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Song P, Gao Z, Bao Y, Chen L, Huang Y, Liu Y, Dong Q, Wei X. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:46. [PMID: 38886806 PMCID: PMC11184729 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, encompassing development, tissue homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Under normal physiological conditions, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is meticulously regulated. However, aberrant activation of this pathway and downstream target genes can occur due to mutations in key components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, epigenetic modifications, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Consequently, these dysregulations contribute significantly to tumor initiation and progression. Therapies targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling transduction have exhibited promising prospects and potential for tumor treatment. An increasing number of medications targeting this pathway are continuously being developed and validated. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the role played by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and targeted therapy, providing valuable insights into acknowledging current opportunities and challenges associated with targeting this signaling pathway in cancer research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Song
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Zirui Gao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yige Bao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuhe Huang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China.
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2
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DeSouza NR, Nielsen KJ, Jarboe T, Carnazza M, Quaranto D, Kopec K, Suriano R, Islam HK, Tiwari RK, Geliebter J. Dysregulated Expression Patterns of Circular RNAs in Cancer: Uncovering Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarker Potential. Biomolecules 2024; 14:384. [PMID: 38672402 PMCID: PMC11048371 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable, enclosed, non-coding RNA molecules with dynamic regulatory propensity. Their biogenesis involves a back-splicing process, forming a highly stable and operational RNA molecule. Dysregulated circRNA expression can drive carcinogenic and tumorigenic transformation through the orchestration of epigenetic modifications via extensive RNA and protein-binding domains. These multi-ranged functional capabilities have unveiled extensive identification of previously unknown molecular and cellular patterns of cancer cells. Reliable circRNA expression patterns can aid in early disease detection and provide criteria for genome-specific personalized medicine. Studies described in this review have revealed the novelty of circRNAs and their biological ss as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. DeSouza
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Kate J. Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Tara Jarboe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Michelle Carnazza
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Danielle Quaranto
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Kaci Kopec
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Robert Suriano
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Mount Saint Vincent, Bronx, NY 10471, USA
| | - Humayun K. Islam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (N.R.D.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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3
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Isa AI. Exploring signaling pathway crosstalk in glioma by mapping miRNA and WNT pathways: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128722. [PMID: 38092099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is a significant healthcare burden; nevertheless, the particular genetic regulatory mechanism underpinning its onset and progression is still unknown. Recent research has focused in large part on trying to determine the underlying molecular pathways that contribute to the malignancy of this disease because of the difficulties in treating it. Many tumors have been linked to changes in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs play a critical role in cancer development by controlling a wide variety of targets and signaling cascades. A rising body of evidence emphasizes WNT pathway dysregulation in glioma, despite the fact that it is dysregulated in many malignancies. Here, we give a detailed analysis of the roles played by miRNAs in the WNT pathway by glioma. We also demonstrate how the WNT pathway cooperates with miRNAs to control a variety of functions, including cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Imam Isa
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia.
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Noor A, Shafi S, Sehar N, Qadir I, Bilquees, Rashid S, Arafah A, Rasool S, Dar NJ, Masoodi MH, Rehman MU. Curcuminoids as Cell Signaling Pathway Modulators: A Potential Strategy for Cancer Prevention. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3093-3117. [PMID: 37559247 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230809100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial advancements in curative modern medicine in the last few decades, cancer risk and casualty rates have continued to mount globally. The exact reason for cancer's onset and progression is still unknown. However, skeletal and functional abnormalities in the genetic code are assumed to be the primary cause of cancer. Many lines of evidence reported that some medicinal plants can be utilized to curb cancer cell proliferation with a safe, fruitful, and cost-efficient perspective. Curcuminoid, isolated from Curcuma longa, have gotten a lot of focus due to their anticancer potential as they reduce tumor progression, invasion, and dissemination. Further, they modulated signal transduction routes like MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/β-catenin, etc., and triggered apoptosis as well as actuated autophagy in malignant cells without altering the normal cells, thus preventing cancer progression. Besides, Curcuminoid also regulate the function and expression of anti-tumor and carcinogenic miRNAs. Clinical studies also reported the therapeutic effect of Curcuminoid against various cancer through decreasing specific biomarkers like TNF-α, Bcl-2, COX-2, PGE2, VEGF, IκKβ, and various cytokines like IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ levels and increasing in p53 and Bax levels. Thus, in the present review, we abridged the modulation of several signal transduction routes by Curcuminoids in various malignancies, and its modulatory role in the initiation of tumor-suppressive miRNAs and suppression of the oncogenic miRNAs are explored. Additionally, various pharmacokinetic approaches have been projected to address the Curcuminoids bioavailability like the use of piperine as an adjuvant; nanotechnology- based Curcuminoids preparations utilizing Curcuminoids analogues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeza Noor
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Saimeena Shafi
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Nouroz Sehar
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Insha Qadir
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Bilquees
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Department of School Education, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190001, India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory (CNB-P), Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA92037, USA
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Toraih EA, Hussein MH, Al Ageeli E, Ellaban M, Kattan SW, Moroz K, Fawzy MS, Kandil E. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/microRNA-145 Ratio: Bridging Genomic and Immunological Variabilities in Thyroid Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2953. [PMID: 38001954 PMCID: PMC10669161 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and microRNA-145 (miR-145) have emerged as essential biomarkers in thyroid cancer progression and metastasis. However, their combined evaluation and clinical utility as a unified prognostic marker across diverse thyroid cancer subgroups remain unexplored. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic value of the MMP9/miR-145 ratio in thyroid cancer, hypothesizing it may overcome inter-patient heterogeneity and serve as a versatile biomarker regardless of genetic mutations or autoimmune status. MMP9 and miR-145 expressions were analyzed in 175 paired papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and normal tissues. Plasma levels were assessed perioperatively and longitudinally over 12-18 months in 86 matched PTC patients. The associations with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes were evaluated. MMP9 was upregulated, and miR-145 downregulated in cancer tissues, with a median MMP9/miR-145 ratio 17.6-fold higher versus controls. The tissue ratio accurately diagnosed thyroid malignancy regardless of BRAF mutation or Hashimoto's thyroiditis status, overcoming genetic and autoimmune heterogeneity. A high preoperative circulating ratio predicted aggressive disease features, including lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, progression/relapse, and recurrence. Although the preoperative plasma ratio was elevated in patients with unfavorable outcomes, it had limited utility for post-surgical monitoring. In conclusion, the MMP9/miR-145 ratio is a promising biomarker in PTC that bridges genetic and immunological variabilities, enhancing preoperative diagnosis and prognostication across diverse patient subgroups. It accurately stratifies heterogenous cases by aggressiveness. The longitudinal trends indicate decreasing applicability for post-thyroidectomy surveillance. Further large-scale validation and protocol standardization can facilitate clinical translation of the MMP9/miR-145 ratio to guide personalized thyroid cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.H.H.); (E.K.)
