1
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Li JH, Liu L, Zhao XH. Precision targeting in oncology: The future of conjugated drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117106. [PMID: 39013223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Coupled drugs, especially antibody-coupled drugs (ADCs), are a hot topic in oncology. As the development of ADCs has progressed, different coupling modes have emerged, inspired by their structural design have emerged. Technological advances have led to interweaving and collision of old and new concepts of coupled drugs, and have even challenged the concepts and techniques of coupled drugs at this stage. For example, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates are a new class of chimeric biomolecules synthesized by coupling oligonucleotides with monoclonal antibodies through linkers, offering precise targeting and improved pharmacokinetic properties. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of coupled drugs and their current development status in antitumor therapy to provide better strategies for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-He Li
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi-He Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhang B, Wang M, Sun L, Liu J, Yin L, Xia M, Zhang L, Liu X, Cheng Y. Recent Advances in Targeted Cancer Therapy: Are PDCs the Next Generation of ADCs? J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38980167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise antibodies, cytotoxic payloads, and linkers, which can integrate the advantages of antibodies and small molecule drugs to achieve targeted cancer treatment. However, ADCs also have some shortcomings, such as non-negligible drug resistance, a low therapeutic index, and payload-related toxicity. Many studies have focused on changing the composition of ADCs, and some have even further extended the concept and types of targeted conjugated drugs by replacing the targeted antibodies in ADCs with peptides, revolutionarily introducing peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs). This Perspective summarizes the current research status of ADCs and PDCs and highlights the structural innovations of ADC components. In particular, PDCs are regarded as the next generation of potential targeted drugs after ADCs, and the current challenges of PDCs are analyzed. Our aim is to offer fresh insights for the efficient design and expedited development of innovative targeted conjugated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
| | - Mo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
| | - Libinghan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
| | - Mingjing Xia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, P.R. China
| | - Xifu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Anti-Tumor Molecular Target Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P.R. China
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3
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Hao JL, Li XY, Liu YT, Lang JX, Liu DJ, Zhang CD. Antibody-drug conjugates in gastric cancer: from molecular landscape to clinical strategies. Gastric Cancer 2024:10.1007/s10120-024-01529-y. [PMID: 38963593 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-024-01529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a crucial component of targeted therapies in gastric cancer, potentially altering traditional treatment paradigms. Many ADCs have entered rigorous clinical trials based on biological theories and preclinical experiments. Modality trials have also been conducted in combination with monoclonal antibody therapies, chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and other treatments to enhance the efficacy of drug coordination effects. However, ADCs exhibit limitations in treating gastric cancer, including resistance triggered by their structure or other factors. Ongoing intensive researches and preclinical experiments are yielding improvements, while enhancements in drug development processes and concomitant diagnostics during the therapeutic period actively boost ADC efficacy. The optimal treatment strategy for gastric cancer patients is continually evolving. This review summarizes the clinical progress of ADCs in treating gastric cancer, analyzes the mechanisms of ADC combination therapies, discusses resistance patterns, and offers a promising outlook for future applications in ADC drug development and companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Hao
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xin-Yun Li
- Clinical Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Ji-Xuan Lang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Di-Jie Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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4
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Huang X, Wu F, Ye J, Wang L, Wang X, Li X, He G. Expanding the horizons of targeted protein degradation: A non-small molecule perspective. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2402-2427. [PMID: 38828146 PMCID: PMC11143490 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) represented by proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) marks a significant stride in drug discovery. A plethora of innovative technologies inspired by PROTAC have not only revolutionized the landscape of TPD but have the potential to unlock functionalities beyond degradation. Non-small-molecule-based approaches play an irreplaceable role in this field. A wide variety of agents spanning a broad chemical spectrum, including peptides, nucleic acids, antibodies, and even vaccines, which not only prove instrumental in overcoming the constraints of conventional small molecule entities but also provided rapidly renewing paradigms. Herein we summarize the burgeoning non-small molecule technological platforms inspired by PROTACs, including three major trajectories, to provide insights for the design strategies based on novel paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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5
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Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Bispecific antibody drug conjugates: Making 1+1>2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1965-1986. [PMID: 38799638 PMCID: PMC11119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody‒drug conjugates (BsADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic category amalgamating the merits of antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Positioned as the next-generation ADC approach, BsADCs hold promise for ameliorating extant clinical challenges associated with ADCs, particularly pertaining to issues such as poor internalization, off-target toxicity, and drug resistance. Presently, ten BsADCs are undergoing clinical trials, and initial findings underscore the imperative for ongoing refinement. This review initially delves into specific design considerations for BsADCs, encompassing target selection, antibody formats, and the linker-payload complex. Subsequent sections delineate the extant progress and challenges encountered by BsADCs, illustrated through pertinent case studies. The amalgamation of BsAbs with ADCs offers a prospective solution to prevailing clinical limitations of ADCs. Nevertheless, the symbiotic interplay among BsAb, linker, and payload necessitates further optimizations and coordination beyond a simplistic "1 + 1" to effectively surmount the extant challenges facing the BsADC domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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Schipilliti FM, Drittone D, Mazzuca F, La Forgia D, Guven DC, Rizzo A. Datopotamab deruxtecan: A novel antibody drug conjugate for triple-negative breast cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28385. [PMID: 38560142 PMCID: PMC10981107 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the breast cancer subtype with least favorable outcome because of the lack of effective treatment options and its molecular features. Recently, ADCs have dramatically changed the breast cancer treatment landscape; the anti-TROP2 ADC Sacituzumab Govitecan has been approved for treatment of previously treated, metastatic TNBC patients. The novel ADC Datopotecan-deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) has recently shown encouraging results for TNBC. In the current paper, we summarize and discuss available data regarding this TROP-2 directed agent mechanism of action and pharmacologic activity, we describe first results on efficacy and safety of the drug and report characteristics, inclusion criteria and endpoints of the main ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Drittone
- Oncological Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University Sapienza in Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mazzuca
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedialiera Universitaria Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Deniz Can Guven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Guo Y, Li X, Xie Y, Wang Y. What influences the activity of Degrader-Antibody conjugates (DACs). Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116216. [PMID: 38387330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The targeted protein degradation (TPD) technology employing proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has been widely applied in drug chemistry and chemical biology for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. PROTACs have demonstrated significant advantages in targeting undruggable targets and overcoming drug resistance. However, despite the efficient degradation of targeted proteins achieved by PROTACs, they still face challenges related to selectivity between normal and cancer cells, as well as issues with poor membrane permeability due to their substantial molecular weight. Additionally, the noteworthy toxicity resulting from off-target effects also needs to be addressed. To solve these issues, Degrader-Antibody Conjugates (DACs) have been developed, leveraging the targeting and internalization capabilities of antibodies. In this review, we elucidates the characteristics and distinctions between DACs, and traditional Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Meanwhile, we emphasizes the significance of DACs in facilitating the delivery of PROTACs and delves into the impact of various components on DAC activity. These components include antibody targets, drug-antibody ratio (DAR), linker types, PROTACs targets, PROTACs connections, and E3 ligase ligands. The review also explores the suitability of different targets (antibody targets or PROTACs targets) for DACs, providing insights to guide the design of PROTACs better suited for antibody conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Sarwar S, Tome ME, Billheimer D, Spier C, Smith CL, Persky D, Schmelz M. Optimizing assessment of CD30 expression in Hodgkin lymphoma by controlling for low expression. