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Liu P, Ding P, Sun C, Chen S, Lowe S, Meng L, Zhao Q. Lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer: function and mechanism. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:405. [PMID: 37803421 PMCID: PMC10559534 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis are thought to be important steps in cancer metastasis, and are associated with patient's poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that the lymphatic system may play a crucial role in regulating tumor immune response and limiting tumor metastasis, since tumor lymphangiogenesis is more prominent in tumor metastasis and diffusion. Lymphangiogenesis takes place in embryonic development, wound healing, and a variety of pathological conditions, including tumors. Tumor cells and tumor microenvironment cells generate growth factors (such as lymphangiogenesis factor VEGF-C/D), which can promote lymphangiogenesis, thereby inducing the metastasis and diffusion of tumor cells. Nevertheless, the current research on lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer is relatively scattered and lacks a comprehensive understanding. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a detailed perspective on molecules and signal transduction pathways that regulate gastric cancer lymphogenesis, which may provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Liu
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Ping'an Ding
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Shuya Chen
- Newham University Hospital, Glen Road, Plaistow, London, E13 8SL, England, UK
| | - Scott Lowe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Lingjiao Meng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
- Research Center of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| | - Qun Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
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2
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Suarez AC, Hammel JH, Munson JM. Modeling lymphangiogenesis: Pairing in vitro and in vivo metrics. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12802. [PMID: 36760223 PMCID: PMC10121924 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is the mechanism by which the lymphatic system develops and expands new vessels facilitating fluid drainage and immune cell trafficking. Models to study lymphangiogenesis are necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to identify or test new therapeutic agents that target lymphangiogenesis. Across the lymphatic literature, multiple models have been developed to study lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, lymphangiogenesis can be modeled with varying complexity, from monolayers to hydrogels to explants, with common metrics for characterizing proliferation, migration, and sprouting of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and vessels. In comparison, in vivo models of lymphangiogenesis often use genetically modified zebrafish and mice, with in situ mouse models in the ear, cornea, hind leg, and tail. In vivo metrics, such as activation of LECs, number of new lymphatic vessels, and sprouting, mirror those most used in vitro, with the addition of lymphatic vessel hyperplasia and drainage. The impacts of lymphangiogenesis vary by context of tissue and pathology. Therapeutic targeting of lymphangiogenesis can have paradoxical effects depending on the pathology including lymphedema, cancer, organ transplant, and inflammation. In this review, we describe and compare lymphangiogenic outcomes and metrics between in vitro and in vivo studies, specifically reviewing only those publications in which both testing formats are used. We find that in vitro studies correlate well with in vivo in wound healing and development, but not in the reproductive tract or the complex tumor microenvironment. Considerations for improving in vitro models are to increase complexity with perfusable microfluidic devices, co-cultures with tissue-specific support cells, the inclusion of fluid flow, and pairing in vitro models of differing complexities. We believe that these changes would strengthen the correlation between in vitro and in vivo outcomes, giving more insight into lymphangiogenesis in healthy and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen C. Suarez
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jennifer H. Hammel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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3
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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4
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Wang C, Chu M. Advances in Drugs Targeting Lymphangiogenesis for Preventing Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:783309. [PMID: 35087755 PMCID: PMC8787832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.783309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other organs and tissues in the body is the leading cause of death in patients with malignancies. One of the principal ways cancer cells travel is through lymphatic vessels, and tumor invasion into the regional lymph nodes is a hallmark of early metastasis; thus, the formation of especially peritumoral lymphatic vessels is essential for tumor transportation that gives rise to further progression. In the past few decades, tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis has been testified to its tight correlation with lymphatic metastasis and poor clinical outcomes in multiple types of human malignancies, which warrants novel potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. As the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms has grown tremendously over the years, an inexorable march of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy also aroused terrific interest. As a result, a great number of drugs have entered clinical trials, and some of them exhibited predominant contributions in cancer management. Herein, this review provides an updated summary of the current advances in therapies preventing lymphatic metastasis and discusses the validity of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