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.H.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Essam Al Ageeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Medical Genetics), Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamad Ellaban
- Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt;
| | - Shahd W. Kattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 46411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.H.H.); (E.K.)
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6
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Taheriazam A, Bayanzadeh SD, Heydari Farahani M, Mojtabavi S, Zandieh MA, Gholami S, Heydargoy MH, Jamali Hondori M, Kangarloo Z, Behroozaghdam M, Khorrami R, Sheikh Beig Goharrizi MA, Salimimoghadam S, Rashidi M, Hushmandi K, Entezari M, Hashemi M. Non-coding RNA-based therapeutics in cancer therapy: An emphasis on Wnt/β-catenin control. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175781. [PMID: 37179043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNA transcripts are RNA molecules that have mainly regulatory functions and they do not encode proteins. microRNAs (miRNAs), lncRNAs and circRNAs are major types of this family and these epigenetic factors participate in disease pathogenesis, especially cancer that their abnormal expression may lead to cancer progression. miRNAs and lncRNAs possess a linear structure, whereas circRNAs possess ring structures and high stability. Wnt/β-catenin is an important factor in cancer with oncogenic function and it can increase growth, invasion and therapy resistance in tumors. Wnt upregulation occurs upon transfer of β-catenin to nucleus. Interaction of ncRNAs with Wnt/β-catenin signaling can determine tumorigenesis. Wnt upregulation is observed in cancers and miRNAs are able to bind to 3'-UTR of Wnt to reduce its level. LncRNAs can directly/indirectly regulate Wnt and in indirect manner, lncRNAs sponge miRNAs. CircRNAs are new emerging regulators of Wnt and by its stimulation, they increase tumor progression. CircRNA/miRNA axis can affect Wnt and carcinogenesis. Overall, interaction of ncRNAs with Wnt can determine proliferation rate, migration ability and therapy response of cancers. Furthermore, ncRNA/Wnt/β-catenin axis can be utilized as biomarker in cancer and for prognostic applications in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Melika Heydari Farahani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e Kord Branch, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | - Sarah Mojtabavi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Gholami
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Heydargoy
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e Ghods Branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jamali Hondori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kangarloo
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Behroozaghdam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khorrami
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Elshaer SS, Abulsoud AI, Fathi D, Abdelmaksoud NM, Zaki MB, El-Mahdy HA, Ismail A, Elsakka EGE, Abd-Elmawla MA, Abulsoud LA, Doghish AS. miRNAs role in glioblastoma pathogenesis and targeted therapy: Signaling pathways interplay. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 246:154511. [PMID: 37178618 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High mortality and morbidity rates and variable clinical behavior are hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. Patients with GBM often have a dismal outlook, even after undergoing surgery, postoperative radiation, and chemotherapy, which has fueled the search for specific targets to provide new insights into the development of contemporary therapies. The ability of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of various genes and silence many target genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, stem cell behavior and chemo- and radiotherapy resistance makes them promising candidates as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets or factors to advance GBM therapeutics. Hence, this review is like a crash course in GBM and how miRNAs related to GBM. Here, we will outline the miRNAs whose role in the development of GBM has been established by recent in vitro or in vivo research. Moreover, we will provide a summary of the state of knowledge regarding oncomiRs and tumor suppressor (TS) miRNAs in relation to GBM with an emphasis on their potential applications as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11823, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Logyna A Abulsoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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8
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Yang JT, Lee IN, Huang C, Huang HC, Wu YP, Chong ZY, Chen JC. ADAM17 Confers Temozolomide Resistance in Human Glioblastoma Cells and miR-145 Regulates Its Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097703. [PMID: 37175410 PMCID: PMC10178422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor, commonly treated with temozolomide (TMZ). Upregulation of A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) is correlated to malignancy; however, whether ADAMs modulate TMZ sensitivity in GBM cells remains unclear. To explore the role of ADAMs in TMZ resistance, we analyzed changes in ADAM expression following TMZ treatment using RNA sequencing and noted that ADAM17 was markedly upregulated. Hence, we established TMZ-resistant cell lines to elucidate the role of ADAM17. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of ADAM17 knockdown on TMZ sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we predicted microRNAs upstream of ADAM17 and transfected miRNA mimics into cells to verify their effects on TMZ sensitivity. Additionally, the clinical significance of ADAM17 and miRNAs in GBM was analyzed. ADAM17 was upregulated in GBM cells under serum starvation and TMZ treatment and was overexpressed in TMZ-resistant cells. In in vitro and in vivo models, ADAM17 knockdown conferred greater TMZ sensitivity. miR-145 overexpression suppressed ADAM17 and sensitized cells to TMZ. ADAM17 upregulation and miR-145 downregulation in clinical specimens are associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Thus, miR-145 enhances TMZ sensitivity by inhibiting ADAM17. These findings offer insights into the development of therapeutic approaches to overcome TMZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Huang
- Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University South Campus, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yong Chong
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
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9
