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Insights into Modern Therapeutic Approaches in Pediatric Acute Leukemias. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010139. [PMID: 35011701 PMCID: PMC8749975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers predominantly constitute lymphomas and leukemias. Recently, our knowledge and awareness about genetic diversities, and their consequences in these diseases, have greatly expanded. Modern solutions are focused on mobilizing and impacting a patient’s immune system. Strategies to stimulate the immune system, to prime an antitumor response, are of intense interest. Amid those types of therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, bispecific antibodies, and antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), which have already been approved in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), i.e., NOD-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and several kinds of therapy antibodies are well on their way to showing significant benefits for patients with these diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of modern methods used in selected pediatric malignancies and presents therapies that may hold promise for the future.
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Saleh K, Khalifeh-Saleh N, Kourie HR. Acute myeloid leukemia transformed to a targetable disease. Future Oncol 2020; 16:961-972. [PMID: 32297538 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous neoplasm characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of immature progenitors. It is the most common acute leukemia in adults and its incidence increases with age. The standard traditional treatment in fit patients was the '3 + 7' regimen and cytarabine consolidation followed or not with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Recently, several targeted therapies such as gemtuzumab ozogamicin targeting the CD33+ AML, midostaurin, gilteritinib and crenolanib inhibiting FLT3-positive AML and ivosidenib and enasidenib blocking IDH-mutated AML have been approved. These new drugs led to the change of the landscape of the treatment of AML and transforming this disease to a targetable one. We aimed in this paper to review the implications of each new target, the mechanisms of action of these new drugs and we discuss all the studies leading to the approval of these new drugs in their indications according to each target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saleh
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Khalifeh-Saleh
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Maimaitili Y, Inase A, Miyata Y, Kitao A, Mizutani Y, Kakiuchi S, Shimono Y, Saito Y, Sonoki T, Minami H, Matsuoka H. An mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor enhances the cytotoxicity of gemtuzumab ozogamicin by activation of lysosomal function. Leuk Res 2018; 74:68-74. [PMID: 30300823 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), the first antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), has attracted the interest of hematologists because more than 90% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts express its target, CD33. Although GO and subsequently developed ADCs depend on lysosomes for activation, lysosome number and activity in tumor cells has not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether an mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor, PP242, which was reported to activate lysosomal function, potentiates the cytotoxicity of GO in AML cells. Eight AML cell lines (U937, THP-1, SKM-1, SKK-1, SKNO-1, HL-60, MARIMO and KO52) were treated with GO and PP242. The cytotoxic effect of GO was enhanced by concurrent treatment with a non-cytotoxic concentration (500 nM) of PP242 in most cell lines, except MARIMO and KO52 cells. We then used LysoTracker to label acidic lysosomes in U937, THP-1, SKM-1, MARIMO and KO52 cells. LysoTracker fluorescence was dramatically increased by treatment with PP242 in U937, THP-1 and SKM-1 cells, and the intensified fluorescence was retained with PP242 + GO. In contrast, PP242 did not induce a significant increase in fluorescence in MARIMO cells, consistent with the lack of combinatory cytotoxicity. LysoTracker fluorescence was also increased by PP242 in KO52 cells, which have been reported to strongly express multidrug resistance (MDR). Further, PP242 suppressed GO-induced Chk1 activation and G2/M cell cycle arrest, which in turn triggered cell cycle promotion and cell death. These results indicate that inhibition of mTORC1/2 kinase by PP242 enhanced the cytotoxicity of GO by increasing lysosomal compartments and promoting the cell cycle via suppression of GO-induced Chk1 activation. This combination may represent an attractive new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimamu Maimaitili
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aki Inase
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Miyata
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihito Kitao
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu Mizutani
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Kakiuchi
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimono
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuoka
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Pillai SG, Li S, Siddappa CM, Ellis MJ, Watson MA, Aft R. Identifying biomarkers of breast cancer micrometastatic disease in bone marrow using a patient-derived xenograft mouse model. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:2. [PMID: 29291741 PMCID: PMC5748947 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) found in the bone marrow (BM) of patients with breast cancer portend a poor prognosis and are thought to be intermediaries in the metastatic process. To assess the clinical relevance of a mouse model for identifying possible prognostic and predictive biomarkers of these cells, we have employed patient-derived xenografts (PDX) for propagating and molecularly profiling human DTCs. METHODS Previously developed mouse xenografts from five breast cancer patients were further passaged by implantation into NOD/SCID mouse mammary fat pads. BM was collected from long bones at early, serial passages and analyzed for human-specific gene expression by qRT-PCR as a surrogate biomarker for the detection of DTCs. Microarray-based gene expression analyses were performed to compare expression profiles between primary xenografts, solid metastasis, and populations of BM