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Yıldırım H, Balbaba M, Erdağ M, Dal A, Canleblebici M, İlhan N, Eröksüz Y. Investigation of effect of nintedanib in experimental uveitis model. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 41:55-59. [PMID: 34905992 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.2016804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the protective efficacy of nintedanib in experimental uveitis induced by endotoxins. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group I was the healthy control with no uveitis that did not receive any treatment, Group II (sham) group did not receive treatment, and Group III (nintedanib) received oral nintedanib for 10 days. On the 10th day, endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in Groups II and III. The clinical activity score was evaluated in all groups at the 24th hour, when uveitis formation was thought to be the most intense after LPS injection. All rats were then killed via anaesthesia. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured in their right eyes using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Further, histopathological examinations were performed on their left eyes. RESULTS For Groups I, II, and III, the IL-6 levels were 30.88 ± 1.79, 36.77 ± 1.21, and 30.93 ± 3.96 mg/pr, respectively, and TNF-α levels were 50.20 ± 3.24, 59.87 ± 2.98, and 50.23 ± 4.83 mg/pr, respectively. IL-6, TNF-α levels and clinical activity score were higher in the sham group compared to the other groups, and it decreased significantly in the treatment group (p < 0.05). Intense inflammatory cell infiltration of the ciliary body, edema and hyperaemia were evident in the sham group compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.05). These pathological findings were significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the sham group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Nintedanib may be preferable as a new agent for treating non-infectious uveitis. However, further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term effects, effects on other antiinflammatory pathways, side-effects, and ideal dose optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Yıldırım
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Balbaba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Murat Erdağ
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey.,Department of Ophthalmology, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Ali Dal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr.Kemal Beyazıt State Hospital, Türkoğlu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Canleblebici
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Nevin İlhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Yesari Eröksüz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
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6
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Liu F, Yu C, Qin H, Zhang S, Fang L, Wang Y, Wang J, Cui B, Hu S, Liu N, Zhuang S. Nintedanib attenuates peritoneal fibrosis by inhibiting mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inflammation and angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6103-6114. [PMID: 33949772 PMCID: PMC8256343 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nintedanib, an Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exhibits an anti-fibrotic effect in lung and kidneys. Its effect on peritoneal fibrosis remains unexplored. In this study, we found that nintedanib administration lessened chlorhexidine gluconate (CG)-induced peritoneal fibrosis and reduced collagen I and fibronectin expression. This coincided with suppressed phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and Src family kinase. Mechanistically, nintedanib inhibited injury-induced mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), as demonstrated by decreased expression of α-smooth muscle antigen and vimentin and preserved expression of E-cadherin in the CG-injured peritoneum and cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells exposed to transforming growth factor-β1. Nintedanib also suppressed expression of Snail and Twist, two transcription factors associated with MMT in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, nintedanib treatment inhibited expression of several cytokines/chemokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and prevented infiltration of macrophages to the injured peritoneum. Finally, nintedanib reduced CG-induced peritoneal vascularization. These data suggest that nintedanib may attenuate peritoneal fibrosis by inhibiting MMT, inflammation, and angiogenesis and have therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of peritoneal fibrosis in patients on peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shenglei Zhang
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Susie Hu
- Department of MedicineRhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Na Liu