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:319-331. [PMID: 37377225 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the approval of brentuximab vedotin (BV), assessment of CD30 status by immunohistochemistry gained increasing importance in the clinical management of patients diagnosed with CD30-expressing lymphomas, including classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). Paradoxically, patients with low or no CD30 expression respond to BV. This discrepancy may be due to lack of standardization in CD30 staining methods. In this study, we examined 29 cases of CHL and 4 cases of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) for CD30 expression using a staining protocol that was designed to detect low CD30 expression levels, and an evaluation system similar to the Allred scoring system used for breast cancer evaluation. For CHL, 10% of cases had low scores and 3% were CD30 negative, with 3 cases in which the majority of tumor cells showed very weak staining. Unexpectedly, one of four cases of NLPHL was positive. We demonstrate intra-patient heterogeneity in CD30 expression levels and staining patterns in tumor cells. Three CHL cases with weak staining may have been missed without the use of control tissue for low expression. Thus, standardization of CD30 immunohistochemical staining with use of known low-expressing controls may aid in proper CD30 assessment and subsequent therapeutic stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Sarwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Margaret E Tome
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dean Billheimer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine Spier
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Catharine L Smith
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Persky
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Monika Schmelz
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Zimmerman BS, Esteva FJ. Next-Generation HER2-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:800. [PMID: 38398191 PMCID: PMC10887217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in 20% of breast cancers and associated with a less favorable prognosis compared to HER2-negative disease. Patients have traditionally been treated with a combination of chemotherapy and HER2-targeted monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and pertuzumab. The HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) represent a novel class of therapeutics in breast cancer. These drugs augment monoclonal antibodies with a cytotoxic payload, which is attached by a linker, forming the basic structure of an ADC. Novel combinations and sequential approaches are under investigation to overcome resistance to T-DM1 and T-DXd. Furthermore, the landscape of HER2-targeted therapy is rapidly advancing with the development of ADCs designed to attack cancer cells with greater precision and reduced toxicity. This review provides an updated summary of the current state of HER2-targeted ADCs as well as a detailed review of investigational agents on the horizon. Clinical trials are crucial in determining the optimal dosing regimens, understanding resistance mechanisms, and identifying patient populations that would derive the most benefit from these treatments. These novel ADCs are at the forefront of a new era in targeted cancer therapy, holding the potential to improve outcomes for patients with HER2-positive and HER2-Low breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney S. Zimmerman
- Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA;
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA
| | - Francisco J. Esteva
- Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA;
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA
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10
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Kumari S, Raj S, Babu MA, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:40-65. [PMID: 38153656 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a potential therapeutic avenue in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention. By combining the selective specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of drug molecules, ADCs aim to increase the therapeutic index, selectively targeting cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Various ADCs have been licensed for clinical usage, with ongoing research paving the way for additional options. However, the manufacture of ADCs faces several challenges. These include identifying suitable target antigens, enhancing antibodies, linkers, and payloads, and managing resistance mechanisms and side effects. This review focuses on the strategies to overcome these hurdles, such as site-specific conjugation techniques, novel antibody formats, and combination therapy. Our focus lies on current advancements in antibody engineering, linker technology, and cytotoxic payloads while addressing the challenges associated with ADC development. Furthermore, we explore the future potential of personalized medicine, leveraging individual patients' molecular profiles, to propel ADC treatments forward. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cancer progression continues to expand, we anticipate the development of new ADCs that offer more effective and personalized therapeutic options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Kumari
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sonam Raj
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Wang Z, Li H, Gou L, Li W, Wang Y. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in payloads. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4025-4059. [PMID: 37799390 PMCID: PMC10547921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs), which combine the advantages of monoclonal antibodies with precise targeting and payloads with efficient killing, show great clinical therapeutic value. The ADCs' payloads play a key role in determining the efficacy of ADC drugs and thus have attracted great attention in the field. An ideal ADC payload should possess sufficient toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, and modifiable functional groups. Common ADC payloads include tubulin inhibitors and DNA damaging agents, with tubulin inhibitors accounting for more than half of the ADC drugs in clinical development. However, due to clinical limitations of traditional ADC payloads, such as inadequate efficacy and the development of acquired drug resistance, novel highly efficient payloads with diverse targets and reduced side effects are being developed. This perspective summarizes the recent research advances of traditional and novel ADC payloads with main focuses on the structure-activity relationship studies, co-crystal structures, and designing strategies, and further discusses the future research directions of ADC payloads. This review also aims to provide valuable references and future directions for the development of novel ADC payloads that will have high efficacy, low toxicity, adequate stability, and abilities to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
| | - Hanxuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lantu Gou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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12
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Mark C, Lee JS, Cui X, Yuan Y. Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13726. [PMID: 37762027 PMCID: PMC10531043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel medications that combine monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic payloads, enabling the selective delivery of potent drugs to cancer cells expressing specific surface antigens. This targeted strategy seeks to optimize treatment effectiveness while reducing the risk of systemic toxicity, distinguishing ADCs from conventional chemotherapy. The rapid growth in ADC research has led to numerous developments and approvals for cancer treatment, with significant impacts on the management of breast cancer. ADCs like T-DXd for HER2-low disease and sacituzumab govitecan for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) have provided valuable options for challenging subtypes of breast cancer. However, essential questions still need to be addressed, including the optimal order of ADCs amidst the growing number of newly developed ones and strategies to overcome resistance mechanisms. Preclinical studies have shed light on potential resistance mechanisms, emphasizing the potential benefit of combinational approaches with other agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to enhance treatment effectiveness. Additionally, personalized approaches based on molecular profiling hold promise in tailoring ADC treatments to individual tumors, identifying unique molecular markers for each patient to optimize treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Mark
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jin Sun Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Aureli A, Marziani B, Venditti A, Sconocchia T, Sconocchia G. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Immunotherapy Treatment: Now, Next, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3346. [PMID: 37444456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer that primarily affects children but also adults. It is due to the malignant proliferation of lymphoid precursor cells that invade the bone marrow and can spread to extramedullary sites. ALL is divided into B cell (85%) and T cell lineages (10 to 15%); rare cases are associated with the natural killer (NK) cell lineage (<1%). To date, the survival rate in children with ALL is excellent while in adults continues to be poor. Despite the therapeutic progress, there are subsets of patients that still have high relapse rates after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and an unsatisfactory cure rate. Hence, the identification of more effective and safer therapy choices represents a primary issue. In this review, we will discuss novel therapeutic options including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapies, and other promising treatments for both pediatric and adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aureli
- CNR Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Via Carducci 32, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Beatrice Marziani
- Emergency Medicine Department, Sant'Anna University Hospital, Via A. Moro, 8, Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adriano Venditti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, The University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sconocchia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- CNR Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Via Carducci 32, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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14