DTCs. Differential patterns of gene expression were then compared to previously generated microarray data from primary human BM aspirates from patients with breast cancer and healthy volunteers. RESULTS Human-specific gene expression of SNAI1, GSC, FOXC2, KRT19, and STAM2, presumably originating from DTCs, was detected in the BM of all xenograft mice that also developed metastatic tumors. Human-specific gene expression was undetectable in the BM of those xenograft lines with no evidence of distant metastases and in non-transplanted control mice. Comparative gene expression analysis of BM DTCs versus the primary tumor of one mouse line identified multiple gene transcripts associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, aggressive clinical phenotype, and metastatic disease development. Sixteen of the PDX BM associated genes also demonstrated a statistically significant difference in expression in the BM of healthy volunteers versus the BM of breast cancer patients with distant metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Unique and reproducible patterns of differential gene expression can be identified that presumably originate from BM DTCs in mouse PDX lines. Several of these identified genes are also detected in the BM of patients with breast cancer who develop early metastases, which suggests that they may be clinically relevant biomarkers. The PDX model may also provide a clinically relevant system for analyzing and targeting these intermediaries of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeraj G. Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Chidananda M. Siddappa
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Baylor College of Medicine, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mark A. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
- Siteman Cancer Center at the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Rebecca Aft
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Siteman Cancer Center at the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
- John Cochran Veterans Administration Hospital, St. Louis, MO USA
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Khoury HJ, Collins RH, Blum W, Stiff PS, Elias L, Lebkowski JS, Reddy A, Nishimoto KP, Sen D, Wirth ED, Case CC, DiPersio JF. Immune responses and long-term disease recurrence status after telomerase-based dendritic cell immunotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2017; 123:3061-3072. [PMID: 28411378 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase activity in leukemic blasts frequently is increased among patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the current study, the authors evaluated the feasibility, safety, immunogenicity, and therapeutic potential of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-expressing autologous dendritic cells (hTERT-DCs) in adult patients with AML. METHODS hTERT-DCs were produced from patient-specific leukapheresis, electroporated with an mRNA-encoding hTERT and a lysosomal-targeting sequence, and cryopreserved. A total of 22 patients with a median age of 58 years (range, 30-75 years) with intermediate-risk or high-risk AML in first or second complete remission (CR) were enrolled. hTERT-DCs were generated for 24 patients (73%). A median of 17 intradermal vaccinations (range, 6-32 intradermal vaccinations) containing 1×107 cells were administered as 6 weekly injections followed by 6 biweekly injections. A total of 21 patients (16 in first CR, 3 in second CR, and 2 with early disease recurrence) received hTERT-DCs. RESULTS hTERT-DCs were well tolerated with no severe toxicities reported, with the exception of 1 patient who developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Of the 19 patients receiving hTERT-DCs in CR, 11 patients (58%) developed hTERT-specific T-cell responses that primarily were targeted toward hTERT peptides with predicted low human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-binding affinities. With a median follow-up of 52 months, 58% of patients in CR (11 of 19 patients) were free of disease recurrence at the time of their last follow-up visit; 57% of the patients who were aged ≥60 years (4 of 7 patients) also were found to be free of disease recurrence at a median follow-up of 54 months. CONCLUSIONS The generation of hTERT-DCs is feasible and vaccination with hTERT-DCs appears to be safe and may be associated with favorable recurrence-free survival. Cancer 2017;123:3061-72. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Khoury
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert H Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - William Blum
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Patrick S Stiff
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | - Debasish Sen
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc, Menlo Park, California
| | | | - Casey C Case
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc, Menlo Park, California
| | - John F DiPersio
- Department of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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D'Argenio V, Petrillo M, Pasanisi D, Pagliarulo C, Colicchio R, Talà A, de Biase MS, Zanfardino M, Scolamiero E, Pagliuca C, Gaballo A, Cicatiello AG, Cantiello P, Postiglione I, Naso B, Boccia A, Durante M, Cozzuto L, Salvatore P, Paolella G, Salvatore F, Alifano P. The complete 12 Mb genome and transcriptome of Nonomuraea gerenzanensis with new insights into its duplicated "magic" RNA polymerase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18. [PMID: 28442708 PMCID: PMC5431353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-016-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the widely accepted consensus of the existence of a single RNA polymerase in bacteria, several actinomycetes have been recently shown to possess two forms of RNA polymerases due the to co-existence of two rpoB paralogs in their genome. However, the biological significance of the rpoB duplication is obscure. In this study we have determined the genome sequence of the lipoglycopeptide antibiotic A40926 producer Nonomuraea gerenzanensis ATCC 39727, an actinomycete with a large genome and two rpoB genes, i.e. rpoB(S) (the wild-type gene) and rpoB(R) (the mutant-type gene). We next analyzed the transcriptional and metabolite profiles in the wild-type gene and in two derivative strains over-expressing either rpoB(R) or a mutated form of this gene to explore the physiological role and biotechnological potential of the "mutant-type" RNA polymerase. We show that rpoB(R) controls antibiotic production and a wide range of metabolic adaptive behaviors in response to environmental pH. This may give interesting perspectives also with regard to biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasanisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Adelfia Talà