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of NephrologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Department of MedicineRhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical SchoolBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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Jia W, Hitchcock-Szilagyi H, He W, Goldman J, Zhao F. Engineering the Lymphatic Network: A Solution to Lymphedema. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001537. [PMID: 33502814 PMCID: PMC8483563 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema is a life-long disorder characterized by chronic tissue swelling and inflammation that obstruct interstitial fluid circulation and immune cell trafficking. Regenerating lymphatic vasculatures using various strategies represents a promising treatment for lymphedema. Growth factor injection and gene delivery have been developed to stimulate lymphangiogenesis and augment interstitial fluid resorption. Using bioengineered materials as growth factor delivery vehicles allows for a more precisely targeted lymphangiogenic activation within the injured site. The implantation of prevascularized lymphatic tissue also promotes in situ lymphatic capillary network formation. The engineering of larger scale lymphatic tissues, including lymphatic collecting vessels and lymph nodes constructed by bioengineered scaffolds or decellularized animal tissues, offers alternatives to reconnecting damaged lymphatic vessels and restoring lymph circulation. These approaches provide lymphatic vascular grafting materials to reimpose lymphatic continuity across the site of injury, without creating secondary injuries at donor sites. The present work reviews molecular mechanisms mediating lymphatic system development, approaches to promoting lymphatic network regeneration, and strategies for engineering lymphatic tissues, including lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, and nodes. Challenges of advanced translational applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
| | | | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
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8
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Liu C, Sun J. A porcine acellular dermal matrix induces human fibroblasts to secrete hyaluronic acid by activating JAK2/STAT3 signalling. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18959-18969. [PMID: 35518338 PMCID: PMC9053941 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human facial skin undergoes continuous ageing over a lifespan. At present, facial skin rejuvenation is mainly achieved by injecting filling materials. However, conventional materials lack long-term beneficial effects and can only rejuvenate the skin temporarily by physical filling. To overcome this shortcoming, this study developed a porcine acellular dermal matrix with a porous three-dimensional scaffold structure and containing natural growth factors (3D-GF-PADM). The average size of the 3D-GF-PADM particles was 33.415 μm, and the dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus were within ranges suitable for clinical applications. Our study revealed that the 3D-GF-PADM exhibited an extremely low α-gal epitope number (3.15 ± 0.84 × 1011/mg) and DNA content, and no immunotoxicity, but contained abundant TGF-β1, VEGF and other growth factors. More importantly, this 3D-GF-PADM actively induced the synthesis of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts of the host skin. Study at the molecular level further demonstrated that the 3D-GF-PADM activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, resulting in the upregulation of HAS2 expression, which led to an increase in hyaluronic acid synthesis. Our study developed a novel 3D-GF-PADM that can actively induce hyaluronic acid synthesis, which may be used clinically as a skin filling material to achieve long-term skin rejuvenation. By activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, 3D-GF-PADM induces the production of hyaluronic acid in human fibroblasts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Biomaterials Research and Testing Center Shanghai 200023 China +86-21-63034903
| | - Jiao Sun
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Biomaterials Research and Testing Center Shanghai 200023 China +86-21-63034903
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9
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Lin T, Zhang X, Lu Y, Gong L. TGFBIp mediates lymphatic sprouting in corneal lymphangiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7602-7616. [PMID: 31456353 PMCID: PMC6815832 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal lymphangiogenesis plays a key role in diverse pathological conditions of the eye. Here, we demonstrate that a versatile extracellular matrix protein, transforming growth factor-β induced protein (TGFBIp), promotes lymphatic sprouting in corneal lymphangiogenesis. TGFBIp is highly up-regulated in inflamed mouse corneas. Immunolocalization of TGFBIp is detected in infiltrating macrophages in inflamed mouse corneas. Subconjunctival injection of liposomal clodronate can significantly reduce macrophage infiltration in inflamed mouse cornea, and decrease the expression of TGFBIp and areas of corneal lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis after corneal suture placement. In brief, these results indicate that the up-regulation of TGFBIp in sutured cornea correlates with macrophage infiltration. Although TGFBIp alone cannot significantly stimulate corneal lymph vessel ingrowth in vivo, it can enhance the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in promoting corneal lymphangiogenesis. The in vitro results show that TGFBIp promotes migration, tube formation and adhesion of human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs), but it has no effect on HLECs' proliferation. We also find that the in vitro effect of TGFBIp is mediated by the integrin α5β1-FAK pathway. Additionally, integrin α5β1 blockade can significantly inhibit lymphatic sprouting induced by TGFBIp. Taken together, these findings reveal a new molecular mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in which the TGFBIp-integrin pathways plays a pivotal role in lymphatic sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Blei F. Update June 2017. Lymphat Res Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.29024.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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