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Smits RJH, van der Wal SEI, van Boekel RLM, Timmerman H, Bronkhorst EM, Abrar D, Vissers KCP, Blaney Davidson EN, Steegers MAH. Sex Differences in Pain Sensitivity in a Dutch Cohort: Cross-Sectional and Web-Based Multidimensional Study. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e53926. [PMID: 39121479 DOI: 10.2196/53926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex is an important factor influencing the development and treatment of chronic pain, but the extent of its influence is still unclear. Other demographic factors as well as nonpharmacological interventions might influence pain sensitivity differently in men and women. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of sex and other demographic, lifestyle, behavioral, clinical, and environmental factors on pain sensitivity in the Dutch population. Different films were used to investigate how they would impact pain sensitivity and what influence sex and other variables have on the effect of this simple intervention. METHODS We performed a study consisting of 2 parts: (1) a cross-sectional research to investigate pain sensitivity differences between men and women and the influence of other demographic variables on the pain sensitivity in a Dutch cohort and (2) an internet intervention study to determine whether a short film could skew pain sensitivity. RESULTS All respondents filled in a web-based demographic questionnaire and were randomized into 4 groups. The control group filled in the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire without watching a preliminary film. A cross-sectional analysis was performed in the control group (n=1746). The other 3 groups watched short films: one group watched a film with scenes of nature (n=2650), another group watched a film on laughing people (n=2735), and the last group watched a film on physically painful events (n=2708). Immediately after the film viewing, participants were directed to the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire to measure their pain sensitivity. The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire score was stated as a mean per question on the numeric rating scale from 0-1. The cross-sectional study revealed no significant differences between men and women but showed male-female differences in the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire when specific background factors were present. Watching a short film had a positive impact on the pain sensitivity of the respondents who had chronic pain, with a higher effect observed in female respondents. CONCLUSIONS Scientists performing pain research need to account for factors that can influence the outcome of their study and be aware that these factors can be sex-dependent, and pain sensitivity should be analyzed accordingly. Even relatively small interventions such as watching a film can impact pain sensitivity, especially in respondents with current chronic pain. This effect can vary as well when different background factors are present. Our findings warrant further explorations of the possibilities that simple interventions bring for patients in personalized medicine. TRIAL REGISTRATION Landelijk Trial Register NTR-new NL8182; https://onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/29537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J H Smits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Selina E I van der Wal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Regina L M van Boekel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Timmerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ewald M Bronkhorst
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Diana Abrar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kris C P Vissers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Monique A H Steegers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Sullivan DR, Iyer AS, Enguidanos S, Cox CE, Farquhar M, Janssen DJA, Lindell KO, Mularski RA, Smallwood N, Turnbull AE, Wilkinson AM, Courtright KR, Maddocks M, McPherson ML, Thornton JD, Campbell ML, Fasolino TK, Fogelman PM, Gershon L, Gershon T, Hartog C, Luther J, Meier DE, Nelson JE, Rabinowitz E, Rushton CH, Sloan DH, Kross EK, Reinke LF. Palliative Care Early in the Care Continuum among Patients with Serious Respiratory Illness: An Official ATS/AAHPM/HPNA/SWHPN Policy Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:e44-e69. [PMID: 36112774 PMCID: PMC9799127 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202207-1262st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with serious respiratory illness and their caregivers suffer considerable burdens, and palliative care is a fundamental right for anyone who needs it. However, the overwhelming majority of patients do not receive timely palliative care before the end of life, despite robust evidence for improved outcomes. Goals: This policy statement by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and partnering societies advocates for improved integration of high-quality palliative care early in the care continuum for patients with serious respiratory illness and their caregivers and provides clinicians and policymakers with a framework to accomplish this. Methods: An international and interprofessional expert committee, including patients and caregivers, achieved consensus across a diverse working group representing pulmonary-critical care, palliative care, bioethics, health law and policy, geriatrics, nursing, physiotherapy, social work, pharmacy, patient advocacy, psychology, and sociology. Results: The committee developed fundamental values, principles, and policy recommendations for integrating palliative care in serious respiratory illness care across seven domains: 1) delivery models, 2) comprehensive symptom assessment and management, 3) advance care planning and goals of care discussions, 4) caregiver support, 5) health disparities, 6) mass casualty events and emergency preparedness, and 7) research priorities. The recommendations encourage timely integration of palliative care, promote innovative primary and secondary or specialist palliative care delivery models, and advocate for research and policy initiatives to improve the availability and quality of palliative care for patients and their caregivers. Conclusions: This multisociety policy statement establishes a framework for early palliative care in serious respiratory illness and provides guidance for pulmonary-critical care clinicians and policymakers for its proactive integration.