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Khoury R, Saleh K, Khalife N, Saleh M, Chahine C, Ibrahim R, Lecesne A. Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119674. [PMID: 37298631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of cancer patients has dramatically changed over the past decades with the advent of monoclonal antibodies, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, and innovative T-cell therapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have also revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Several ADCs have already been approved in hematology and clinical oncology, such as trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), and sacituzumab govitecan (SG) for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, and enfortumab vedotin (EV) for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. The efficacy of ADCs is limited by the emergence of resistance due to different mechanisms, such as antigen-related resistance, failure of internalization, impaired lysosomal function, and other mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the clinical data that contributed to the approval of T-DM1, T-DXd, SG, and EV. We also discuss the different mechanisms of resistance to ADCs, as well as the ways to overcome this resistance, such as bispecific ADCs and the combination of ADCs with immune-checkpoint inhibitors or tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- International Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Khalil Saleh
- International Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Nadine Khalife
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Mohamad Saleh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hopsital, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
| | - Claude Chahine
- International Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Rebecca Ibrahim
- International Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Axel Lecesne
- International Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
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15
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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16
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Xing L, Liu Y, Liu J. Targeting BCMA in Multiple Myeloma: Advances in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082240. [PMID: 37190168 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer of the plasma cells. In the last twenty years, treatment strategies have evolved toward targeting MM cells-from the shotgun chemotherapy approach to the slightly more targeted approach of disrupting important MM molecular pathways to the immunotherapy approach that specifically targets MM cells based on protein expression. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are introduced as immunotherapeutic drugs which utilize an antibody to deliver cytotoxic agents to cancer cells distinctively. Recent investigations of ADCs for MM treatment focus on targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which regulates B cell proliferation, survival, maturation, and differentiation into plasma cells (PCs). Given its selective expression in malignant PCs, BCMA is one of the most promising targets in MM immunotherapy. Compared to other BCMA-targeting immunotherapies, ADCs have several benefits, such as lower price, shorter production period, fewer infusions, less dependence on the patient's immune system, and they are less likely to over-activate the immune system. In clinical trials, anti-BCMA ADCs have shown safety and remarkable response rates in patients with relapsed and refractory MM. Here, we review the properties and clinical applications of anti-BCMA ADC therapies and discuss the potential mechanisms of resistance and ways to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Xing
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiye Liu
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Kobzev D, Prasad C, Walunj D, Gotman H, Semenova O, Bazylevich A, Patsenker L, Gellerman G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of theranostic Trastuzumab–SN38 conjugate for Near-IR fluorescence imaging and targeted therapy of HER2+ breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115298. [PMID: 36966651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new theranostic antibody drug conjugate (ADC), Cy5-Ab-SS-SN38, that consists of the HER2-specific antibody trastuzumab (Ab) connected to the near infrared (NIR) pentamethine cyanine dye Cy5 and SN38, which is a bioactive metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan. SN38 is bound to an antibody through a glutathione-responsive self-immolative disulfide carbamate linker. For the first time, we explored this linker in ADC and found that it to reduce the drug release rate, which is important for safe drug delivery. The developed ADC exhibited specific accumulation and nanomolar anti-breast cancer activity on HER2-positive (HER2+) cell lines but no effect on HER2-. Animals treated with this ADC exhibited good tolerance. In vivo studies have shown that the ADC had good targeting ability for HER2+ tumors with much higher anticancer potency than trastuzumab itself or a mixture of trastuzumab with SN38. Side-by-side HER2+/HER2-xenograft at the 10 mg/kg dose exhibited specific accumulation and reduction of HER2+ tumor but not accumulation or growth inhibition of HER2-counterpart. The self-immolative disulfide linker implemented in this study was proven to be successful, broadening its utilization with other antibodies for targeted anticancer therapy in general. We believe that the theranostic ADCs comprising the glutathione-responsive self-immolative disulfide carbamate linker are applicable for the treatment and fluorescent monitoring of malignancies and anticancer drug delivery.
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18
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Morse JW, Rios M, Ye J, Rios A, Zhang CC, Daver NG, DiNardo CD, Zhang N, An Z. Antibody therapies for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: exploring current and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:107-125. [PMID: 36762937 PMCID: PMC10031751 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2179482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and deadly type of leukemia affecting adults. It is typically managed with rounds of non-targeted chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplants, but this is only possible in patients who can tolerate these harsh treatments and many are elderly and frail. With the identification of novel tumor-specific cell surface receptors, there is great conviction that targeted antibody therapies will soon become available for these patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the current landscape of known target receptors for monospecific and bispecific antibody-based therapeutics for AML. Here, we characterize each of the receptors and targeted antibody-based therapeutics in development, illustrating the rational design behind each therapeutic compound. We then discuss the bispecific antibodies in development and how they improve immune surveillance of AML. For each therapeutic, we also summarize the available pre-clinical and clinical data, including data from discontinued trials. EXPERT OPINION One antibody-based therapeutic has already been approved for AML treatment, the CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Many more are currently in pre-clinical and clinical studies. These antibody-based therapeutics can perform tumor-specific, elaborate cytotoxic functions and there is growing confidence they will soon lead to personalized, safe AML treatment options that induce durable remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Morse
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Margarita Rios
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - John Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adan Rios
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Naval G Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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Abstract
In order to deliver chemotherapeutics more efficiently, small-molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been synthesized and explored. These conjugates not only provide selective delivery but also improve the therapeutic index of toxins. By merging this conjugate concept with target protein degradation (TPD), the degrader-antibody conjugate (DAC) field has emerged, and clinical trials have even begun in recent years. In this Perspective, we provide the concepts, applications, and recent advances in the area of DACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, 41061 Daegu, Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, 41061 Daegu, Korea
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20
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Marotta C, Giorgi E, Binacchi F, Cirri D, Gabbiani C, Pratesi A. An overview of recent advancements in anticancer Pt(IV) prodrugs: New smart drug combinations, activation and delivery strategies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Systemic Therapy for HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Current and Future Trends. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010051. [PMID: 36612047 PMCID: PMC9817525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of breast cancers (BC) overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This subtype of BC is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease that was associated with an increased risk for the development of systemic and brain metastases and poor overall survival before anti-HER2 therapies were developed. The standard of care was dual blockade with trastuzumab and pertuzumab as first-line followed by TDM-1 as second-line. However, with the advent of new HER2-targeted monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antibody- drug conjugates, the clinical outcomes of patients with HER2-positive BC have changed dramatically in recent years, leading to a paradigm shift in the treatment of the disease. Notably, the development of new-generation ADCs has led to unprecedented results compared with T-DM1, currently establishing trastuzumab deruxtecan as a new standard of care in second-line. Despite the widespread availability of HER2-targeted therapies, patients with HER2-positive BC continue to face the challenges of disease progression, treatment resistance, and brain metastases. Response rate and overall life expectancy decrease with each additional line of treatment, and tumor heterogeneity remains an issue. In this review, we update the new-targeted therapeutic options for HER2-positive BC and highlight the future perspectives of treatment in this setting.
