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Tao ZY, Chu G, Su YX. The Prognostic Role of Perineural Invasion for Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2514. [PMID: 39061154 PMCID: PMC11274576 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of the predictive significance of PNI in HNSCC survival outcomes. A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, and all studies published in the last decade were screened (Research Registry ID: reviewregistry1853). The included studies were assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Survival outcome data were extracted, combined, and presented as hazard ratios (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Totally, 74 studies encompassing 27,559 patients were analyzed and revealed a cumulative occurrent rate of 30% for PNI in HNSCC. PNI+ HNSCC patients had a worse overall survival (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.71-2.13), disease-specific survival (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.55-2.07), disease-free survival (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.69-1.96), local recurrence (HR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.93-3.33), locoregional recurrence (HR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.82-2.82), locoregional relapse free survival (HR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.28-2.45), distant metastasis (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.34-2.48), and distant metastasis-free survival (HR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.82-4.85) compared to those PNI- patients. The available evidence unequivocally establishes PNI as a critical prognostic factor for worse survival in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ying Tao
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Guang Chu
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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Ishikawa Y, Yamazaki Y, Tezuka Y, Omata K, Ono Y, Tokodai K, Fujishima F, Kawanabe S, Katabami T, Ikeya A, Yamashita M, Oki Y, Nanjo H, Satoh F, Ito A, Unno M, Kamei T, Sasano H, Suzuki T. Histopathological analysis of tumor microenvironment in adrenocortical carcinoma: Possible effects of in situ disorganized glucocorticoid production on tumor immunity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 238:106462. [PMID: 38232786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) patients with glucocorticoid excess have been reported to be associated with decreased tumor-infiltrating immune cells, but the effects of in situ glucocorticoid production on tumor immunity have remained unknown. In addition, ACC was also known to harbor marked intra-tumoral heterogeneity of steroidogenesis or disorganized steroidogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we immune-profiled tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and pivotal steroidogenic enzymes of glucocorticoid biosynthesis (CYP17A and CYP11B1) to explore the potential effects of in situ glucocorticoid production and intra-tumoral heterogeneity/disorganized steroidogenesis on tumor immunity of ACC. We also studied the correlations of the status of tumor immunity with that of angiogenesis and tumor grade to further explore the tumor tissue microenvironment of ACC. TILs (CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3), TAMs (CD68 and CD163), key steroidogenic enzymes of glucocorticoid (CYP17A and CYP11B1), angiogenesis (CD31 and vasohibin-1 (VASH-1)), tumor grade (Ki-67 and Weiss score) were immunohistochemically evaluated in 34 ACCs. Increased CYP17A immunoreactivity in the whole tumor area was significantly positively correlated with FOXP3-positive TILs (p = 0.021) and negatively with CD4/CD3 ratio (p = 0.001). Increased CYP11B1 immunoreactivity in the whole tumor area was significantly positively correlated with CD8/CD3 (p = 0.039) and CD163/CD68 ratios (p = 0.006) and negatively with CD4-positive TILs (p = 0.036) and CD4/CD3 ratio (p = 0.001). There were also significant positive correlations between CYP17A and CD8 (r = 0.334, p < 0.001) and FOXP3-positive TILs (r = 0.414, p < 0.001), CD8/CD3 ratio (r = 0.421, p < 0.001), and CD68-positive TAMs (r = 0.298, p < 0.001) in randomly selected areas. Significant positive correlations were also detected between CYP11B1 and CD8/CD3 ratio (r = 0.276, p = 0.001) and negative ones detected between CYP11B1 and CD3- (r = -0.259, p = 0.002) and CD4-positive TILs (r = -0.312, p < 0.001) in those areas above. Increased micro-vessel density (MVD) -VASH-1 was significantly positively correlated with CD68- (p = 0.015) and CD163-positive TAMs (p = 0.009) and CD163/CD68 ratio and the high VASH-1 with CD163-positive TAMs (p = 0.042). Ki-67 labeling index was significantly positively correlated with MAD-VASH-1 (p = 0.006) and VASH-1 (p = 0.006) status. Results of our present study indicated that in situ glucocorticoid production did influence the status of tumor immunity in ACC. In particular, increased levels of CYP17A and CYP11B1, both involved in glucocorticoid producing immunoreactivity played different effects on tumor immunity, i.e., reflecting the involvement of intra-tumoral heterogeneity and disorganized steroidogenesis of ACC, which also did indicate the importance of in situ approaches when analyzing tumor immunity of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tokodai
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Kawanabe
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takuyuki Katabami