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Arbillaga-Etxarri A, Lista-Paz A, Alcaraz-Serrano V, Escudero-Romero R, Herrero-Cortina B, Balañá Corberó A, Sebio-García R, Vilaró J, Gimeno-Santos E. [Respiratory physiotherapy in post-COVID-19: a decision-making algorithm for clinical practice]. OPEN RESPIRATORY ARCHIVES 2022; 4:100139. [PMID: 38620962 PMCID: PMC8507569 DOI: 10.1016/j.opresp.2021.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has posed a great challenge for the healthcare system which has been later aggravated by the need of managing clinical manifestations and potential sequelae in COVID-19 survivors. In this context, respiratory Physiotherapy emerges as a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary management warranted in this population. Given that the implementation and resources available for the interdisciplinary therapeutic interventions in Spain is scarce, it is essential to perform a comprehensive, exhaustive and personalised assessment. This will allow us to establish more accurate selection criteria in order to optimise the use of existing human and material resources. To this end, we propose here a decision-making algorithm for clinical practice to assess the clinical manifestations in people recovered from COVID-19 based on well-established, validated tests and assessment tools. This algorithm can be used at any clinical practice environment (primary care/community or hospital-based), combined with a patient-centered model and the use of community and e-Health resources and its application to improve the Physiotherapy care of these patients in the COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arbillaga-Etxarri
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Deusto, Gipuzkoa, España
| | - Ana Lista-Paz
- Facultad de Fisioterapia, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - Victoria Alcaraz-Serrano
- Fundación Clínic para la Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, España
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Blanquerna, Universidad Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | | | - Beatriz Herrero-Cortina
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, España
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Zaragoza, España
| | - Ana Balañá Corberó
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Blanquerna, Universidad Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, España
| | - Raquel Sebio-García
- Servicio de Rehabilitación, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Jordi Vilaró
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Blanquerna, Universidad Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
- Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW), Universidad Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
| | - Elena Gimeno-Santos
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, España
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Blanquerna, Universidad Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
- Servicio de Rehabilitación, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Validation Assessment of a Pain Interference Questionnaire among Student Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2021; 9:pharmacy9040170. [PMID: 34698288 PMCID: PMC8544710 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Validation studies of pain interference instruments used among student pharmacists are rare yet essential for understanding their appropriate use and interpretation in pharmacy education and practice. This study conducted validation and reliability assessments of a five-item Pain Interference Scale previously administered to student pharmacists. Construct validity was assessed using Rasch analysis. Unidimensionality was measured using: point-biserial measure correlations; percent of raw variance explained by items; difference between expected; variance modeled by items; and Rasch model fit. To assess scale functioning, response frequency distribution, observed average and sample expected logit distribution, Andrich logit distribution, item separation, and item reliability were assessed. Visual examination of the Item-Person Map determined content validity. Items explained 64.2% of data raw variance. The difference between raw variance modeled and observed was 0.6. Point-biserial measure correlations were >0.77. Item mean-square infits were 0.7–1.3 while outfit measures were 0.72–1.16. There were >10 responses per response category, response frequency and Andrich thresholds progressively advanced, and observed average and sample expected logits advanced monotonically, Andrich logits = −2.33–1.69, item separation = 2.61, and item reliability = 0.87. Item probability curves indicated response categories were minimally yet adequately distinct. Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93. The Item-Person Map had a ceiling effect indicating content gaps. In conclusion, the pain interference instrument has acceptable construct validity yet contains content gaps. Additional difficult items should be added to the instrument to better capture pain interference among student pharmacists.