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Tohidast M, Memari N, Amini M, Hosseini SS, Jebelli A, Doustvandi MA, Baradaran B, Mokhtarzadeh A. MiR-145 inhibits cell migration and increases paclitaxel chemosensitivity in prostate cancer cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1350-1359. [PMID: 37886001 PMCID: PMC10598815 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.70878.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among men worldwide. Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different types of cancer. Recent studies revealed miRNAs control various genes that influence the regulation of many biological and pathological processes such as the formation and development of cancer, chemotherapy resistance, etc. Materials and Methods Between three PC cell lines (PC3, DU-145, LNCAP), PC3 showed the lowest miR-145 expression and was chosen for experiments. PC3 cells were treated with paclitaxel and miR-145 separately or in combination. To measure the cell viability, migratory capacity, autophagy, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis induction, the MTT assay, wound-healing assay, and Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay were used, respectively. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to measure the expression level of genes involved in apoptosis, migration, and stemness properties. Results Obtained results illustrated that miR-145 transfection could enhance the sensitivity of PC3 cells to paclitaxel and increase paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by modulating the expression of related genes, including Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, and Bcl-2. Also, results showed combination therapy increased cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase. miR-145 and paclitaxel cooperatively reduced migration ability and related-metastatic and stemness gene expression, including MMP-2, MMP-9, CD44, and SOX-2. In addition, combination therapy can suppress MDR1 expression. Conclusion These results confirmed that miR-145 combined with paclitaxel cooperatively could inhibit cell proliferation and migration and increase the chemosensitivity of PC3 cells compared to mono treatment. So, miR-145 combination therapy may be used as a promising approach for PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tohidast
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Neda Memari
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
- These authors contributed eqully to this work
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Asiyeh Jebelli
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Nasrolahi A, Azizidoost S, Radoszkiewicz K, Najafi S, Ghaedrahmati F, Anbiyaee O, Khoshnam SE, Farzaneh M, Uddin S. Signaling pathways governing glioma cancer stem cells behavior. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110493. [PMID: 36228964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor that develops in the glial tissue. Several studies have identified that glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs) play important roles in tumor-initiating features in malignant gliomas. GCSCs are a small population in the brain that presents an essential role in the metastasis of glioma cells to other organs. These cells can self-renew and differentiate, which are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of glioma. Therefore, targeting GCSCs might be a novel strategy for the treatment of glioma. Accumulating evidence revealed that several signaling pathways, including Notch, TGF-β, Wnt, STAT3, AKT, and EGFR mediated GCSC growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Besides, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs have been found to play pivotal roles in the regulation of GCSC pathogenesis and drug resistance. Therefore, targeting these pathways could open a new avenue for glioma management. In this review, we summarized critical signaling pathways involved in the stimulation or prevention of GCSCs tumorigenesis and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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Rajabi A, Kayedi M, Rahimi S, Dashti F, Mirazimi SMA, Homayoonfal M, Mahdian SMA, Hamblin MR, Tamtaji OR, Afrasiabi A, Jafari A, Mirzaei H. Non-coding RNAs and glioma: Focus on cancer stem cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 27:100-123. [PMID: 36321132 PMCID: PMC9593299 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma and gliomas can have a wide range of histopathologic subtypes. These heterogeneous histologic phenotypes originate from tumor cells with the distinct functions of tumorigenesis and self-renewal, called glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are characterized based on multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms, which control the expression of many genes. This epigenetic regulatory mechanism is often based on functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs have become increasingly important in the pathogenesis of human cancer and work as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate carcinogenesis and progression. These RNAs by being involved in chromatin remodeling and modification, transcriptional regulation, and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA, as well as mRNA stability and protein translation, play a key role in tumor development and progression. Numerous studies have been performed to try to understand the dysregulation pattern of these ncRNAs in tumors and cancer stem cells (CSCs), which show robust differentiation and self-regeneration capacity. This review provides recent findings on the role of ncRNAs in glioma development and progression, particularly their effects on CSCs, thus accelerating the clinical implementation of ncRNAs as promising tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rajabi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Kayedi
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Rahimi
- School of Medicine,Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mina Homayoonfal
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Amin Mahdian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Afrasiabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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12
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Fan H, Xie X, Kuang X, Du J, Peng F. MicroRNAs, Key Regulators in Glioma Progression as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Chinese Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1799-1825. [PMID: 36121713 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are tumors of the primary central nervous system associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. The 5-year survival rate of patients with gliomas received surgery combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy does not exceed 5%. Although temozolomide is commonly used in the treatment of gliomas, the development of resistance limits its use. MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs involved in numerous processes of glioma cells, such as proliferation, migration and apoptosis. MicroRNAs regulate cell cycle, PI3K/AKT signal pathway, and target apoptosis-related genes (e.g., BCL6), angiogenesis-related genes (e.g., VEGF) and other related genes to suppress gliomas. Evidence illustrates that microRNAs can regulate the sensitivity of gliomas to temozolomide, cisplatin, and carmustine, thereby enhancing the efficacy of these agents. Moreover, traditional Chinese medicine (e.g., tanshinone IIA, xanthohumol, and curcumin) exert antiglioma effects by regulating the expression of microRNAs, and then microRNAs inhibit gliomas through influencing the process of tumors by targeting certain genes. In this paper, the mechanisms through which microRNAs regulate the sensitivity of gliomas to therapeutic drugs are described, and traditional Chinese medicine that can suppress gliomas through microRNAs are discussed. This review aims to provide new insights into the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xi Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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CircEPSTI1 Promotes the Proliferation of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells via circEPSTI1/miR-145/ERBB3 Axis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1028851. [PMID: 36059813 PMCID: PMC9439903 