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Ikeya
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Yamashita
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oki
- Diabetes & Endocrinology Center, Hamamatsu-Kita Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Jeyapriya SM, Mohan AM, Kumar MS, Nirmal RM. Expression of CD4+ and CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Relationship With Clinicopathological Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e58748. [PMID: 38779258 PMCID: PMC11110919 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic ecosystem composed of components contributed by both the tumor and the host. The immune cells of TME, mainly CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), suppress the proliferation of cancer cells and play a crucial role in the progression of OSCC. The present study aims to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of CD4+ and CD8+ TILs in OSCC and to compare and correlate them with clinicopathological parameters. Methodology A total of 75 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of cases diagnosed with primary OSCC were immunostained with CD4+ and CD8+ antibodies and their expression was compared with the clinicopathological parameters. Results There was a significant positive correlation between CD4+ and CD8+ expression (r = 0.655, p = 0.001). Both CD4+ (r = -2.37, p = 0.041) and CD8+ (r = -0.348, p = 0.002) expressions negatively correlated with the TNM stage (r = -2.37, p = 0.041) of OSCC. CD8+ expression positively correlated with histopathological grade (r = 0.288, p = 0.012). Conclusions The study findings suggest that CD4+ cells are essential to maintain and sustain CD8+ TIL-mediated anti-tumor response. CD4+ and CD8+ TILs are key players in cell-mediated adaptive immunity and prevent tumor progression and metastasis. Strikingly, the higher grade of tumors despite heavy CD8+ infiltration may possibly be due to cancer immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marytresa Jeyapriya
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chengalpet, IND
| | - A Mathan Mohan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chengalpet, IND
| | - M Sathish Kumar
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chengalpet, IND
| | - R Madhavan Nirmal
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Chidambaram, IND
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Tostado CP, Da Ong LX, Heng JJW, Miccolis C, Chia S, Seow JJW, Toh Y, DasGupta R. An AI-assisted integrated, scalable, single-cell phenomic-transcriptomic platform to elucidate intratumor heterogeneity against immune response. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10628. [PMID: 38435825 PMCID: PMC10905538 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a novel framework combining single-cell phenotypic data with single-cell transcriptomic analysis to identify factors underpinning heterogeneity in antitumor immune response. We developed a pairwise, tumor-immune discretized interaction assay between natural killer (NK-92MI) cells and patient-derived head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines on a microfluidic cell-trapping platform. Furthermore we generated a deep-learning computer vision algorithm that is capable of automating the acquisition and analysis of a large, live-cell imaging data set (>1 million) of paired tumor-immune interactions spanning a time course of 24 h across multiple HNSCC lines (n = 10). Finally, we combined the response data measured by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis against NK-mediated killing with downstream single-cell transcriptomic analysis to interrogate molecular signatures associated with NK-effector response. As proof-of-concept for the proposed framework, we efficiently identified MHC class I-driven cytotoxic resistance as a key mechanism for immune evasion in nonresponders, while enhanced expression of cell adhesion molecules was found to be correlated with sensitivity against NK-mediated cytotoxicity. We conclude that this integrated, data-driven phenotypic approach holds tremendous promise in advancing the rapid identification of new mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to immune evasion and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Tostado
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer EvolutionSingaporeSingapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Lucas Xian Da Ong
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Joel Jia Wei Heng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer EvolutionSingaporeSingapore
| | - Carlo Miccolis
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer EvolutionSingaporeSingapore
| | - Shumei Chia
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer EvolutionSingaporeSingapore
| | - Justine Jia Wen Seow
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer EvolutionSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yi‐Chin Toh
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Centre for Biomedical TechnologiesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Laboratory of Precision Oncology and Cancer EvolutionSingaporeSingapore