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Fuentes-Alonso M, López-de-Andrés A, Palacios-Ceña D, Jimenez-Garcia R, Lopez-Herranz M, Hernandez-Barrera V, Perez-Farinos N, Ji Z, de-Miguel-Diez J. COPD is Associated with Higher Prevalence of Back Pain: Results of a Population-Based Case-Control Study, 2017. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2763-2773. [PMID: 33173326 PMCID: PMC7646454 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s271713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to assess whether patients suffering from COPD have a higher prevalence of chronic back pain (neck and low back pain) than age-, sex-, and residence-matched non-COPD controls. We also aimed to identify which variables are associated with chronic neck pain (CNP) and chronic low back pain (CLBP) among COPD patients. Methods We carried out a retrospective case-control study using data obtained from the Spanish National Health Survey conducted in 2017. Results We analyzed data from 1034 COPD and 1034 matched non-COPD controls. The prevalence of CNP and CLBP was 38.20% and 45.16%, respectively, among COPD patients and 22.82% and 28.34% for non-COPD controls, respectively (p<0.001 for both). Multivariable analysis showed that COPD patients had a 1.62-fold (95% CI 1.50-1.74) higher risk of CNP and a 1.83-fold (95% CI 1.73-1.91) higher risk of CLBP than non-COPD controls. Experiencing one type of pain greatly increased the risk of having the other. Factors associated with the presence of both types of pain among COPD patients included female sex, "fair/poor/very poor" self-rated health, migraine or frequent headache and use of pain medication. Being aged from 70 to 79 years was a risk factor for CLBP, and suffering from a mental disorder was a risk factor for CNP. Conclusion The prevalence of CNP and CLBP was significantly higher among COPD patients than among non-COPD controls after adjusting for age, sex and other relevant clinical variables. Our findings add new data to the knowledge of chronic pain in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fuentes-Alonso
- Respiratory Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López-de-Andrés
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Palacios-Ceña
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Hum&QRinHS), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Lopez-Herranz
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Napoleon Perez-Farinos
- Department of Public Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zichen Ji
- Respiratory Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de-Miguel-Diez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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Bordoni B, Simonelli M. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Proprioception Exercises as an Addition to the Rehabilitation Process. Cureus 2020; 12:e8084. [PMID: 32542139 PMCID: PMC7292710 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a cornerstone for the therapeutic path. Physiotherapy involves physical activity with aerobic and anaerobic exercises, which can improve the patient's symptomatic picture, such as motor function, emotional status (depression and anxiety), and improve the pain perception. The training of proprioception is not included in the structure of the exercises proposed by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). The training of proprioception is a very useful strategy for stimulating the cerebellum, a neurological suffering area in patients with COPD. The cerebellum sorts information about pain and emotions, as well as motor stimuli. The article discusses the need to introduce proprioception in respiratory rehabilitation protocols, highlighting the neurological relationships with the management of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
| | - Marta Simonelli
- Integrative/Complimentary Medicine, French-Italian School of Osteopathy, Pisa, ITA
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Prevalence of Pain in COPD Patients and Associated Factors: Report From a Population-based Study. Clin J Pain 2019; 34:787-794. [PMID: 29485534 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of chronic neck pain (CNP), chronic low back pain (CLBP), and migraine among Spanish adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with non-COPD patients matched by age and sex; and to identify predictors for each of these types of pains among COPD sufferers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted with data collected from the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (EHSS) conducted in years 2009/2010 (n=22,188) and 2014 (n=22,842). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic models. RESULTS The prevalence of COPD among patients aged 35 years or above were 7.6% (n=1328) for the EHSS 2009 and 5.4% (n=1008) for the EHSS 2014. We matched 2251 COPD patients with age and sex controls. The prevalence of all types of pain were significantly higher among those suffering COPD than those without COPD. For CNP the figures were 40.5% versus 26.1%, for CLBP 44.8% versus 28.4%, and for migraine 22.5% versus 13.2%. Multivariable analysis showed that COPD was associated to a 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.45) higher risk of CNP, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.16-1.64) of CLBP, and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.12-1.65) of migraine. Associated factors with the presence of these types of pain among COPD patients included younger age (not for CLBP), female sex (not for CLBP), "fair/poor/very poor" self-rated health (not for migraine), high blood pressure (not for CNP), mental disorders, obesity (not for migraine), and use of pain medication. DISCUSSION The prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and migraine was significantly higher among COPD patients in comparison with controls. Associated factors to suffering these types of pain in patients with COPD included age, sex, self-rated health, certain comorbidities including mental disorders, obesity, and using pain medication.
