotic disorders: a review

Introduction

People with psychosis spectrum disorders (PSD) face an elevated risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which may reduce their life expectancy by nearly 20%. Pinpointing the shared and specific characteristics and clinical implications of MetS in PSD is crucial for designing interventions to reduce this risk, but an up-to-date review on MetS across the psychosis spectrum is lacking.

Methods

This narrative review fills this gap by examining the clinical literature on characteristics and implications of MetS in both distinct PSD and transdiagnostically, i.e., across traditional categorical diagnoses, with a focus on psychiatric and cardio-metabolic management.

Results

We discuss common and specific characteristics of MetS in PSD, as well as factors contributing to MetS development in PSD patients, including unhealthy lifestyle factors, genetic predisposition, pro-inflammatory state, drugs consumption, antipsychotic medication, and psychotic symptoms. We highlight the importance of early identification and management of cardio-metabolic risk in PSD patients, as well as the existing gaps in the literature, for instance in the screening for MetS in younger PSD patients. We compare hypotheses-generating clinical associations and characteristics of MetS in different PSD, concluding by reviewing the existing recommendations and challenges in screening, monitoring, and managing MetS in PSD.

Conclusion

Early identification and management of MetS are crucial to mitigate the long-term cardio-metabolic toll in PSD patients. Interventions should focus on healthy lifestyle and appropriate pharmacological and behavioral interventions. Further translational and clinical research is needed to develop targeted interventions and personalized treatment approaches for this vulnerable population, aiming at improving physical health and overall well-being.

Detraining and Retraining Effects from a Multicomponent Training Program on the Functional Capacity and Health Profile of Physically Active Prehypertensive Older Women

BACKGROUND

Resuming a physical exercise program after a period of cessation is common in older women. Monitoring the responses during this detraining (DT) and retraining (RT) may allow us to analyze how the body reacts to an increase and a reduction in physical inactivity. Therefore, we conducted a follow-up training, DT, and RT in prehypertensive older women to analyze the response to these periods.

METHODS

Twenty-three prehypertensive older women (EG; 68.3 ± 2.8 years; 1.61 ± 0.44 m) performed 36 weeks of the multicomponent training program (MTP) followed by twelve weeks of DT plus eight weeks of RT. Fifteen prehypertensive older women (CG; 66.3 ± 3.2 years; 1.59 ± 0.37 m) maintained their normal routine. Functional capacity (FC), lipid, and hemodynamic profile were assessed before, during 24 and 36 weeks of the MTP, after 4 and 12 weeks of DT, and after 8 weeks of RT.

RESULTS

After 24 weeks of the MTP, only SBP did not improve. Four weeks of DT did not affect lower body strength (30-CS), TC, or GL. Eight weeks of RT improved BP (SBP: -2.52%; ES: 0.36; p < 0.00; DBP: -1.45%; ES: 0.44; p < 0.02), handgrip strength (3.77%; ES: 0.51; p < 0.00), and 30-CS (3.17%; ES: 0.38; p < 0.04) compared with 36 weeks of the MTP.

CONCLUSIONS

Eight weeks of RT allowed patients to recover the benefits lost with detraining, which after only four weeks affected them negatively, and the systematic practice of exercise contributed to greater regulation of BP since 24 weeks of the MTP proved not to be enough to promote positive effects of SBP.

Predictive Models of Muscle Strength in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose

To propose predictive models for absolute muscle strength (AMS) of elderly people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) in primary health care.

Patients and Methods

The cross-sectional study was conducted with 138 elderly diabetics. The AMS was measured by a JAMAR® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer, determined by the sum of both hands. The following indices were evaluated: waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), Triglyceride/High Density Lipoprotein (TG/HDL) ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Multiple linear regression was used in the statistical analysis.

Results

The final regression model indicated 66.4% (R²=0.66) of the variation in AMS. WHtR decreased AMS by 41.1% (β = -0.19; t = -3.70; p < 0.001), while PLR by 11.3% (β = -0.12; t = -2.36; p = 0.020). Male sex increased AMS by 10.6% (β = 0.32; t = 4.16; p < 0.001), and lean mass (LM) by 0.89% (β = 0.46; t = 6.03; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

WHtR and PLR predicted a decrease, while male sex and LM predicted an increase in AMS. It is suggested that these markers be used as screening measures for variation in AMS in older adults with DM2. These results have relevant practical application in primary health care since the markers are easy to use.

Associations of Mutually Exclusive Categories of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time With Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults: An Isotemporal Substitution Approach

The aim of this study was to examine, theoretically, how reallocating time between the intensity of mutually exclusive categories of physical activity and sedentary behavior time is associated with metabolic syndrome. Four hundred and six older adults (61.6% women) from the second wave of the EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study were included in the study (mean age 71.7 ± 5.9 years). Isotemporal substitution analysis showed a decrease of 35% (odds ratio: 0.65; 95% confidence interval [0.45, 0.96]) in the risk for metabolic syndrome when replacing 30 min/day of sedentary behavior with an equivalent amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Furthermore, it has been observed that older adults classified as low sedentary behavior and physically active were 57% less likely to have metabolic syndrome than participants classified as high sedentary and physically inactive (odds ratio: 0.43; 95% confidence interval [0.19, 0.97]). This study highlights the importance of behavioral categories that may emerge concerning the interrelationships of physical activity and health in older adults, having important implications for future health intervention programs.