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Stella de Biase
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Zanfardino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Pagliuca
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gaballo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, Center of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miriana Durante
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Operative Unit of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Paola Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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Podhorecka M, Markowicz J, Szymczyk A, Pawlowski J. Target Therapy in Hematological Malignances: New Monoclonal Antibodies. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:701493. [PMID: 27433507 PMCID: PMC4897146 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apart from radio- and chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) represent a new, more selective tool in the treatment of hematological malignancies. MoAbs bind with the specific antigens of the tumors. This interaction is a basis for targeted therapies which exhibit few side effects and significant antitumor activity. This review provides an overview of the functional characteristics of MoAbs, with some examples of their clinical application. The promising results in the treatment of hematological malignancies have led to the more frequent usage of MoAbs in the therapy. Development of MoAbs is a subject of extensive research. They are a promising method of cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Markowicz
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szymczyk
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Johannes Pawlowski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Martner A, Thorén FB, Aurelius J, Söderholm J, Brune M, Hellstrand K. Immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride for the prevention of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 3:381-91. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.10.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yamauchi T, Matsuda Y, Tasaki T, Negoro E, Ikegaya S, Takagi K, Yoshida A, Urasaki Y, Ueda T. Induction of DNA strand breaks is critical to predict the cytotoxicity of gemtuzumab ozogamicin against leukemic cells. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1722-9. [PMID: 22632031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) consists of the CD33 antibody linked to calicheamicin. The binding of GO to the CD33 antigen on leukemic cells results in internalization followed by the release of calicheamicin, thereby inducing DNA strand breaks. We hypothesized that the induction of DNA strand breaks would be a surrogate marker of GO cytotoxcity. Here, two GO-resistant variants (HL/GO-CSA [225-fold], HL/GO [200-fold]) were established by serially incubating human leukemia HL-60 cells with GO with or without a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, cyclosporine A, respectively. The CD33 positivity was reduced in both variants. The HL/GO-CSA cells showed an increased multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP1) transcript, and an MRP1 inhibitor partially reversed GO resistance. The HL/GO cells had neither P-gp nor MRP1 overexpression. Microarray analysis and Western blotting indicated elevated levels of DNA repair-associated proteins in both variants. Two other leukemic subclones, showing either P-gp or MRP1 overexpression, were also GO-resistant. Using single cell gel electrophoresis analysis, it was determined that GO-induced DNA strand breaks increased dose-dependently in HL-60 cells, whereas the number of breaks was reduced in the GO-resistant cell lines. The induction of DNA strand breaks was correlated with GO sensitivity among these cell lines. The CD33 positivity and the expression levels of transporters were not proportional to drug sensitivity. Using primary leukemic cells, the induction of DNA strand breaks appeared to be associated with GO sensitivity. Thus, GO-induced DNA strand breaks as the final output of the mechanism of action would be critical to predict GO cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan.
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Turtoi A, De Pauw E, Castronovo V. Innovative proteomics for the discovery of systemically accessible cancer biomarkers suitable for imaging and targeted therapies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:12-8. [PMID: 21224037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of biomarkers that are readily accessible through the circulating blood and are selectively overexpressed in pathological tissues has become a major research objective, particularly in the field of oncology. Indisputably, this group of molecules has a high potential to serve as an innovative tool for effective imaging and targeted cancer therapy approaches. In this attractive therapeutic concept, specific cancer proteins are reached by intravenously administered ligands that are coupled to cytotoxic drugs. Such compounds are able to induce cancer destruction while sparing normal tissues. Owing to the performance of mass spectrometry technology, current high-throughput proteomic analysis allows for the identification of a high number of proteins that are differentially expressed in the cancerous tissues. However, such approaches provide no information regarding the effective accessibility of the >biomarkers and, therefore, the possibility for these discovered proteins to be targeted. To bypass this major limitation, which clearly slows the discovery of such biomarkers, innovative methodological strategies have been developed to enrich the clinical specimens before the mass spectrometry analysis. The focus is laid on the group of proteins that are necessarily located either at the exterior face of the plasma membrane or in the extracellular matrix. The present review addresses the current technologies meant for the discovery and analysis of accessible antigens from clinically relevant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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