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Oh KY, Hong SD, Yoon HJ. Tumor immune microenvironment in odontogenic carcinomas: Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint blockade. J Oral Pathol Med 2024; 53:217-225. [PMID: 38449350 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in the use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) across various cancer types, its efficacy in odontogenic carcinomas remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate PD-L1 expression and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in odontogenic carcinomas to determine the therapeutic potential of ICB and the significance of immune markers. METHODS The expressions of PD-L1 and T cell markers (CD3, CD8, and FOXP3) were visualized by immunohistochemistry in 21 tissue samples of odontogenic carcinomas. Tumoral PD-L1 expression and the density and spatial distribution of T cell subsets were evaluated, from which TIME was determined. The associations of the variables with clinicopathological and prognostic factors were statistically analyzed. RESULTS PD-L1 was positively expressed in 52.4% (11/21) of the cases studied. Among tumor types, ameloblastic carcinoma showed significantly higher PD-L1 expression (p = 0.016). TIME based on the intratumoral and stromal T cell distribution was immune-inflamed in 61.9% (13/21) and immune-excluded in 38.1% (8/21), with no immune-desert cases. PD-L1 expression was associated with the densities of all intratumoral T cell subsets (p = 0.03 for CD3, p = 0.03 for CD8, and p = 0.008 for FOXP3) but not with those of stromal T cells. High PD-L1 expression was associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.021), while the intratumoral CD8/CD3 ratio was inversely correlated with tumor size (p = 0.048). CONCLUSION These findings indicate the involvement of adaptive immune resistance in a subset of odontogenic carcinomas and support the therapeutic potential of ICB in patients with these rare malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Young Oh
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Doo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mele D, Pessino G, Trisolini G, Luchena A, Benazzo M, Morbini P, Mantovani S, Oliviero B, Mondelli MU, Varchetta S. Impaired intratumoral natural killer cell function in head and neck carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997806. [PMID: 36341402 PMCID: PMC9630640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are emerging as unique players in the immune response against cancer; however, only limited data are available on tumor infiltrating NK cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), one of the most common cancer. Occurrence of HNSCC is closely related to the immune microenvironment, and immunotherapy is increasingly being applied to this setting. However, the limited success of this type of treatment in this tumor calls for further investigation in the field. Surgical HNSSC specimens of 32 consecutive patients were mechanically and enzymatically dissociated. Tumor cells were separated from infiltrating cells by short centrifugation and infiltrating NK cells were phenotypically and functionally characterized by multiple antibody staining and flow cytometry. Tumor infiltrating NK cells in HNSCC showed a peculiar phenotype predominantly characterized by increased NKG2A and reduced Siglec-7, NKG2D, NKp30 and CD16 expression. This phenotype was associated with a decreased ability to perform antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, NK, CD4 and CD8 shared an increment of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related (GITR) costimulatory receptor which could be exploited for immunotherapy with agonistic anti-GITR antibodies combined with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Mele
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Pessino
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trisolini
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Luchena
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Benazzo
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Morbini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Mantovani
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Oliviero
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario U. Mondelli
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefania Varchetta, ; Mario U. Mondelli,
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefania Varchetta, ; Mario U. Mondelli,
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Madhi H, Lee J, Choi YE, Li Y, Kim MH, Choi Y, Goh S. FOXM1 Inhibition Enhances the Therapeutic Outcome of Lung Cancer Immunotherapy by Modulating PD-L1 Expression and Cell Proliferation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202702. [PMID: 35975458 PMCID: PMC9561767 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a major target to cancer immunotherapy, and anti-PD-L1 and anti-PD-1 antibody-mediated immunotherapy are being increasingly used. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are ineffective in treating large tumors and cause various immune-related adverse events in nontarget organs, including life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies to overcome these limitations is crucial. The focus of this study is the forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1), which is identified as a potential therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy and is associated with the modulation of PD-L1 expression. Selective small interfering RNA knockdown of FOXM1 or treatment with thiostrepton (TST) significantly reduces PD-L1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and inhibits proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR reveals that FOXM1 selectively upregulates PD-L1 expression by binding directly to the PD-L1 promoter. In vivo animal studies have shown that TST treatment significantly downregulates PD-L1 expression in human NSCLC tumors, while greatly reducing tumor size without side effects on normal tissues. Combined treatment with TST and anti-4-1BB antibody in the LLC-1 syngeneic tumor model induces synergistic therapeutic outcomes against immune resistant lung tumors as well as 2.72-folds higher CD3+ T cells in tumor tissues compared to that in the anti-4-1BB antibody treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadi Madhi
