Controlled-release nanoencapsulating microcapsules to combat inflammatory diseases

Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Drug Carrier to Manage Inflammation

Significance: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most widely prescribed drugs to treat inflammation and related ailments. In recent years, loading these drugs onto nanodevices like nanoparticles, nanofibers, etc. as a drug delivery system has gained momentum due to its desirable properties and advantages. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing research on the potential and novel use of nanofiber-assisted delivery of NSAIDs. Recent Advances: Electrospun nanofibers have recently garnered considerable attention from researchers in a variety of sectors. They have proved to be promising vehicles for drug delivery systems because of their exceptional and favorable features like prolonged drug release, controllable porosity, and high surface area. In this article, various polymers and even combinations of polymers loaded with single or multiple drugs were analyzed to achieve the desired drug release rates (burst, sustained, and biphasic) from the electrospun nanofibers. Critical Issues: The administration of these medications can induce major adverse effects, causing patients discomfort. Thus, encapsulating these drugs within electrospun nanofibers helps to reduce the severity of side effects while also providing additional benefits such as targeted and controlled drug release, reduced toxicity, and long-lasting effects of the drug with lower amounts of administration. Future Directions: This review covers previous research on the delivery of NSAIDs using electrospun nanofibers as the matrix. Also, this study intends to aid in the development of enhanced drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammation and related issues.

Polymeric particle-based therapies for acute inflammatory diseases

Acute inflammation is essential for initiating and coordinating the body's response to injuries and infections. However, in acute inflammatory diseases, inflammation is not resolved but propagates further, which can ultimately lead to tissue damage such as in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and deep vein thrombosis. Currently, clinical protocols are limited to systemic steroidal treatments, fluids and antibiotics that focus on eradicating inflammation rather than modulating it. Strategies based on stem cell therapeutics and selective blocking of inflammatory molecules, despite showing great promise, still lack the scalability and specificity required to treat acute inflammation. By contrast, polymeric particle systems benefit from uniform manufacturing at large scales while preserving biocompatibility and versatility, thus providing an ideal platform for immune modulation. Here, we outline design aspects of polymeric particles including material, size, shape, deformability and surface modifications, providing a strategy for optimizing the targeting of acute inflammation.

An Electrochemical Route for Special Oxidative Ring-Opening of Indoles

A novel electrochemical protocol for the oxidative cleavage of indoles has been developed, which offers a simple way to access synthetically useful anthranilic acid derivatives. In undivided cells, a wide variety of indoles and alcohol compounds are examined to afford amide ester aromatics without using extra oxidants and stoichiometric metal catalysts, which avoids the formation of undesired by-products and exhibits high atom economy. The products we described in this perspective represent a synthetic intermediate in numerous drug molecules and industrial chemical reagents and remarkably show potential application in the future.

A Recent Update on Drug Delivery Systems for Pain Management

Pain remains a global health challenge affecting approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide. Pain has been an implicit variable in the equation of human life for many centuries considering different types and the magnitude of pain. Therefore, developing an efficacious drug delivery system for pain management remains an open challenge for researchers in the field of medicine. Lack of therapeutic efficacy still persists, despite high throughput studies in the field of pain management. Research scientists have been exploiting different alternatives to curb the adverse side effects of pain medications or attempting a more substantial approach to minimize the prevalence of pain. Various drug delivery systems have been developed such as nanoparticles, microparticles to curb adverse side effects of pain medications or minimize the prevalence of pain. This literature review firstly provides a brief introduction of pain as a sensation and its pharmacological interventions. Second, it highlights the most recent studies in the pharmaceutical field for pain management and serves as a strong base for future developments. Herein, we have classified drug delivery systems based on their sizes such as nano, micro, and macro systems, and for each of the reviewed systems, design, formulation strategies, and drug release performance has been discussed.