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1028851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. There are great challenges in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. In this study, we explored the molecular and biological mechanisms of circular RNA circEPSTI1 (has_circ_0000479) in the regulation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. The expression of CircEPSTI1, microRNA miR-145, and ERBB3 in HER2-positive breast cancer cells was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8. Wound-healing and transwell migration assays were performed to evaluate cell migration. A transwell invasion assay was performed to detect cell invasion. The interaction of miR-145, circEPSTI1, and ERBB3 was confirmed bydual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays. CircEPSTI1 was upregulated in the HER2-positive breast cancer tissues and cells. Knockdown of circEPSTI1 inhibited SKBR3 and BT474 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, circEPSTI1 directly targeted miR-145, and miR-145 was a downstream mediator of circEPSTI1 in modulating the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SKBR3 and BT474 cells. ERBB3 was identified as a direct and functional target of miR-145 in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Our findings demonstrate that circEPSTI1, an overexpressed circRNA in HER2-positive breast cancer, promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SKBR3 and BT474 cells through the miR-145/ERBB3 axis.
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Toraih EA, Fawzy MS, Ning B, Zerfaoui M, Errami Y, Ruiz EM, Hussein MH, Haidari M, Bratton M, Tortelote GG, Hilliard S, Nilubol N, Russell JO, Shama MA, El-Dahr SS, Moroz K, Hu T, Kandil E. A miRNA-Based Prognostic Model to Trace Thyroid Cancer Recurrence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174128. [PMID: 36077665 PMCID: PMC9454675 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some thyroid tumors elected for surveillance remain indolent, while others progress. The mechanism responsible for this difference is poorly understood, making it challenging to devise patient surveillance plans. Early prediction is important for tailoring treatment and follow-up in high-risk patients. The aim of our study was to identify predictive markers for progression. We leveraged a highly sensitive test that accurately predicts which thyroid nodules are more likely to develop lymph node metastasis, thereby improving care and outcomes for cancer patients. Abstract Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) account for most endocrine tumors; however, screening and diagnosing the recurrence of PTC remains a clinical challenge. Using microRNA sequencing (miR-seq) to explore miRNA expression profiles in PTC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, we aimed to determine which miRNAs may be associated with PTC recurrence and metastasis. Public databases such as TCGA and GEO were utilized for data sourcing and external validation, respectively, and miR-seq results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found miR-145 to be significantly downregulated in tumor tissues and blood. Deregulation was significantly related to clinicopathological features of PTC patients including tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and recurrence. In silico data analysis showed that miR-145 can negatively regulate multiple genes in the TC signaling pathway and was associated with cell apoptosis, proliferation, stem cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Taken together, the current study suggests that miR-145 may be a biomarker for PTC recurrence. Further mechanistic studies are required to uncover its cellular roles in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-346-907-4237
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar P.O. Box 1321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bo Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Youssef Errami
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Emmanuelle M. Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mohammad H. Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Muhib Haidari
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Melyssa Bratton
- Biospecimen Core Laboratory, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Giovane G. Tortelote
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sylvia Hilliard
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jonathon O. Russell
- Division of Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Shama
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Samir S. El-Dahr
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tony Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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15
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Hersh AM, Gaitsch H, Alomari S, Lubelski D, Tyler BM. Molecular Pathways and Genomic Landscape of Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Opportunities for Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3743. [PMID: 35954407 PMCID: PMC9367289 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive tumor of the central nervous system categorized by the World Health Organization as a Grade 4 astrocytoma. Despite treatment with surgical resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, outcomes remain poor, with a median survival of only 14-16 months. Although tumor regression is often observed initially after treatment, long-term recurrence or progression invariably occurs. Tumor growth, invasion, and recurrence is mediated by a unique population of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Their high mutation rate and dysregulated transcriptional landscape augment their resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, explaining the poor outcomes observed in patients. Consequently, GSCs have emerged as targets of interest in new treatment paradigms. Here, we review the unique properties of GSCs, including their interactions with the hypoxic microenvironment that drives their proliferation. We discuss vital signaling pathways in GSCs that mediate stemness, self-renewal, proliferation, and invasion, including the Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, sonic hedgehog, transforming growth factor beta, Wnt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and inhibitors of differentiation pathways. We also review epigenomic changes in GSCs that influence their transcriptional state, including DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, and miRNA expression. The constituent molecular components of the signaling pathways and epigenomic regulators represent potential sites for targeted therapy, and representative examples of inhibitory molecules and pharmaceuticals are discussed. Continued investigation into the molecular pathways of GSCs and candidate therapeutics is needed to discover new effective treatments for GBM and improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Hersh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.M.H.); (H.G.); (S.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Hallie Gaitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.M.H.); (H.G.); (S.A.); (D.L.)
- NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program, Wellcome—MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.M.H.); (H.G.); (S.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Daniel Lubelski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.M.H.); (H.G.); (S.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Betty M. Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.M.H.); (H.G.); (S.A.); (D.L.)