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22
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Kalim M, Ali H, Rehman AU, Lu Y, Zhan J. Bioengineering and computational analysis of programmed cell death ligand-1 monoclonal antibody. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012499. [PMID: 36341340 PMCID: PMC9633666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-membrane proteins of the B7 family programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) play important roles in inhibiting immune responses and enhancing self-tolerance via T-cell modulation. Several therapeutic antibodies are used to promote T-cell proliferation by preventing interactions between PD-1/PD-L1. Recombinant technology appears to be quite useful in the production of such potent antibodies. In this study, we constructed recombinant molecules by cloning variable regions of the PD-L1 molecule into pMH3 vectors and transferring them into mammalian cell lines for expression. G418 supplementation was used to screen the recombinant clones, which were then maintained on serum-free medium. The full-length antibody was isolated and purified from the medium supernatant at a concentration of 0.5-0.8 mg/ml. Antibody binding affinity was investigated using ELISA and immunofluorescence methods. The protein-protein interactions (PPI) were determined using a docking approach. The SWISS model was utilized for homology modeling, while ZDOCK, Chimera, and PyMOL were used to validate 3D models. The Ramachandran plots were constructed using the SWISS model, which revealed that high-quality structures had a value of more than 90%. Current technologies allow for the accurate determination of antigen-antibody interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kalim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Kalim, ; Jinbiao Zhan, ; Hamid Ali,
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Kalim, ; Jinbiao Zhan, ; Hamid Ali,
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yong Lu
- Laboratory of Minigene Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Kalim, ; Jinbiao Zhan, ; Hamid Ali,
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23
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Shastry M, Jacob S, Rugo HS, Hamilton E. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting TROP-2: Clinical development in metastatic breast cancer. Breast 2022; 66:169-177. [PMID: 36302269 PMCID: PMC9614644 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the potent cytotoxicity of chemotherapy with the antigen -specific targeted approach of antibodies into one single molecule. Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP-2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in calcium signal transduction and is expressed in multiple tumor types. TROP-2 expression is higher in HER2-negative breast tumors (HR+/HR-) and is associated with worse survival. Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is a first-in-class TROP-2-directed ADC with an anti-TROP-2 antibody conjugated to SN-38, a topoisomerase inhibitor via a hydrolysable linker. This hydrolysable linker permits intracellular and extracellular release of the membrane permeable payload enabling the "bystander effect" contributing to the efficacy of this agent. There was significant improvement in progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with SG versus chemotherapy in pretreated metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), resulting in regulatory approval. Common adverse events (AE) reported were neutropenia and diarrhea. SG also demonstrated clinical activity versus chemotherapy in a phase III trial of HR+/HER2-metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and is under evaluation in first-line metastatic and early stage TNBC as well. Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) is a TROP-2 ADC that differs from SG in that it has a cleavable tetrapeptide linker and a more potent topoisomerase inhibitor payload. This construct is highly stable in circulation with a longer half-life than SG, and undergoes cleavage in presence of intracellular lysosomal proteases. Dato-DXd demonstrated preliminary efficacy in unselected metastatic TNBC, with common AEs of low-grade nausea and stomatitis. Dato-DXd is being investigated in phase III studies in metastatic TNBC and HR+/HER2- MBC. These novel TROP-2 ADCs have the potential to deliver enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity in MBC and possibly in early stage breast cancer (EBC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saya Jacob
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hope S. Rugo
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erika Hamilton
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA,Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA,Corresponding author. Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA. @ErikaHamilton9
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24
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Fernandez A, Kielland N, Makda A, Carragher NO, González-García MC, Espinar-Barranco L, González-Vera JA, Orte A, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. A multicomponent reaction platform towards multimodal near-infrared BODIPY dyes for STED and fluorescence lifetime imaging. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1251-1259. [PMID: 36320886 PMCID: PMC9533399 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a platform combining multicomponent reaction synthesis and automated cell-based screening to develop biocompatible NIR-BODIPY fluorophores. From a library of over 60 fluorophores, we optimised compound NIRBD-62c as a multimodal probe with suitable properties for STED super-resolution and fluorescence lifetime imaging. Furthermore, we employed NIRBD-62c for imaging trafficking inside cells and to examine how pharmacological inhibitors can alter the vesicular traffic between intracellular compartments and the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernandez
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Dpt Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia Spain
| | - Nicola Kielland
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona Spain
| | - Ashraff Makda
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | | | - Juan A González-Vera
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Angel Orte
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona Spain
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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25
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Wu X, Yang H, Yu X, Qin JJ. Drug-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer: Molecular mechanisms and overcoming strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1012552. [PMID: 36210846 PMCID: PMC9540370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1012552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. HER2 overexpression is a factor for poor prognosis in breast cancer, and anti-HER2 therapy improves survival in these patients. A dual-targeted combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab, alongside cytotoxic chemotherapy, constitutes the primary treatment option for individuals with early-stage, HER2-positive breast cancer. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) also increase the prognosis for patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, resistance to targeted therapy eventually occurs. Therefore, it is critical to investigate how HER2-positive breast cancer is resistant to targeted therapy and to develop novel drugs or strategies to overcome the resistance simultaneously. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of the HER2-targeted agents currently in clinical practice, the molecular mechanisms of resistance to these drugs, and the potential strategies for overcoming resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xingfei Yu
- *Correspondence: Xingfei Yu, ; Jiang-Jiang Qin,
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26
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Marei HE, Cenciarelli C, Hasan A. Potential of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:255. [PMID: 35964048 PMCID: PMC9375290 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of ADCs is to increase the efficacy of anticancer medications by minimizing systemic drug distribution and targeting specific cells. Antibody conjugates (ADCs) have changed the way cancer is treated. However, because only a tiny fraction of patients experienced long-term advantages, current cancer preclinical and clinical research has been focused on combination trials. The complex interaction of ADCs with the tumor and its microenvironment appear to be reliant on the efficacy of a certain ADC, all of which have significant therapeutic consequences. Several clinical trials in various tumor types are now underway to examine the potential ADC therapy, based on encouraging preclinical results. This review tackles the potential use of ADCs in cancer therapy, emphasizing the essential processes underlying their positive therapeutic impacts on solid and hematological malignancies. Additionally, opportunities are explored to understand the mechanisms of ADCs action, the mechanism of resistance against ADCs, and how to overcome potential resistance following ADCs administration. Recent clinical findings have aroused interest, leading to a large increase in the number of ADCs in clinical trials. The rationale behind ADCs, as well as their primary features and recent research breakthroughs, will be discussed. We then offer an approach for maximizing the potential value that ADCs can bring to cancer patients by highlighting key ideas and distinct strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Cortesi M, Zanoni M, Maltoni R, Ravaioli S, Tumedei MM, Pirini F, Bravaccini S. TROP2 (trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2): a drug target for breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:593-602. [PMID: 35962580 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC) is the most common diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in women, with the triple negative (TNBC) subtype being characterized by the poorest prognosis. New therapeutic targets are urgently needed to overcome the high metastatic potential, aggressiveness and poor survival of these tumors. Trop2 transmembrane glycoprotein, acting as an intracellular calcium signal transducer, recently emerged as a new potential target in epithelial cancers, in particular in breast cancer. AREAS COVERED We summarize the key features of Trop2 structure and function, describing the therapeutic strategies targeting this protein in cancer. Particular attention is paid to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), actually representing the most successful strategy. EXPERT OPINION ADCs targeting Trop2 recently received an accelerated FDA approval for the therapy of metastatic TNBC. The prospects for these novel ADCs in BC subtypes other than TNBC are discussed, taking into account the main pitfalls relative to Trop2 structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cortesi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Michele Zanoni