Biodegradable Nanoparticles-Loaded PLGA Microcapsule for the Enhanced Encapsulation Efficiency and Controlled Release of Hydrophilic Drug

Recently, nano- and micro-particulate systems have been widely utilized to deliver pharmaceutical compounds to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), as one of the biodegradable polyesters, has been widely used to fabricate particulate systems because of advantages including controlled and sustained release, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, PLGA is known for low encapsulation efficiency (%) and insufficient controlled release of water-soluble drugs. It would result in fluctuation in the plasma levels and unexpected side effects of drugs. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to develop microcapsules loaded with alginate-coated chitosan that can increase the encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug while exhibiting a controlled and sustained release profile with reduced initial burst release. The encapsulation of nanoparticles in PLGA microcapsules was done by the emulsion solvent evaporation method. The encapsulation of nanoparticles in PLGA microcapsules was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The release profile of hydrophilic drugs can further be altered by the chitosan coating. The chitosan coating onto alginate exhibited a less initial burst release and sustained release of the hydrophilic drug. In addition, the encapsulation of alginate nanoparticles and alginate nanoparticles coated with chitosan in PLGA microcapsules was shown to enhance the encapsulation efficiency of a hydrophilic drug. Based on the results, this delivery system could be a promising platform for the high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release with reduced initial burst release of the hydrophilic drug.

Design of multicomponent indomethacin-paracetamol and famotidine loaded nanoparticles for sustained and effective anti-inflammatory therapy

Indomethacin is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are widely prescribed drug for pain and inflammation. However, its notoriety of causing gastrointestinal effect, low water solubility, and its short half-life would affect patient compliance and its oral absorption and accordingly justify the need to develop a formula with a controlled and sustained release manner in combination with anti-ulcer drugs. Herein, we synthesized indomethacin-paracetamol co-drug loaded in nanoemulsion and encapsulated in famotiditine loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles. The synthesis of the co-drug was achieved by the formation of a hydrolyzable ester between the indomethacin and paracetamol. The synthesized co-drug was preloading in nanoemulsion (Co-NE), which encapsulated into famotidine PCL nanoparticles utilizing the nanoprecipitation approach. The developed nanosystem showed hydrodynamic size less than 200 nm and the zeta potential value above -30 mV. TEM images confirmed the morphological structure of the formed nanoemulsion and the loaded PCL nanoparticles. Stability studies revealed that the developed nanosystem was stable at different temperatures and pHs over 1 month. Moreover, improvement of the solubilities of these three drugs leading to have a controlled-release multicomponent system of both co-drug and famotidine over 3 days. This multicomponent nanoparticle might be a potential platform to overcome the obstacles of NSAIDs, synergize drugs with different mechanisms of actions by co-encapsulating a small-sized nanoemulsion into PCL nanoparticles for reaching the goal of effective anti-inflammatory therapy.

Stimulatory Effects of Soluplus® on Flufenamic Acid β-Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Complex: Physicochemical Characterization and Pre-clinical Anti-inflammatory Assessment

The present study demonstrates the solubility and dissolution of flufenamic acid (FLF)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/Soluplus® supramolecular ternary inclusion complex. The binary and ternary inclusion complexes were prepared using solvent evaporation and the microwave irradiation method. The prepared inclusion complexes were evaluated for physicochemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity using a murine paw edema mol. The phase solubility studies demonstrated 4.59-fold and 17.54-fold enhancements in FLF solubility with β-CD alone and β-CD:Soluplus® combination compared with pure FLF, respectively. The in vitro drug release results revealed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the release pattern compared with pure FLF. Maximum release was found with flufenamic acid binary and ternary complexes prepared using the microwave irradiation method, i.e., 75.23 ± 3.12% and 95.36 ± 3.23% in 60 min, respectively. The physicochemical characterization results showed complex formation and conversion of the crystalline form of FLF to an amorphous form. The SEM study revealed the presence of a more agglomerated and amorphous structure of the solid particles, which confirmed the formation of complexes. The anti-inflammatory effect of the complex was higher than pure FLF. Therefore, the FLF:β-CD:Soluplus® inclusion complex may be a very valuable formulation with improved solubility, dissolution, and anti-inflammatory effect.