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16
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Mohamadian M, Ahmadi SS, Bahrami A, Ferns GA. Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin and its Derivatives on Glioma Biology. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2936-2953. [PMID: 35790698 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are common and aggressive brain tumors that carry a poor prognosis. The current multimodal therapeutic option for glioma includes surgery subsequently temozolomide chemotherapy and/or radiation; but gliomas are often associated with multidrug resistance, intensive adverse events, and tumor relapse. Thus, novel interventions that can enhance successful chemo-prevention and overcome therapeutic resistance are urgently needed. Phytochemicals have several biological properties with multi-target sites and relatively limited degrees of toxicity. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound with several anti-tumor effects which potentially inhibit tumor growth, development, proliferation, invasion, dissemination, and angiogenesis in different human malignancies. Experimental model studies have demonstrated that curcumin attenuates glioma cell viability by G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, induction of autophagy, gene expression alteration, and disruption of multi-molecular pathways. Moreover, curcumin has been reported to re-sensitize cancer to chemotherapeutics as well as augment the effect of radiotherapy on glioma cells. In this review, we have provided an update on the in vitro and in vivo effects of curcumin-based therapy on gliomas. We have also discussed the use of curcumin in combination therapies, its effectiveness on drug-resistant cells, and new formulations of curcumin in the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mohamadian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Clinical Research Development Unit of Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PH, Sussex, UK
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17
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Yang C, Mai Z, Liu C, Yin S, Cai Y, Xia C. Natural Products in Preventing Tumor Drug Resistance and Related Signaling Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113513. [PMID: 35684449 PMCID: PMC9181879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is still an obstacle in cancer therapy, leading to the failure of tumor treatment. The emergence of tumor drug resistance has always been a main concern of oncologists. Therefore, overcoming tumor drug resistance and looking for new strategies for tumor treatment is a major focus in the field of tumor research. Natural products serve as effective substances against drug resistance because of their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological effects. We reviewed the signaling pathways involved in the development of tumor drug resistance, including Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Renin-angiotensin system (Ras), Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Wnt, Notch, Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and their specific signaling pathway inhibitors derived from natural products. This can provide new ideas for the prevention of drug resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Yang
- Department of Head-Neck and Breast Surgery, Yuebei People’s Hospital of Shantou University, Shaoguan 512027, China;
| | - Zhikai Mai
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Can Liu
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuanghong Yin
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yantao Cai
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.X.)
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.X.)
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18
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Bonafé GA, Boschiero MN, Sodré AR, Ziegler JV, Rocha T, Ortega MM. Natural Plant Compounds: Does Caffeine, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate, Curcumin, and Euphol Play Roles as Antitumoral Compounds in Glioblastoma Cell Lines? Front Neurol 2022; 12:784330. [PMID: 35300350 PMCID: PMC8923017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.784330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant-derived compounds are shown to be promising antitumor therapeutic agents by enhancing apoptosis-related pathways and cell cycle impairment in tumor cells, including glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. We aimed to review four natural plant compounds effective in GBM cell lines as caffeine, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DPG), curcumin, and euphol. Furthermore, antitumoral effect of these plant compounds on GBM cell lines through microRNAs (miRs) modulation was investigated. However, only DPG and curcumin were found as effective on miR modulation. Caffeine arrests GBM cell cycle in G0/G1 phase by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) complex inhibition and by decreasing BCL-2 and increasing FOXO1 expression levels causing greater apoptotic activity. Caffeine can also directly inhibit IP3R3, p38 phosphorylation, and rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), decreasing cell invasion and migration capacity or indirectly by inhibiting the tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and integrins β1 and β3, leading to lower matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. DPG presents antitumoral effect in GBM cells related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway suppression by IRAK2 and TRAF6-mediating miR-16 and miR-146a, respectively. More recently, it was observed that DPG upregulated miR-4443 and miR-3620, responsible for post-transcriptional inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by CD209 and TNC modulation, respectively leading to lower MMP-9 and migration capacity. Curcumin is able to increase miR-223-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-30c-5p, and miR-1290 expression leading to serine or threonine kinase (AKT) pathway impairment and also it decreases miR-27a-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-125b-5p, and miR-151-3p expression causing p53-BCL2 pathway inhibition and consequently, cellular apoptosis. Interestingly, lower expression of miR-27a by curcumin action enhanced the C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP) expression, leading to paraptosis. Curcumin can inhibit miR-21 expression and consequently activate apoptosis through caspase 3 and death receptor (DR) 4 and 5 activation. Autophagy is controlled by the LC-3 protein that interacts with Atg family for the LC3-II formation and autophagy activation. Euphol can enhance LC3-II levels directly in GBM cells or inhibits tumor invasion and migration through PDK1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alves Bonafé
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Negri Boschiero
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues Sodré
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thalita Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Manoela Marques Ortega
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Tabnak P, Masrouri S, Mafakheri A. Natural products in suppressing glioma progression: A focus on the role of microRNAs. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1576-1599. [PMID: 35174549 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common malignancies of the central nervous system. Due to inadequate response to the current treatments available, glioma has been at the center of recent cancer studies searching for novel treatment strategies. This has prompted an intensive search using linkage studies and preliminary evidence to gain efficient insight into the mechanisms involved in the alleviation of the pathogenesis of glioma mediated by miRNAs, a group of noncoding RNAs that affect gene expression posttranscriptionally. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs can exacerbate the malignant features of tumor cells in glioma and other cancers. Natural products can exert anticancer effects on glioma cells by stimulating the expression levels of tumor suppressor miRNAs and repressing the expression levels of oncogenic miRNAs. In this review, we aimed to collect and analyze the literature addressing the roles of natural products in the treatment of glioma, with an emphasis on their involvement in the regulation of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Tabnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soroush Masrouri
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asrin Mafakheri
- Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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20
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The emerging roles of srGAPs in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:755-759. [PMID: 34825319 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) were initially considered as the inhibitors of cell signaling pathways because of their nature to activate the intrinsic GTPase activity of the RhoGTPases. But recent studies of dysregulated GAPs in many cancers such as glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and renal cancer have elucidated the important roles of GAPs in carcinogenesis and GAPs have been shown to perform multiple nonconventional functions in different contexts. We have discussed the recent developments in the roles played by different types of srGAPs (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating proteins) in cancer.