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Roberta Maltoni
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Ravaioli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Tumedei
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Francesca Pirini
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, Italy
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D'Angelo A, Chapman R, Sirico M, Sobhani N, Catalano M, Mini E, Roviello G. An update on antibody-drug conjugates in urothelial carcinoma: state of the art strategies and what comes next. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:191-205. [PMID: 35953604 PMCID: PMC9402760 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in increasing the knowledge of tumour biology and drug resistance mechanisms in urothelial cancer. Therapeutic strategies have significantly advanced with the introduction of novel approaches such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor inhibitors. However, despite these novel agents, advanced urothelial cancer is often still progressive in spite of treatment and correlates with a poor prognosis. The introduction of antibody–drug conjugates consisting of a target-specific monoclonal antibody covalently linked to a payload (cytotoxic agent) is a novel and promising therapeutic strategy. In December 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to the nectin-4-targeting antibody–drug conjugate, enfortumab vedotin, for the treatment of advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinomas that are refractory to both immune checkpoint inhibitors and platinum-based treatment. Heavily pre-treated urothelial cancer patients reported a significant, 40% response to enfortumab vedotin while other antibody–drug conjugates are currently still under investigation in several clinical trials. We have comprehensively reviewed the available treatment strategies for advanced urothelial carcinoma and outlined the mechanism of action of antibody–drug conjugate agents, their clinical applications, resistance mechanisms and future strategies for urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow, CM20 1QX, UK
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Martina Catalano
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, vialePieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, vialePieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Dunsmore L, Navo CD, Becher J, de Montes EG, Guerreiro A, Hoyt E, Brown L, Zelenay V, Mikutis S, Cooper J, Barbieri I, Lawrinowitz S, Siouve E, Martin E, Ruivo PR, Rodrigues T, da Cruz FP, Werz O, Vassiliou G, Ravn P, Jiménez-Osés G, Bernardes GJL. Controlled masking and targeted release of redox-cycling ortho-quinones via a C-C bond-cleaving 1,6-elimination. Nat Chem 2022; 14:754-765. [PMID: 35764792 PMCID: PMC9252919 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural products that contain ortho-quinones show great potential as anticancer agents but have been largely discarded from clinical development because their redox-cycling behaviour results in general systemic toxicity. Here we report conjugation of ortho-quinones to a carrier, which simultaneously masks their underlying redox activity. C-benzylation at a quinone carbonyl forms a redox-inactive benzyl ketol. Upon a specific enzymatic trigger, an acid-promoted, self-immolative C-C bond-cleaving 1,6-elimination mechanism releases the redox-active hydroquinone inside cells. By using a 5-lipoxygenase modulator, β-lapachone, we created cathepsin-B-cleavable quinone prodrugs. We applied the strategy for intracellular release of β-lapachone upon antibody-mediated delivery. Conjugation of protected β-lapachone to Gem-IgG1 antibodies, which contain the variable region of gemtuzumab, results in homogeneous, systemically non-toxic and conditionally stable CD33+-specific antibody-drug conjugates with in vivo efficacy against a xenograft murine model of acute myeloid leukaemia. This protection strategy could allow the use of previously overlooked natural products as anticancer agents, thus extending the range of drugs available for next-generation targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Dunsmore
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudio D Navo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Julie Becher
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ana Guerreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emily Hoyt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Libby Brown
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sigitas Mikutis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isaia Barbieri
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elise Siouve
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther Martin
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedro R Ruivo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa P da Cruz
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - George Vassiliou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Ravn
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio-Bizkaia, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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30
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Qi X, Li Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lin L. Research Trend of Publications Concerning Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Solid Cancer: A Bibliometric Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921385. [PMID: 35795565 PMCID: PMC9252465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a promising therapy for solid cancer that has raised global concern. Although several papers have reviewed the current state of ADCs in different solid cancers, a quantitative analysis of the publications in this field is scarce. Methods: Publications related to ADC in the field of solid cancer were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Data analyses were performed with VOSviewer 1.6.9, HistCite 2.1, CiteSpace V and R package Bibliometrix. Results: A total of 3,482 records were obtained in the holistic field and 1,197 in the clinical field. Steady growth in the number of publications was observed. The United States was the leading contributor in this field. Krop IE was the most influential author. The most productive institution was Genentech Inc., while Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr was the most cited one. The most impactful journal was the Journal of Clinical Oncology. A total of 37 burst references and five burst references were identified between 2017–2022 in the holistic and clinical fields, respectively. Keywords analysis indicated that ADCs research mainly involved breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and urothelial carcinoma. ADC agents including trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab deruxtecan, sacituzumab govitecan, enfortumab vedotin, and rovalpituzumab tesirine were highly studied. Targets including HER2, trophoblast cell-surface antigen, mesothelin, delta-like ligand 3, and nectin-4 were the major concerns. Conclusion: This study analyzed publications concerning ADCs in the field of solid cancer with bibliometric analysis. Further clinical trials of ADCs and designs of the next generation of ADCs are the current focuses of the field. Acquired resistance of ADCs and biomarkers for ADC therapy efficacy monitoring are future concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Qi
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Chinese Classics Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhu Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhu Lin,
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31
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Wu Z. Editorial of Special Issue "Cytoplasmic Delivery of Bioactives". Pharm Res 2022; 39:1031-1034. [PMID: 35606599 PMCID: PMC9126431 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Wu
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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32
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Cho CF, Farquhar CE, Fadzen CM, Scott B, Zhuang P, von Spreckelsen N, Loas A, Hartrampf N, Pentelute BL, Lawler SE. A Tumor-Homing Peptide Platform Enhances Drug Solubility, Improves Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Targets Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092207. [PMID: 35565337 PMCID: PMC9103942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal and incurable brain cancer, and current treatment options have demonstrated limited success. Here, we describe the use of a dg-Bcan-Targeting-Peptide (BTP-7) that has BBB-penetrating properties and targets GBM. Conjugation of BTP-7 to an insoluble anti-cancer drug, camptothecin (CPT), improves drug solubility in aqueous solution, retains drug efficacy against patient-derived GBM stem cells (GSC), enhances BBB permeability, and enables therapeutic targeting to intracranial patient-derived GBM xenograft in mice, leading to higher toxicity in GBM cells compared to normal brain tissues and prolonged animal survival. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept for BTP-7 as a tumor-targeting peptide for therapeutic delivery to GBM. Abstract Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest malignant primary brain tumor, contributing significant morbidity and mortality among patients. As current standard-of-care demonstrates limited success, the development of new efficacious GBM therapeutics is urgently needed. Major challenges in advancing GBM chemotherapy include poor bioavailability, lack of tumor selectivity leading to undesired side effects, poor permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and extensive intratumoral heterogeneity. Methods: We have previously identified a small, soluble peptide (BTP-7) that is able to cross the BBB and target the human GBM extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we covalently attached BTP-7 to an insoluble anti-cancer drug, camptothecin (CPT). Results: We demonstrate that conjugation of BTP-7 to CPT improves drug solubility in aqueous solution, retains drug efficacy against patient-derived GBM stem cells (GSC), enhances BBB permeability, and enables therapeutic targeting to intracranial GBM, leading to higher toxicity in GBM cells compared to normal brain tissues, and ultimately prolongs survival in mice bearing intracranial patient-derived GBM xenograft. Conclusion: BTP-7 is a new modality that opens the door to possibilities for GBM-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi-Fong Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.S.); (P.Z.); (N.v.S.); (S.E.L.)