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Melotti R, Ruscheweyh R, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Pattaro C. Structural Consistency of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) Population-Based Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:1424-1434. [PMID: 30017960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The self-reported Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) is a valid supplement to experimental pain testing. However, the latent constructs determining the originally proposed 1 general score (PSQ-total) and 2 subscores (PSQ-moderate and PSQ-minor) have not been consistently investigated in population-based studies or between genders. Based on a single construct hypothesized by expert knowledge or alternative constructs upon empirical evidence, PSQ structures were explored and confirmed among 4,820 participants aged 18 to 93 years of the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) study. By exploratory factor analysis, we identified 3 alternative sets of PSQ imagined painful situations comprising 14, 10, and 9 items, which displayed simple structures of the rotated factor loadings of direct interpretation. In confirmatory analysis (CFA) of 1 latent factor, the 10-item set yielded acceptable goodness-of-fit overall, better fit than the alternative sets and consistent structural properties between genders. Separate analyses based on 14- and 9-item sets returned considerable correlations between 2 latent constructs. In higher-order CFA with each set, 1 first-order general factor explained a large part of the variances of 2 second-order factors. One dominant construct consistently describes the factorial structure of the PSQ. Averaging across the 10-item set, the PSQ-short score represents a structurally robust, gender-consistent, and practical measure of general pain sensitivity. PERSPECTIVE: One dominant latent construct of general pain sensitivity consistently determines responses to the self-reported PSQ. The PSQ-short score maintains similar psychometric properties to the PSQ-total and between genders. This measure is attractive for large-scale research and clinical screening of pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Melotti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Ruth Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lubeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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Costa WA, Monteiro MN, Queiroz JF, Gonçalves AK. Pain and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:758-763. [PMID: 29319722 PMCID: PMC5738557 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(12)07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of pain on quality of life in breast cancer patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 400 patients, including 118 without metastasis, 160 with loco-regional metastasis and 122 with distant metastasis. The instruments used were the European Organization for Research and Treatment for Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 and the Breast Cancer-specific 23 and short McGill Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS In total, 71.7% of patients reported pain. The most frequent sensory descriptor used by patients was 'jumping.' In the evaluative dimension, the main descriptor chosen was troublesome. The Global Health self-assessment showed pain to be inversely correlated with quality of life: the group without metastasis had a mean score of 55.3 (SD=24.8) for those in pain, which rose to 69.7 (SD=19.2) for those without pain (p=0.001). Subjects with loco-regional metastasis had score of 59.1 (SD=21.3) when in pain, and those without pain had a significantly higher score of 72.4 (SD=18.6) (p<0.001). Patients from the distant metastasis group showed similar results with a mean score of 48.6 (SD=23.1) for those in pain and 67.6 (SD=20.4) for those without pain (p=0.002). Regarding the association of pain intensity and quality of life, patients with distant metastasis and intense pain had the worst scores for quality of life with a functional scale mean of 49.9 (SD=17.3) (p<0.009), a Symptom Scale score of 50.0 (SD=20.1) (p<0.001) and a Global Health Scale score of 39.7 (SD=24.7) (p<0.006). CONCLUSIONS Pain compromises the quality of life of patients with breast cancer, particularly those with advanced stages of the disease.
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