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21
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Regulatory interplay between microRNAs and WNT pathway in glioma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112187. [PMID: 34560532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common neoplasms of the central nervous system with a poor survival. Due to the obstacles in treating this disease, a part of recent studies mainly focuses on identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to its malignancy. Altering microRNAs (miRNAs) expression pattern has been identified obviously in many cancers. Through regulating various targets and signaling pathways, miRNAs play a pivotal role in cancer progression. As one of the essential signaling pathways, WNT pathway is dysregulated in many cancers, and a growing body of evidence emphasis its dysregulation in glioma. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of miRNAs involved in WNT pathway in glioma. Moreover, we show the interplay between miRNAs and WNT pathway in regulating different processes such as proliferation, invasion, migration, radio/chemotherapy resistance, and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition. Then, we introduce several drugs and treatments against glioma, which their effects are mediated through the interplay of WNT pathway and miRNAs.
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22
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Shah D, Gandhi M, Kumar A, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma R, Nair S. Current insights into epigenetics, noncoding RNA interactome and clinical pharmacokinetics of dietary polyphenols in cancer chemoprevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1755-1791. [PMID: 34433338 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the health-beneficial effects of dietary phytochemicals, namely polyphenols, to prevent various diseases, including cancer. Polyphenols, like (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea, curcumin from turmeric, and ellagic acid from pomegranate are known to act by modulating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptotic signal transduction pathways in the tumor milieu. The evolving literature underscores the role of epigenetic regulation of genes associated with cancer by these polyphenols, primarily via non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). However, there is little clarity on the exact role(s) played by these ncRNAs and their interactions with other ncRNAs, or with their protein targets, in response to modulation by these dietary polyphenols. Here, we review ncRNA interactions and functional networks of the complex ncRNA interactome with their targets in preclinical studies along with the role of epigenetics as well as key aspects of pharmacokinetics and phytochemistry of dietary polyphenols. We also summarize the current state of clinical trials with these dietary polyphenols. Taken together, this synthetic review provides insights into the molecular aspects underlying the anticancer chemopreventive effects of dietary polyphenols as well as summarizes data on novel biomarkers modulated by these polyphenols for preventive or therapeutic purposes in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arun Kumar
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Timarpur Delhi, India
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Pan L, Sha J, Lin W, Wang Y, Bian T, Guo J. Curcumin inhibits prostate cancer progression by regulating the miR-30a-5p/PCLAF axis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:969. [PMID: 34335911 PMCID: PMC8290411 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has been shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of tumor cells. However, the biological functions of curcumin in prostate cancer (PCa) have not yet fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of curcumin on the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of PCa cells and the underlying mechanism. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of curcumin at different concentrations on the proliferation and apoptosis of PCa cell lines, PC-3 and DU145. BrdU and Transwell assays, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to determine the effect of curcumin on cell proliferation, migration and invasion, apoptosis-related protein expression, and microRNA (miR)-30a-5p and PCNA clamp associated factor (PCLAF) expression, respectively. In addition, bioinformatics analysis and Pearson's correlation test were used to verify the relationship between miR-30a-5p and PCLAF. Curcumin was observed to impede the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells, and promote their apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Curcumin enhanced miR-30a-5p expression and inhibited PCLAF expression; furthermore, there was a negative correlation between miR-30a-5p and PCLAF expression in PCa tissues. In addition, transfection of miR-30a-5p inhibitors partially reversed the function of curcumin on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Overall, curcumin suppressed the malignant biological behaviors of PCa cells by regulating the miR-30a-5p/PCLAF axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pan
- Department of Urology, Xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Urology, Xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Wenyao Lin
- Department of Urology, Xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Tingzhang Bian
- Department of Urology, Xuhui Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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24
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Glioblastoma and MiRNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071581. [PMID: 33808106 PMCID: PMC8037240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most common types of lethal brain tumors. Although several treatment options are available including surgery, along with adjuvant chemo and radiotherapy, the disease has a poor prognosis and patients generally die within 14 months of diagnosis. GB is chemo and radio resistant. Thus, there is a critical need for new insights into GB treatment to increase the chance of therapeutic success. This is why microRNA (miRNA) is being potentially considered in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma. The objective of our review is to provide a holistic picture of GB up-regulated and down-regulated miRNA, in relationship with the expression of other genes, cell signaling pathways, and their role in GB diagnosis and treatment. MiRNA treatment is being considered to be used against GB together with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, the use of miRNA as a diagnostic tool has also begun. Knowing that miRNAs are isolated in almost all human body fluids and that there are more than 3000 miRNAs in the human genome, plus the fact that each miRNA controls hundreds of different mRNAs, there is still much study needed to explore how miRNAs relate to GB for its proliferation, progression, and inhibition.