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Charlotte E. Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.E.F.); (C.M.F.); (A.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Colin M. Fadzen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.E.F.); (C.M.F.); (A.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Benjamin Scott
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.S.); (P.Z.); (N.v.S.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.S.); (P.Z.); (N.v.S.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Niklas von Spreckelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.S.); (P.Z.); (N.v.S.); (S.E.L.)
- Department of General Neurosurgery, Centre of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.E.F.); (C.M.F.); (A.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.E.F.); (C.M.F.); (A.L.); (N.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.E.F.); (C.M.F.); (A.L.); (N.H.)
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.S.); (P.Z.); (N.v.S.); (S.E.L.)
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Murali M, Kumar AR, Nair B, Pavithran K, Devan AR, Pradeep GK, Nath LR. Antibody-drug conjugate as targeted therapeutics against hepatocellular carcinoma: preclinical studies and clinical relevance. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:407-431. [PMID: 34595736 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is an advanced chemotherapeutic option with immense promises in treating many tumor. They are designed to selectively attack and kill neoplastic cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. ADCs are complex engineered immunoconjugates that comprise a monoclonal antibody for site-directed delivery and cytotoxic payload for targeted destruction of malignant cells. Therefore, it enables the reduction of off-target toxicities and enhances the therapeutic index of the drug. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a solid tumor that shows high heterogeneity of molecular phenotypes and is considered the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Studies show enormous potential for ADCs targeting GPC3 and CD24 and other tumor-associated antigens in HCC with their high, selective expression and show potential outputs in preclinical evaluations. The review mainly highlights the preclinical evaluation of different antigen-targeted ADCs such as MetFab-DOX, Anti-c-Met IgG-OXA, Anti CD 24, ANC-HN-01, G7mab-DOX, hYP7-DCand hYP7-PC, Anti-CD147 ILs-DOX and AC133-vcMMAF against hepatocellular carcinoma and its future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - A R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - B Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - A R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - G K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - L R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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34
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Urothelial Carcinoma: A New Therapeutic Opportunity Moves from Bench to Bedside. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050803. [PMID: 35269424 PMCID: PMC8909578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved over the last decades in understanding the biology and mechanisms of tumor progression in urothelial carcinoma (UC). Although the therapeutic landscape has dramatically changed in recent years with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, advanced UC is still associated with rapidly progressing disease and poor survival. The increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis and molecular pathways underlying cancer development and progression is leading the introduction of target therapies, such as the recently approved FGFR inhibitor Erdafitinib, or the anti-nectin 4 antibody drug-conjugate Enfortumab vedotin. Antibody drug conjugates represent an innovative therapeutic approach that allows the combination of a tar get-specific monoclonal antibody covalently conjugated via a linker to a cytotoxic agent (payload). UC is a perfect candidate for this therapeutic approach since it is particularly enriched in antigen expression on its surface and each specific antigen can represent a potential therapeutic target. In this review we summarize the mechanism of action of ADCs, their applications in localized and metastatic UC, the main mechanisms of resistance, and future perspectives for their use in clinical practice.
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35
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Wang CK, Nelepcu I, Hui D, Oo HZ, Truong S, Zhao S, Tahiry Z, Esfandnia S, Ghaidi F, Adomat H, Dagil R, Gustavsson T, Choudhary S, Salanti A, Sorensen PH, Al Nakouzi N, Daugaard M. Internalization and trafficking of CSPG-bound recombinant VAR2CSA lectins in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3075. [PMID: 35197518 PMCID: PMC8866492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are proteins that are modified with glycosaminoglycan chains. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are currently being exploited as targets for drug-delivery in various cancer indications, however basic knowledge on how CSPGs are internalized in tumor cells is lacking. In this study we took advantage of a recombinant CSPG-binding lectin VAR2CSA (rVAR2) to track internalization and cell fate of CSPGs in tumor cells. We found that rVAR2 is internalized into cancer cells via multiple internalization mechanisms after initial docking on cell surface CSPGs. Regardless of the internalization pathway used, CSPG-bound rVAR2 was trafficked to the early endosomes in an energy-dependent manner but not further transported to the lysosomal compartment. Instead, internalized CSPG-bound rVAR2 proteins were secreted with exosomes to the extracellular environment in a strictly chondroitin sulfate-dependent manner. In summary, our work describes the cell fate of rVAR2 proteins in tumor cells after initial binding to CSPGs, which can be further used to inform development of rVAR2-drug conjugates and other therapeutics targeting CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kedong Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Irina Nelepcu
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Desmond Hui
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Truong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Zhao
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zakir Tahiry
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert Dagil
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,VAR2 Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,VAR2 Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,VAR2 Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,VAR2 Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nader Al Nakouzi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,VAR2 Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,VAR2 Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Xu J, Li X, Du Y. Antibody-Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonist Conjugates: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101065. [PMID: 35122418 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are composed of monoclonal antibodies linked to cytotoxic payload drugs, each of which can be diversely designed in accordance with pharmacological and clinical requirements. The use of ADCs is effective for the treatment of different diseases, including cancers, and is gaining widespread attention. To date, 12 ADCs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating cancer and improving the quality of life of patients. To expand the application of ADCs and improve their treatment efficiency, various formats have recently been manufactured, including pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonist-based ADCs. The antibody has a unique structure that enables the specific delivery of PRR agonists to the tumor area, and this improves the therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review briefly discusses the current landscape and future perspectives of antibody-PRR agonist conjugates for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Beijing Kawin Technology Share-Holding Co., Ltd, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Díaz-Rodríguez E, Gandullo-Sánchez L, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. Novel ADCs and Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Anti-HER2 ADCs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:154. [PMID: 35008318 PMCID: PMC8750930 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent years, a number of new compounds against HER2 have reached clinics, improving the prognosis and quality of life of HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Nonetheless, resistance to standard-of-care drugs has motivated the development of novel agents, such as new antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The latter are a group of drugs that benefit from the potency of cytotoxic agents whose action is specifically guided to the tumor by the target-specific antibody. Two anti-HER2 ADCs have reached the clinic: trastuzumab-emtansine and, more recently, trastuzumab-deruxtecan. In addition, several other HER2-targeted ADCs are in preclinical or clinical development, some of them with promising signs of activity. In the present review, the structure, mechanism of action, and potential resistance to all these ADCs will be described. Specific attention will be given to discussing novel strategies to circumvent resistance to ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (E.D.-R.); (L.G.-S.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Gandullo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (E.D.-R.); (L.G.-S.)
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (E.D.-R.); (L.G.-S.)
