Nemiralisib in Patients with an Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study

Efficacy of Nemiralisib in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health concern. Exacerbation of COPD leads to poor health and frequent episodes of increased systemic and airway inflammation. Immunomodulatory drugs have garnered extensive attention because they may reduce the rate of COPD exacerbation. This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nemiralisib in COPD patients.

METHODS

Medical databases, including the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed, were queried from inception to June 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of nemiralisib in COPD patients. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the included RCTs. Two authors independently conducted literature screening and data extraction. Key information from the included studies was extracted, tabulated, and compared using a data extraction table. Moreover, the key characteristics, quality, potential bias, and endpoint outcomes of the included studies were summarized. A meta-analysis was conducted when the study outcomes were sufficiently comparable, and the required data were available for extraction.

FINDINGS

Initially, 48 references were identified, leading to the inclusion of four trials. No significant difference was found between the nemiralisib and placebo groups in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score, modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale score, COPD Assessment Test score, time to next on-treatment exacerbation, proportion of patients achieving exacerbation recovery, time to exacerbation recovery, and rescue medication use. Contrastingly, the results demonstrated that nemiralisib may lower oral corticosteroid use during acute exacerbation of COPD. Meanwhile, the efficacy of nemiralisib on the exacerbation rate, as well as several parameters associated with lung function, including forced expiratory volume in 1 second, specific airway conductance, specific imaging airway wall thickness, distal specific imaging airway volume measured at functional residual capacity, specific imaging airway resistance, low attenuation score, and internal airflow lobar distribution in the lower pulmonary region, were conflicting. Attributed to the limited number of included RCTs and insufficient extracted data, it was not feasible to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis.

IMPLICATIONS

Because of insufficient data, this systematic review could not make any definitive statement regarding the efficacy of nemiralisib in COPD patients. In terms of safety, nemiralisib was generally well tolerated. Further trials are required to explore the efficacy of this drug.

Determining value in the treatment of activated PI3Kδ syndrome in Spain: a multicriteria decision analysis from the perspective of key stakeholders

Introduction

Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)δ syndrome (APDS) is an ultra-rare inborn error of immunity (IEI) combining immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. This study determined what represents value in APDS in Spain from a multidisciplinary perspective applying multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology.

Methods

A multidisciplinary committee of nine experts scored the evidence matrix. A specific framework for orphan drug evaluation in Spain and the weights assigned by a panel of 98 evaluators and decision-makers was used. Re-evaluation of scores was performed.

Results

APDS is considered a very severe disease with important unmet needs, including misdiagnosis and diagnostic delay. Current management is limited to treatment of symptoms with off-label use of therapies supported by limited evidence. Therapeutic benefit is partial, resulting in limited disease control. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the only potential curative alternative, is restricted to a reduced patient population and without evidence of long-term efficacy or safety. All options present a limited safety profile. Data on patients' quality of life are lacking. APDS is associated with high pharmacological, medical and indirect costs.

Conclusions

APDS is considered a severe disease, with limited understanding by key stakeholders of how treatment success is assessed in clinical practice, the serious impact that has on patients and the associated high economic burden. This study brings to light how MCDA methodology could represent a useful tool to complement current clinical and decision-making methods used by APDS experts and evaluators.

Novel Anti-Inflammatory Approaches to COPD

Airway inflammation, driven by different types of inflammatory cells and mediators, plays a fundamental role in COPD and its progression. Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are key players in this process, although the extent of their participation varies according to the patient's endotype. Anti-inflammatory medications may modify the natural history and progression of COPD. However, since airway inflammation in COPD is relatively resistant to corticosteroid therapy, innovative pharmacological anti-inflammatory approaches are required. The heterogeneity of inflammatory cells and mediators in annethe different COPD endo-phenotypes requires the development of specific pharmacologic agents. Indeed, over the past two decades, several mechanisms that influence the influx and/or activity of inflammatory cells in the airways and lung parenchyma have been identified. Several of these molecules have been tested in vitro models and in vivo in laboratory animals, but only a few have been studied in humans. Although early studies have not been encouraging, useful information emerged suggesting that some of these agents may need to be further tested in specific subgroups of patients, hopefully leading to a more personalized approach to treating COPD.

Progress in the development of kinase inhibitors for treating asthma and COPD

Current therapies to mitigate inflammatory responses involved in airway remodeling and associated pathological features of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are limited and largely ineffective. Inflammation and the release of cytokines and growth factors activate kinase signaling pathways that mediate changes in airway mesenchymal cells such as airway smooth muscle cells and lung fibroblasts. Proliferative and secretory changes in mesenchymal cells exacerbate the inflammatory response and promote airway remodeling, which is often characterized by increased airway smooth muscle mass, airway hyperreactivity, increased mucus secretion, and lung fibrosis. Thus, inhibition of relevant kinases has been viewed as a potential therapeutic approach to mitigate the debilitating and, thus far, irreversible airway remodeling that occurs in asthma and COPD. Despite FDA approval of several kinase inhibitors for the treatment of proliferative disorders, such as cancer and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis, none of these drugs have been approved to treat asthma or COPD. This review will provide a brief overview of the role kinases play in the pathology of asthma and COPD and an update on the status of kinase inhibitors currently in clinical trials for the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, potential issues associated with the current kinase inhibitors, which have limited their success as therapeutic agents in treating asthma or COPD, and alternative approaches to target kinase functions will be discussed.