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25
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Guo Y, Zhong J, Wu F, Zhan Z. Long noncoding RNA MACC1-AS1 promotes the stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by antagonizing miR-145. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520920411. [PMID: 32339066 PMCID: PMC7218950 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520920411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This work aimed to investigate the roles of long noncoding (lnc)RNA MACC1-AS1 (MACC1 antisense RNA 1) in progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, spheroid formation, aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH1) activity analysis, luciferase reporter assay, and RNA pull-down analysis were used to examine MACC1-AS1–mediated effects on HCC cell stemness. Results MACC1-AS1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells. MACC1-AS1 positively regulated the expression of stemness master regulators and inhibited spheroid-forming ability and ALDH1 activity. Furthermore, MACC1-AS1 promoted the stemness of HCC cells by antagonizing microRNA (miR)-145 activity. Overexpression of miR-145 also attenuated HCC cell stemness. Conclusions This work revealed a novel MACC1-AS1/miR-145 axis that regulates the stemness of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Guo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhong Zhong
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Zhan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
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26
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Diana A, Gaido G, Maxia C, Murtas D. MicroRNAs at the Crossroad of the Dichotomic Pathway Cell Death vs. Stemness in Neural Somatic and Cancer Stem Cells: Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9630. [PMID: 33348804 PMCID: PMC7766058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stemness and apoptosis may highlight the dichotomy between regeneration and demise in the complex pathway proceeding from ontogenesis to the end of life. In the last few years, the concept has emerged that the same microRNAs (miRNAs) can be concurrently implicated in both apoptosis-related mechanisms and cell differentiation. Whether the differentiation process gives rise to the architecture of brain areas, any long-lasting perturbation of miRNA expression can be related to the occurrence of neurodevelopmental/neuropathological conditions. Moreover, as a consequence of neural stem cell (NSC) transformation to cancer stem cells (CSCs), the fine modulation of distinct miRNAs becomes necessary. This event implies controlling the expression of pro/anti-apoptotic target genes, which is crucial for the management of neural/neural crest-derived CSCs in brain tumors, neuroblastoma, and melanoma. From a translational point of view, the current progress on the emerging miRNA-based neuropathology therapeutic applications and antitumor strategies will be disclosed and their advantages and shortcomings discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Maxia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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27
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Wang T, Chen B, Xing J, Xiao W. MiR
‐483‐5p downregulation contributed to cell proliferation, metastasis, and inflammation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 37:192-199. [PMID: 33151036 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Gang Wang
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Yong‐Wu Zhu
- The School of Clinical Medicine Fujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
- The School of Clinical Medicine Fujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
- The School of Clinical Medicine Fujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Jin‐Chun Xing
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
- The School of Clinical Medicine Fujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
- The School of Clinical Medicine Fujian Medical University Fujian China
- Department of Urology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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28
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Guo X, Piao H, Zhang Y, Sun P, Yao B. Overexpression of microRNA-129-5p in glioblastoma inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and colony-forming ability by targeting ZFP36L1. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2020; 20:459-470. [PMID: 31999936 PMCID: PMC7664791 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive cancer with a high recurrence rate. The prognosis of GBM patients remains poor, even after standard surgical resection combined with chemoradiotherapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets in GBM. In recent years, microRNAs have received considerable attention due to their important role in tumor development and progression. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-129-5p and miR-129-5p/ZFP36L1 axis in GBM tumorigenesis. Analysis of GSE103228 microarray data from the GEO database showed that miR-129-5p was significantly downregulated in GBM vs. normal brain tissues. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of miR-129-5p expression in seven GBM cell lines (LN229, A172, U87, T98G, U251, H4, and LN118) vs. normal human astrocytes (NHA) showed miR-129-5p was significantly downregulated in GBM cells. Overexpression of miR-129-5p in LN229 and A172 cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony-forming ability. Target Scan analysis identified ZFP36L1 as the target of miR-129-5p. UALCAN dataset analysis found that ZFP36L1 was significantly upregulated in GBM vs. normal brain tissues, and high ZFP36L1 expression was positively associated with poor survival of GBM patients. Western blot analysis demonstrated that ZFP36L1 was significantly upregulated in seven GBM cell lines vs. NHA. Overexpression of miR-129-5p in LN229 and A172 cells significantly inhibited ZFP36L1 mRNA and protein expression, while overexpression of ZFP36L1 in LN229 and A172 cells reversed miR-129-5p-mediated inhibition on GBM tumorigenesis. Our results revealed an important role of miR-129-5p in the negative regulation of ZFP36L1 expression in GBM, suggesting new candidates for targeted therapy in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Peixin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
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29
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Xu W, Hua Y, Deng F, Wang D, Wu Y, Zhang W, Tang J. MiR-145 in cancer therapy resistance and sensitivity: A comprehensive review. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3122-3131. [PMID: 32506767 PMCID: PMC7469794 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MircoRNA (miRNA) are a group of small, non–coding, regulatory RNA with an average length of approximately 22 nucleotides, which mostly modulate gene expression post–transcriptionally through complementary binding to the 3ʹ‐untranslated region (3ʹ‐UTR) of multiple target genes. Emerging evidence has shown that miRNA are frequently dysregulated in a variety of human malignancies. Among them, microRNA‐145 (miR‐145) has been increasingly identified as a critical suppressor of carcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Resistance to tumor therapy is a challenge in cancer treatment due to the daunting range of resistance mechanisms. We reviewed the status quo of recent advancements in the knowledge of the functional role of miR‐145 in therapeutic resistance and the tumor microenvironment. It may serve as an innovative biomarker for therapeutic response and cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- The Jiangsu Province Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Jiangsu Province Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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30