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Liu L, Xie F, Xiao D, Xu X, Su Z, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Synthesis and evaluation of highly releasable and structurally stable antibody-SN-38-conjugates. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2603-2617. [PMID: 34894942 PMCID: PMC8676668 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2008053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecins, traditional chemotherapy drugs, have been clinically used in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which refreshes the recognition that ADCs preferably incorporate highly potent payloads. However, SN-38, active metabolite of irinotecan from camptothecins, tended to be incorporated into ADCs with an unstable acid sensitive bond, not with the widely used Cathepsin B (CTSB) sensitive bond, which may pose the risk of off-target. Herein, we reported a novel strategy to construct highly releasable and structurally stable SN-38-conjugates, in which CTSB linkers directly connected to the 10-OH group through ether bond, not to the common 20-OH group of lactones of SN-38. In this paper, rapid release of SN-38 was skillfully demonstrated by utilizing the fluorescence properties of SN-38. The SN-38-ether-ADC displayed highly stable serum stability with the half-life over 10 days. Moreover, the drug-antibody-ratio (DAR) of ADC could be elevated to 7.1 through the introduction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties without aggregation. The optimized ADC exhibited potent in vitro activities up to 5.5 nM, comparable to SN-38. Moreover, this ADC group significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, the novel strategy has the potential to promote the development of SN38-ADCs and enrich the conjugation approaches for hydroxyl-bearing payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Su
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Bussing D, Li Z, Li Y, Chang HP, Chang HY, Guo L, Verma A, Shah DK. Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibody and Antibody Fragments in the Mouse Eye Following Systemic Administration. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:116. [PMID: 34750690 PMCID: PMC8575492 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ocular pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibody-based therapies are infrequently studied in mice due to the technical difficulties in working with the small murine eye. This study is the first of its kind to quantitatively measure the PK of variously sized proteins in the plasma, cornea/ICB, vitreous humor, retina, and posterior cup (including choroid) of the mouse and to evaluate the relationship between molecular weight (MW) and antibody biodistribution coefficient (BC) to the eye. Proteins analyzed include trastuzumab (150 kDa), trastuzumab-vc-MMAE (T-vc-MMAE, 155 kDa), F(ab)2 (100 kDa), Fab (50 kDa), and scFv (27 kDa). As expected, ocular PK mirrored the systemic PK as plasma was the driving force for ocular exposure. For trastuzumab, T-vc-MMAE, F(ab)2, Fab, and scFv, respectively, the BCs in the cornea/ICB were 0.610%, 0.475%, 1.74%, 3.39%, and 13.7%; the BCs in the vitreous humor were 0.0198%, 0.0427%, 0.0934%, 0.234%, and 5.56%; the BCs for the retina were 0.539%, 0.230%, 0.704%, 2.44%, and 20.4%; the BCs for the posterior cup were 0.557%, 0.650%, 1.47%, 4.06%, and 13.9%. The relationship between BC and MW was best characterized by a log–log regression in which BC decreased as MW increased, with every doubling in MW leading to a decrease in BC by a factor of 3.44 × , 6.76 × , 4.74 × , and 3.43 × in cornea/ICB, vitreous humor, retina, and posterior cup, respectively. In analyzing the disposition of protein therapeutics to the eye, these findings enhance our understanding of the potential for ocular toxicity of systemically administered protein therapeutics and may aid in the discovery of systemically administered protein therapeutics for ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bussing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Yingyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Hsuan-Ping Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Hsueh-Yuan Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Leiming Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Ashwni Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA.
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Schueffl H, Theiner S, Hermann G, Mayr J, Fronik P, Groza D, van Schonhooven S, Galvez L, Sommerfeld NS, Schintlmeister A, Reipert S, Wagner M, Mader RM, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK, Berger W, Kowol CR, Legin A, Heffeter P. Albumin-targeting of an oxaliplatin-releasing platinum(iv) prodrug results in pronounced anticancer activity due to endocytotic drug uptake in vivo. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12587-12599. [PMID: 34703544 PMCID: PMC8494022 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a very potent platinum(ii) drug which is frequently used in poly-chemotherapy schemes against advanced colorectal cancer. However, its benefit is limited by severe adverse effects as well as resistance development. Based on their higher tolerability, platinum(iv) prodrugs came into focus of interest. However, comparable to their platinum(ii) counterparts they lack tumor specificity and are frequently prematurely activated in the blood circulation. With the aim to exploit the enhanced albumin consumption and accumulation in the malignant tissue, we have recently developed a new albumin-targeted prodrug, which supposed to release oxaliplatin in a highly tumor-specific manner. In more detail, we designed a platinum(iv) complex containing two maleimide moieties in the axial position (KP2156), which allows selective binding to the cysteine 34. In the present study, diverse cell biological and analytical tools such as laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), isotope labeling, and nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) were employed to better understand the in vivo distribution and activation process of KP2156 (in comparison to free oxaliplatin and a non-albumin-binding succinimide analogue). KP2156 forms very stable albumin adducts in the bloodstream resulting in a superior pharmacological profile, such as distinctly prolonged terminal excretion half-life and enhanced effective platinum dose (measured by ICP-MS). The albumin-bound drug is accumulating in the malignant tissue, where it enters the cancer cells via clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis, and is activated by reduction to release oxaliplatin. This results in profound, long-lasting anticancer activity of KP2156 against CT26 colon cancer tumors in vivo based on cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Summarizing, albumin-binding of platinum(iv) complexes potently enhances the efficacy of oxaliplatin therapy and should be further developed towards clinical phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemma Schueffl
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-40160-957555 +43-1-40160-57594
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 38 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Gerrit Hermann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 38 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Josef Mayr
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 42 A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-4277-852601 +43-1-4277-9526 +43-1-4277-52610 +43-1-4277-52611
| | - Philipp Fronik
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 42 A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-4277-852601 +43-1-4277-9526 +43-1-4277-52610 +43-1-4277-52611
| | - Diana Groza
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-40160-957555 +43-1-40160-57594
| | - Sushilla van Schonhooven
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-40160-957555 +43-1-40160-57594
| | - Luis Galvez
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 38 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Nadine S Sommerfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 42 A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-4277-852601 +43-1-4277-9526 +43-1-4277-52610 +43-1-4277-52611
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology and Large-Instrument Facility for Environmental and Isotope Mass Spectrometry, University of Vienna Djerassiplatz 1 A-1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, University Biology Building (UBB) Djerassiplatz 1 A-1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology and Large-Instrument Facility for Environmental and Isotope Mass Spectrometry, University of Vienna Djerassiplatz 1 A-1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Robert M Mader
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18-20 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 38 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 42 A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-4277-852601 +43-1-4277-9526 +43-1-4277-52610 +43-1-4277-52611
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-40160-957555 +43-1-40160-57594
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18-20 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 42 A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-4277-852601 +43-1-4277-9526 +43-1-4277-52610 +43-1-4277-52611
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18-20 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Anton Legin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Str. 42 A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-4277-852601 +43-1-4277-9526 +43-1-4277-52610 +43-1-4277-52611
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a A-1090 Vienna Austria +43-1-40160-957555 +43-1-40160-57594
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18-20 1090 Vienna Austria
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Shin C, Kim SS, Jo YH. Extending traditional antibody therapies: Novel discoveries in immunotherapy and clinical applications. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:166-179. [PMID: 34514097 PMCID: PMC8416972 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been well regarded as one of the safer and antigen-specific anti-cancer treatments compared to first-generation chemotherapy. Since Coley's discovery, researchers focused on engineering novel antibody-based therapies. Including artificial and modified antibodies, such as antibody fragments, antibody-drug conjugates, and synthetic mimetics, the variety of immunotherapy has been rapidly expanding in the last few decades. Genetic and chemical modifications to monoclonal antibody have been brought into academia, in vivo trials, and clinical applications. Here, we have looked around antibodies overall. First, we elucidate the antibody structure and its cytotoxicity mechanisms. Second, types of therapeutic antibodies are presented. Additionally, there is a summarized list of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic antibodies and recent clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both the general function of therapeutic antibodies and a few main variations in development, including recent advent with the proposed mechanism of actions, and we introduce types of therapeutic antibodies, clinical trials, and approved commercial immunotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Shin