An open label trial of nemiralisib, an inhaled PI3 kinase delta inhibitor for the treatment of Activated PI3 kinase Delta Syndrome

Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) is a rare inherited inborn error of immunity caused by mutations that constitutively activate the p110 delta isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kδ), resulting in recurring pulmonary infections. Currently no licensed therapies are available. Here we report the results of an open-label trial in which five subjects were treated for 12 weeks with nemiralisib, an inhaled inhibitor of PI3Kδ, to determine safety, systemic exposure, together with lung and systemic biomarker profiles (Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02593539). Induced sputum was captured to measure changes in phospholipids and inflammatory mediators, and blood samples were collected to assess pharmacokinetics of nemiralisib, and systemic biomarkers. Nemiralisib was shown to have an acceptable safety and tolerability profile, with cough being the most common adverse event, and no severe adverse events reported during the study. No meaningful changes in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3; the enzyme product of PI3Kδ) or downstream inflammatory markers in induced sputum, were observed following nemiralisib treatment. Similarly, there were no meaningful changes in blood inflammatory markers, or lymphocytes subsets. Systemic levels of nemiralisib were higher in subjects in this study compared to previous observations. While nemiralisib had an acceptable safety profile, there was no convincing evidence of target engagement in the lung following inhaled dosing and no downstream effects observed in either the lung or blood compartments. We speculate that this could be explained by nemiralisib not being retained in the lung for sufficient duration, suggested by the increased systemic exposure, perhaps due to pre-existing structural lung damage. In this study investigating a small number of subjects with APDS, nemiralisib appeared to be safe and well-tolerated. However, data from this study do not support the hypothesis that inhaled treatment with nemiralisib would benefit patients with APDS.

Role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling, disease, and the intervention therapy

Protein phosphorylation is an important post-transcriptional modification involving an extremely wide range of intracellular signaling transduction pathways, making it an important therapeutic target for disease intervention. At present, numerous drugs targeting protein phosphorylation have been developed for the treatment of various diseases including malignant tumors, neurological diseases, infectious diseases, and immune diseases. In this review article, we analyzed 303 small-molecule protein phosphorylation kinase inhibitors (PKIs) registered and participated in clinical research obtained in a database named Protein Kinase Inhibitor Database (PKIDB), including 68 drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. Based on previous classifications of kinases, we divided these human protein phosphorylation kinases into eight groups and nearly 50 families, and delineated their main regulatory pathways, upstream and downstream targets. These groups include: protein kinase A, G, and C (AGC) and receptor guanylate cyclase (RGC) group, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) group, CMGC [Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Glycogen synthase kinases (GSKs), and Cdc2-like kinases (CLKs)] group, sterile (STE)-MAPKs group, tyrosine kinases (TK) group, tyrosine kinase-like (TKL) group, atypical group, and other groups. Different groups and families of inhibitors stimulate or inhibit others, forming an intricate molecular signaling regulatory network. This review takes newly developed new PKIs as breakthrough point, aiming to clarify the regulatory network and relationship of each pathway, as well as their roles in disease intervention, and provide a direction for future drug development.

Pathological Mechanism and Targeted Drugs of COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and small airway obstruction. Incompletely reversible airflow limitation, inflammation, excessive mucus secretion and bronchial mucosal epithelial lesions are the main pathological basis of the disease. The prevalence of COPD is increasingly worldwide, which has caused the burden on individuals and society. This paper summarizes the pathogenesis of COPD and clarifies the effect and mechanism of the latest targeted drugs for COPD. Besides, we focus on NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 inflammasome (NLRP3 inflammasome). NLRP3 can promote production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). NLRP3 is an important factor in the migratory aggregation of macrophages and neutrophils and the generation of oxidative stress. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome indirectly blocks the inflammatory effects of IL-1β and IL-18, which may be regarded as an ideal target for COPD treatment.

PI3K Signaling in Mechanisms and Treatments of Pulmonary Fibrosis Following Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury

Pulmonary fibrosis is a pathological fibrotic process affecting the lungs of five million people worldwide. The incidence rate will increase even more in the next years due to the long-COVID-19 syndrome, but a resolving treatment is not available yet and usually prognosis is poor. The emerging role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling in fibrotic processes has inspired the testing of drugs targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway that are currently under clinical evaluation. This review highlights the progress in understanding the role of PI3K/Akt in the development of lung fibrosis and its causative pathological context, including sepsis as well as acute lung injury (ALI) and its consequent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We further summarize current knowledge about PI3K inhibitors for pulmonary fibrosis treatment, including drugs under development as well as in clinical trials. We finally discuss how the design of inhaled compounds targeting the PI3K pathways might potentiate efficacy and improve tolerability.

New drugs under development for COPD

The characteristic features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include inflammation and remodelling of the lower airways and lung parenchyma together with activation of inflammatory and immune processes. Due to the increasing habit of cigarette smoking worldwide COPD prevalence is increasing globally. Current therapies are unable to prevent COPD progression in many patients or target many of its hallmark characteristics which may reflect the lack of adequate biomarkers to detect the heterogeneous clinical and molecular nature of COPD. In this chapter we review recent molecular data that may indicate novel pathways that underpin COPD subphenotypes and indicate potential improvements in the classes of drugs currently used to treat COPD. We also highlight the evidence for new drugs or approaches to treat COPD identified using molecular and other approaches including kinase inhibitors, cytokine- and chemokine-directed biologicals and small molecules, antioxidants and redox signalling pathway inhibitors, inhaled anti-infectious agents and senolytics. It is important to consider the phenotypes/molecular endotypes of COPD patients together with specific outcome measures to target new therapies to particular COPD subtypes. This will require greater understanding of COPD molecular pathologies and a focus on biomarkers of predicting disease subsets and responder/non-responder populations.