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Lowly expressed lncRNA PVT1 suppresses proliferation and advances apoptosis of glioma cells through up-regulating microRNA-128-1-5p and inhibiting PTBP1. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:1-13. [PMID: 32562719 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is a primary intracranial malignancy with poor prognosis, of which the pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Therein, the aim of this study is to discuss the impacts of lncRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1)/microRNA-128-1-5p (miR-128-1-5p)/polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) axis on the biological characteristics of glioma cells. METHODS Glioma tissue samples (72 cases) and normal brain tissue samples (35 cases) were harvested. The expression of PVT1, miR-128-1-5p and PTBP1 in glioma tissues and cells was detected. Glioma cells were transfected with sh-PVT1, miR-128-1-5p mimics or miR-128-1-5p inhibitors to verify the impacts of PVT1 and miR-128-1-5p on DNA damage, cell colony formation, invasion, proliferation, migration and apoptosis of glioma U87 and U251 cells. The growth of transplanted tumor was tested by tumor xenograft in nude mice. The combination of PVT1 and miR-128-1-5p and the targeting relationship between miR-128-1-5p and PTBP1 were verified. RESULTS PVT1 and PTBP1 expression was enhanced and miR-128-1-5p expression was degraded in glioma tissues and cells. Overexpressed miR-128-1-5p and lowly-expressed PVT1 promoted DNA damage, suppressed colony formation, invasion, proliferation and migration as well as boosted apoptosis of U251 and U87 cells. Up-regulating miR-128-1-5p and down-regulating PVT1 reduced transplanted tumor volume and weight of glioma in mice. Low expression miR-128-1-5p reversed the effect of low expression PVT1 on the biological characteristics of glioma cells. PVT1 specifically bound to miR-128-1-5p and PTBP1 was the target gene of miR-128-1-5p. CONCLUSION This study suggests that down-regulated PVT1 or up-regulated miR-128-1-5p boosts apoptosis and attenuates proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting PTBP1 expression. This study is essential for finding new therapeutic targets for glioma.
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31
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Hassn Mesrati M, Behrooz AB, Y. Abuhamad A, Syahir A. Understanding Glioblastoma Biomarkers: Knocking a Mountain with a Hammer. Cells 2020; 9:E1236. [PMID: 32429463 PMCID: PMC7291262 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent and deadly form of human primary brain tumors. Among them, the most common and aggressive type is the high-grade glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which rapidly grows and renders patients a very poor prognosis. Meanwhile, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been determined in gliomas and play vital roles in driving tumor growth due to their competency in self-renewal and proliferation. Studies of gliomas have recognized CSCs via specific markers. This review comprehensively examines the current knowledge of the most significant CSCs markers in gliomas in general and in glioblastoma in particular and specifically focuses on their outlook and importance in gliomas CSCs research. We suggest that CSCs should be the superior therapeutic approach by directly targeting the markers. In addition, we highlight the association of these markers with each other in relation to their cascading pathways, and interactions with functional miRNAs, providing the role of the networks axes in glioblastoma signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amir Syahir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.M.); (A.B.B.); (A.Y.A.)
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32
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Gareev I, Beylerli O, Yang G, Sun J, Pavlov V, Izmailov A, Shi H, Zhao S. The current state of MiRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:349-359. [PMID: 32399814 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with a length of 18-22 nucleotides that regulate about a third of the human genome at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, but also play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Most miRNAs are expressed within the cells themselves. Due to various forms of transport from cells like exosomes, circulating miRNAs are stable and can be found in human body fluids, such as blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Circulating miRNAs are of great interest as potential noninvasive biomarkers for tumors, lipid disorders, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. However, the possibility of their use in the clinic is limited, and this is associated with a number of problems since currently there are significant differences between the procedures for processing samples, methods of analysis, and especially strategies for standardizing results. Moreover, miRNAs can represent not only potential biomarkers but also become new therapeutic agents and be used in modern clinical practice, which again confirms the need for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgiz Gareev
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Ozal Beylerli
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, 150001.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jinxian Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, 150001.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Valentin Pavlov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Adel Izmailov
- Regional Clinical Oncology Center, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, 150001.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, 150001. .,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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33
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Xu X, Ban Y, Zhao Z, Pan Q, Zou J. MicroRNA-1298-3p inhibits proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by downregulating Nidogen-1. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7761-7773. [PMID: 32355035 PMCID: PMC7244082 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most prevalent tumor of the central nervous system. To identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in gliomas of different grades, bioinformatics analysis was performed. The DEMs between low-grade gliomas (LGGs) and high-grade gliomas (HGGs) were identified by screening the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases using the LIMMA package. Six overlapping DEMs were identified by comparing LGGs and HGGs. Downregulation of miR-1298-3p correlated with poor overall survival rates in glioma patients. Overexpression of miR-1298-3p induced apoptosis of glioma cells and inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The basement membrane protein Nidogen-1 (NID1) was identified as a direct binding target of miR-1298-3p in glioma cells. MiR-1298-3p agonist downregulated the NID1 and vimentin levels, but upregulated the level of E-cadherin in glioma cells. Importantly, overexpression of miR-1298-3p induced apoptosis and reduced tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of glioma. Our results show that miR-1298-3p functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma cells, and suggest that it might serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yunchao Ban
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Qichen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Li Q, Yu Q, Ji J, Wang P, Li D. Comparison and analysis of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulation in different molecular subtypes of glioblastoma. Mol Omics 2019; 15:406-419. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
LncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulation varies among different molecular subtypes in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianpeng Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical
| | - Qiuhong Yu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100070
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghuai Ji
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin 150081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dongguo Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical
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