- Research InstituteNational Cancer Center323 Ilsan‐ro, GoyangGyeonggi‐Do10408Republic of Korea
- Department of AnatomyGraduate School of Medical SciencesYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon‐Soo Lee
- Research InstituteNational Cancer Center323 Ilsan‐ro, GoyangGyeonggi‐Do10408Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Choi
- Research InstituteNational Cancer Center323 Ilsan‐ro, GoyangGyeonggi‐Do10408Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Research InstituteNational Cancer Center323 Ilsan‐ro, GoyangGyeonggi‐Do10408Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Kim
- Department of AnatomyGraduate School of Medical SciencesYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdoo Choi
- Research InstituteNational Cancer Center323 Ilsan‐ro, GoyangGyeonggi‐Do10408Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Ho Goh
- Research InstituteNational Cancer Center323 Ilsan‐ro, GoyangGyeonggi‐Do10408Republic of Korea
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Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Head and Neck Cancer: Ready for Prime Time? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061558. [PMID: 35326709 PMCID: PMC8946626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response has been shown to be a promising indicator to predict the clinical behavior of many cancers, including head and neck cancer. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were widely introduced as an important tool to reveal the status of the immune response. This review discusses the significance of TILs in head and neck cancers. Abstract The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has received global attention as a promising prognostic cancer biomarker that can aid in clinical decision making. Proof of their significance was first shown in breast cancer, where TILs are now recommended in the classification of breast tumors. Emerging evidence indicates that the significance of TILs extends to other cancer types, including head and neck cancer. In the era of immunotherapy as a treatment choice for head and neck cancer, assessment of TILs and immune checkpoints is of high clinical relevance. The availability of the standardized method from the International Immuno-oncology Biomarker Working Group (IIBWG) is an important cornerstone toward standardized assessment. The aim of the current article is to summarize the accumulated evidence and to establish a clear premise for future research toward the implementation of TILs in the personalized management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.
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Fu Y, Zhang X, Ding Z, Zhu N, Song Y, Zhang X, Jing Y, Yu Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Hu Q, Ni Y, Ding L. Worst Pattern of Perineural Invasion Redefines the Spatial Localization of Nerves in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:766902. [PMID: 34912713 PMCID: PMC8667170 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.766902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key histopathological characteristic of tumor invasion, perineural invasion (PNI) assists tumor dissemination, whereas the current definition of PNI by dichotomy is not accurate and the prognostic value of PNI has not reached consensus. To define PNI status in each patient when mixed types of PNI occurred simultaneously, we here further subclassified the traditional PNI in 183 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The spatial localization of nerves in OSCC microenvironment was thoroughly evaluated and successfully concluded into four types of PNI: 0, tumor cells away from nerves; 1, tumor cells encircling nerves less than 33%; 2, tumor cells encircling nerves at least 33%; and 3, tumor cells infiltrating into nerve sheathes. Sequentially, patients were stratified by single and mixed types of PNI. Traditionally, types 0 and 1 were defined as PNI-, while types 2 and 3 were PNI+, which predicted shorter survival time. When multiple types of PNI existed within one tumor, patients with higher score of PNI types tended to have a relatively worse prognosis. Therefore, to define the status of PNI more precisely, the new variable worst pattern of PNI (WPNI) was proposed, which was taken as the highest score of PNI types present in each patient no matter how focal. Results showed that patients with WPNI 1 had longest survival time, and WPNI 2 correlated with better overall survival (p = 0.02), local-regional recurrence-free survival (p = 0.03), and distant metastasis-free survival (p = 0.046) than WPNI 3. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that only WPNI 3 could independently predict patients' prognosis, which could be explained by a more damaged immune response in WPNI 3 patients with less CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. Conclusively, WPNI by trichotomy provide more meticulous and precise pathological information for tumor-nerve interactions in OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fu