Effects of phonophoresis with diclofenac linked gold nanoparticles in model of traumatic muscle injury

The use of nanotechnology for administering drugs is a recent development that presents promising results. Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound (TPU) is one such therapeutic option and is widely used for treating soft tissue lesions. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of phonophoresis using diclofenac (DC) linked to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the skeletal muscle of rats used as a model of traumatic muscular injury. Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (N = 10): Sham, Muscle injury (MI), MI + TPU, MI + DC, MI + GNPs, MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs, and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs. The traumatic injury was performed in the gastrocnemius with a single direct traumatic impact via an injuring press. The animals received daily treatment for 5 consecutive days with TPU and gel with DC and/or GNPs. Two hours after the last treatment session, animals were euthanized and the gastrocnemius muscle surgically removed for histological and biochemical analysis. The groups exposed to some therapies (MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs) showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine levels was observed in the group exposed to all therapies combined (MI + TPU + DC-GNPs). Reactive species production and protein damage resulting from oxidative damage was lower for the group exposed to all tested therapies had lower production. Lower protein damage was also observed in the TPU + GNPs group. The group that underwent all tested therapies combined showed a significant increase in antioxidants compared to the MI group. During histological analysis, the MI group showed large amounts of cell infiltration and centralized nuclei, whereas the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group showed structural improvements. Pain levels in the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group were lower than those of the MI group. We believe that the association of TPU with DC linked to GNPs decreases the inflammation caused by traumatic muscle injury and accelerates tissue repair.

A 4-D approach for amelioration of periodontitis

Global prevalence of the severe periodontitis is at the alarming stage and its association with the systemic complications is highly evident which cannot be neglected. An insight into the pathophysiology of the periodontitis reveals that the promising amelioration could only be envisaged with the 4-D/multi-pronged approach of combining antibiotic along with the host modulating agents. The complications of the disease itself suggest that the use of antibiotic alone is not able to cater the symptoms completely. There is a need of other host modulatory agents too, such as Cyclo-oxygenase -II (COX II) enzyme inhibitors, Matrix metalloproteinase's (MMPs) inhibitors and osteo-integrating agents. Also, there is an unmet need of singular treatment modality through which all these agents can be sequentially and directly delivered into the periodontal cavity. The current hypothesis takes it a step forward wherein an antibiotic is combined with other three host modulatory agents in a singular drug delivery system. The encapsulation of multiple therapeutic agents with controlled release would therefore allow for reduced drug dose thus minimizing side effects; contributing to enhanced patient compliance and treatment efficacy. Hence this approach can be presented as a 4-D/multi-pronged approach for circumvention of periodontitis.

Development, Optimization and In Vitro/In Vivo Characterization of Collagen-Dextran Spongious Wound Dressings Loaded with Flufenamic Acid

The aim of this study was the development and optimization of some topical collagen-dextran sponges with flufenamic acid, designed to be potential dressings for burn wounds healing. The sponges were obtained by lyophilization of hydrogels based on type I fibrillar collagen gel extracted from calf hide, dextran and flufenamic acid, crosslinked and un-crosslinked, and designed according to a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken experimental design. The sponges showed good fluid uptake ability quantified by a high swelling ratio. The flufenamic acid release profiles from sponges presented two stages—burst effect resulting in a rapid inflammation reduction, and gradual delivery ensuring the anti-inflammatory effect over a longer burn healing period. The resistance to enzymatic degradation was monitored through a weight loss parameter. The optimization of the sponge formulations was performed based on an experimental design technique combined with response surface methodology, followed by the Taguchi approach to select those formulations that are the least affected by the noise factors. The treatment of experimentally induced burns on animals with selected sponges accelerated the wound healing process and promoted a faster regeneration of the affected epithelial tissues compared to the control group. The results generated by the complex sponge characterization indicate that these formulations could be successfully used for burn dressing applications.

Sustained-releasing hollow microparticles with dual-anticancer drugs elicit greater shrinkage of tumor spheroids

Polymeric particulate delivery systems are vastly explored for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. However, the preparation of polymeric particulate systems with the capability of providing sustained release of two or more drugs is still a challenge. Herein, poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid, 50:50) hollow microparticles co-loaded with doxorubicin and paclitaxel were developed through double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Hollow microparticles were formed through the addition of an osmolyte into the fabrication process. The benefits of hollow over solid microparticles were found to be higher encapsulation efficiency and a more rapid drug release rate. Further modification of the hollow microparticles was accomplished through the introduction of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. With this, a higher encapsulation efficiency of both drugs and an enhanced cumulative release were achieved. Spheroid study further demonstrated that the controlled release of the drugs from the methyl-β-cyclodextrin -loaded hollow microparticles exhibited enhanced tumor regressions of MCF-7 tumor spheroids. Such hollow dual-drug-loaded hollow microparticles with sustained releasing capabilities may have a potential for future applications in cancer therapy.