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nisha Zhu
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxian Song
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Jing
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Yu
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Li F, Li C, Cai X, Xie Z, Zhou L, Cheng B, Zhong R, Xiong S, Li J, Chen Z, Yu Z, He J, Liang W. The association between CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101134. [PMID: 34585125 PMCID: PMC8452798 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The responses of cancer patients to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vary in success. CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a key role in killing tumor cells. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic role of CD8+ TILs in cancer patients treated with ICIs. METHODS We systematically searched all publications from PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library until 12 Jul 2021 without any restriction of language or article types. Studies assessing high versus low CD8+ TILs in predicting efficacy and survival of various cancer patients were included. The outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR). The study protocol is prospectively registered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42021233654). FINDINGS Findings: A total of 33 studies consisting of 2559 cancer patients were included. The result showed that high CD8+ TILs were significantly associated with better OS (HR, 0.52; 95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.67; p < 0.001), PFS (HR, 0.52; 95% confidence interval: 0.40-0.67; p < 0.001) and ORR (OR, 4.08; 95% confidence interval: 2.73-6.10; p < 0.001) in patients treated with ICIs. Subgroup analyses suggested that patients with high CD8+ TILs had a better clinical benefit, regardless of different treatments (ICI mono therapy, or combination therapy), cancer types (NSCLC, melanoma and others), and CD8+ T cells locations (intra-tumor, stroma, and invasive margin). The higher baseline circulating CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood did not contribute to the improved OS (HR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval: 0.67-1.29; p = 0.67) and PFS (HR, 0.89; 95% confidence interval: 0.60-1.32; p = 0.56) compared with the low baseline. INTERPRETATION Interpretation: Our results suggested that high intra-tumoral, stromal, or invasive marginal, but not circulating CD8+ T cells, can predict treatment outcomes in patients with ICIs therapy across different cancers, in either single-agent ICIs or combination with other therapies. FUNDING Funding: China National Science Foundation (Grant No. 82,022,048, 81,871,893), Key Project of Guangzhou Scientific Research Project (Grant No. 201,804,020,030), High-level university construction project of Guangzhou medical university (Grant No. 20,182,737, 201,721,007, 201,715,907, 2,017,160,107); National key R & D Program (Grant No. 2017YFC0907903 & 2017YFC0112704) and the Guangdong high level hospital construction "reaching peak" plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caichen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyu Cai
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liquan Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwen Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes based on the evaluation of frequency in patients with oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2021; 154:217-226. [PMID: 34293665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigate the prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on the evaluation of the present frequency in patients with breast cancer rather than that of the density proposed in previous research. METHODS Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) was introduced to label-freely obtain TIL images from a total of 564 patients, and then TILs were redefined as TILs-1 to TILs-3 from MPM images according to the relative positions between TILs, tumour cells and collagen fibres. More seminally, a new method, which was based on the present frequency of TILs-1 to TILs-3, was presented for assessing the predictive ability of TILs, and then a tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes score (TILs-score) for each patient was obtained by ridge regression analysis. RESULTS Data results from Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the TILs-score was an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in the complete cohort (n = 564), oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive subgroup (n = 352) and ER-negative subgroup (n = 212), but was more suitable for the ER-positive subgroup. Furthermore, the nomogram model combining the TILs-score with independent clinical factors further improved the predictive ability for the ER-positive subgroup: area under the curve (AUC) at 5-year DFS (OS) and hazard ratio (HR) for DFS (OS) in the training cohort increase from 0.735 (0.785) to 0.814 (0.830) and from 3.156 (5.845) to 4.643 (7.006), respectively, and in the validation cohort from 0.749 (0.748) to 0.804 (0.830) and from 3.104 (3.701) to 3.729 (5.132), respectively. CONCLUSION The TILs-score is an independent prognostic factor and displays a strong prognostic value for ER-positive breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first time to use MPM for studying the prognostic value of TILs in breast cancer.
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12
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Xu B, Salama AM, Valero C, Yuan A, Khimraj A, Saliba M, Zanoni DK, Ganly I, Ghossein R, Patel SG, Katabi N. Histologic evaluation of host immune microenvironment and its prognostic significance in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study on lymphocytic host response (LHR) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Pathol Res Pract 2021; 228:153473. [PMID: 34059347 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host immune microenvironment is a key component of anti-tumoral immune response, influencing tumor progression, regression, and treatment responses. There is a need for simple and reliable histologic measurements of host immune response in routine histopathologic diagnosis. METHODS The prognostic value of lymphocytic host response (LHR), a qualitative histologic grading scheme, was compared to stromal/intratumoral TIL (sTIL/iTIL) percentage, a quantitative measurement in a retrospective study of 329 patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) of 4 cm or less in size. RESULTS High sTIL predicted improved distant recurrence free survival on univariate survival analysis and was an independent prognostic factor for better overall survival on multivariate analysis. LHR and iTIL were not associated with the risk of nodal metastasis or outcome. CONCLUSIONS sTIL appears to be a superior quantitative histologic measurement for the host immune microenvironment compared with the qualitative LHR grading scheme. sTIL is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abeer M Salama
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Valero
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avery Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anjanie Khimraj
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maelle Saliba
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniella K Zanoni
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian Ganly
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Snehal G Patel
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nora Katabi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Younis RH, Ghita I, Elnaggar M, Chaisuparat R, Theofilou VI, Dyalram D, Ord RA, Davila E, Tallon LJ, Papadimitriou JC, Webb TJ, Bentzen SM, Lubek JE. Soluble Sema4D in Plasma of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Is Associated With Underlying Non-Inflamed Tumor Profile. Front Immunol 2021; 12:596646. [PMID: 33776991 PMCID: PMC7991916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.596646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) is a glycoprotein that is expressed by several tumors and immune cells. It can function as a membrane bound protein or as a cleaved soluble protein (sSema4D). We sought to investigate the translational potential of plasma sSema4D as an immune marker in plasma of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Paired peripheral blood and tumor tissue samples of 104 patients with HNSCC were collected at the same time point to allow for real time analysis. Scoring of the histological inflammatory subtype (HIS) was carried out using Sema4D immunohistochemistry on the tumor tissue. sSema4D was detected in plasma using direct ELISA assay. Defining elevated sSema4D as values above the 95th percentile in healthy controls, our data showed that sSema4D levels in plasma were elevated in 25.0% (95% CI, 16.7–34.9%) of the patients with HNSCC and showed significant association with HIS immune excluded (HIS-IE) (p = 0.007), Sema4D+ve tumor cells (TCs) (p = 0.018) and PD-L1+ve immune cells (ICs) (p = 0.038). A multi-variable logistic regression analysis showed that HIS was significantly (P = 0.004) associated with elevated sSema4D, an association not explained by available patient-level factors. Using the IO-360 nanoString platform, differential gene expression (DGE) analysis of 10 HNSCC tumor tissues showed that patients with high sSema4D in plasma (HsS4D) clustered as IFN-γ negative tumor immune signature and were mostly HIS-IE. The IC type in the HsS4D paired tumor tissue was predominantly myeloid, while the lymphoid compartment was higher in the low sSema4D (LsS4D). The Wnt signaling pathway was upregulated in the HsS4D group. Further analysis using the IO-360, 770 gene set, showed significant non-inflamed profile of the HsS4D tumors compared to the LsS4D. In conclusion, our data reveals an association between sSema4D and the histological inflammatory subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania H Younis
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ioana Ghita
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Manar Elnaggar
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vasileios Ionas Theofilou
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Donita Dyalram
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert A Ord
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Luke J Tallon
- The Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John C Papadimitriou
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Søren M Bentzen
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joshua E Lubek
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Almangush A, Leivo I, Mäkitie AA. Biomarkers for Immunotherapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Current Status and Challenges. Front Oncol 2021; 11:616629. [PMID: 33763354 PMCID: PMC7982571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.616629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) forms a major health problem in many countries. For several decades the management of OSCC consisted of surgery with or without radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Aiming to increase survival rate, recent research has underlined the significance of harnessing the immune response in treatment of many cancers. The promising finding of checkpoint inhibitors as a weapon for targeting metastatic melanoma was a key event in the development of immunotherapy. Furthermore, clinical trials have recently proven inhibitor of PD-1 for treatment of recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer. However, some challenges (including patient selection) are presented in the era of immunotherapy. In this mini-review we discuss the emergence of immunotherapy for OSCC and the recently introduced biomarkers of this therapeutic strategy. Immune biomarkers and their prognostic perspectives for selecting patients who may benefit from immunotherapy are addressed. In addition, possible use of such biomarkers to assess the response to this new treatment modality of OSCC will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti A Mäkitie
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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