- Chadwick International, Incheon 22002, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Javaid F, Pilotti C, Camilli C, Kallenberg D, Bahou C, Blackburn J, R Baker J, Greenwood J, Moss SE, Chudasama V. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) as a novel ADC target. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1206-1220. [PMID: 34458833 PMCID: PMC8341842 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is present abundantly in the microenvironment of many tumours where it contributes to vascular dysfunction, which impedes the delivery of therapeutics. In this work we demonstrate that LRG1 is predominantly a non-internalising protein. We report the development of a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the anti-LRG1 hinge-stabilised IgG4 monoclonal antibody Magacizumab coupled to the anti-mitotic payload monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a cleavable dipeptide linker using the site-selective disulfide rebridging dibromopyridazinedione (diBrPD) scaffold. It is demonstrated that this ADC retains binding post-modification, is stable in serum and effective in in vitro cell studies. We show that the extracellular LRG1-targeting ADC provides an increase in survival in vivo when compared against antibody alone and similar anti-tumour activity when compared against standard chemotherapy, but without undesired side-effects. LRG1 targeting through this ADC presents a novel and effective proof-of-concept en route to improving the efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Javaid
- UCL Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Camilla Pilotti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Carlotta Camilli
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - David Kallenberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Calise Bahou
- UCL Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Jack Blackburn
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - James R Baker
- UCL Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - John Greenwood
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology 11-43 Bath Street London EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- UCL Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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Hammood M, Craig AW, Leyton JV. Impact of Endocytosis Mechanisms for the Receptors Targeted by the Currently Approved Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)-A Necessity for Future ADC Research and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070674. [PMID: 34358100 PMCID: PMC8308841 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically-based therapies increasingly rely on the endocytic cycle of internalization and exocytosis of target receptors for cancer therapies. However, receptor trafficking pathways (endosomal sorting (recycling, lysosome localization) and lateral membrane movement) are often dysfunctional in cancer. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revitalized the concept of targeted chemotherapy by coupling inhibitory antibodies to cytotoxic payloads. Significant advances in ADC technology and format, and target biology have hastened the FDA approval of nine ADCs (four since 2019). Although the links between aberrant endocytic machinery and cancer are emerging, the impact of dysregulated internalization processes of ADC targets and response rates or resistance have not been well studied. This is despite the reliance on ADC uptake and trafficking to lysosomes for linker cleavage and payload release. In this review, we describe what is known about all the target antigens for the currently approved ADCs. Specifically, internalization efficiency and relevant intracellular sorting activities are described for each receptor under normal processes, and when complexed to an ADC. In addition, we discuss aberrant endocytic processes that have been directly linked to preclinical ADC resistance mechanisms. The implications of endocytosis in regard to therapeutic effectiveness in the clinic are also described. Unexpectedly, information on endocytosis is scarce (absent for two receptors). Moreover, much of what is known about endocytosis is not in the context of receptor-ADC/antibody complexes. This review provides a deeper understanding of the pertinent principles of receptor endocytosis for the currently approved ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Hammood
- Departément de Medécine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Medécine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Andrew W. Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Jeffrey V. Leyton
- Departément de Medécine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Medécine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre d’Imagerie Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche, CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-346-1110
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Single Domain Antibodies as Carriers for Intracellular Drug Delivery: A Proof of Principle Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070927. [PMID: 34206656 PMCID: PMC8301836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are currently used for the targeted delivery of drugs to diseased cells, but intracellular drug delivery and therefore efficacy may be suboptimal because of the large size, slow internalization and ineffective intracellular trafficking of the antibody. Using a phage display method selecting internalizing phages only, we developed internalizing single domain antibodies (sdAbs) with high binding affinity to rat PDGFRβ, a receptor involved in different types of diseases. We demonstrate that these constructs have different characteristics with respect to internalization rates but all traffic to lysosomes. To compare their efficacy in targeted drug delivery, we conjugated the sdAbs to a cytotoxic drug. The conjugates showed improved cytotoxicity correlating to their internalization speed. The efficacy of the conjugates was inhibited in the presence of vacuolin-1, an inhibitor of lysosomal maturation, suggesting lysosomal trafficking is needed for efficient drug release. In conclusion, sdAb constructs with different internalization rates can be designed against the same target, and sdAbs with a high internalization rate induce more cell killing than sdAbs with a lower internalization rate in vitro. Even though the overall efficacy should also be tested in vivo, sdAbs are particularly interesting formats to be explored to obtain different internalization rates.
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Sheng Q, D'Alessio JA, Menezes DL, Karim C, Tang Y, Tam A, Clark S, Ying C, Connor A, Mansfield KG, Rondeau JM, Ghoddusi M, Geyer FC, Gu J, McLaughlin ME, Newcombe R, Elliot G, Tschantz WR, Lehmann S, Fanton CP, Miller K, Huber T, Rendahl KG, Jeffry U, Pryer NK, Lees E, Kwon P, Abraham JA, Damiano JS, Abrams TJ. PCA062, a P-cadherin Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate, Displays Potent Antitumor Activity Against P-cadherin-expressing Malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1270-1282. [PMID: 33879555 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein P-cadherin is highly expressed in a number of malignancies, including those arising in the epithelium of the bladder, breast, esophagus, lung, and upper aerodigestive system. PCA062 is a P-cadherin specific antibody-drug conjugate that utilizes the clinically validated SMCC-DM1 linker payload to mediate potent cytotoxicity in cell lines expressing high levels of P-cadherin in vitro, while displaying no specific activity in P-cadherin-negative cell lines. High cell surface P-cadherin is necessary, but not sufficient, to mediate PCA062 cytotoxicity. In vivo, PCA062 demonstrated high serum stability and a potent ability to induce mitotic arrest. In addition, PCA062 was efficacious in clinically relevant models of P-cadherin-expressing cancers, including breast, esophageal, and head and neck. Preclinical non-human primate toxicology studies demonstrated a favorable safety profile that supports clinical development. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal that expression of the multidrug-resistant gene ABCC1 and the lysosomal transporter SLC46A3 differentially impact tumor cell sensitivity to PCA062. The preclinical data presented here suggest that PCA062 may have clinical value for treating patients with multiple cancer types including basal-like breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sheng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Daniel L Menezes
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Karim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Tang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Tam
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanna Clark
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chi Ying
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anu Connor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Keith G Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Majid Ghoddusi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Felipe C Geyer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Gu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rick Newcombe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - GiNell Elliot
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sylvie Lehmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christie P Fanton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathy Miller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Huber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ursula Jeffry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy K Pryer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Kwon
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Judith A Abraham
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jason S Damiano
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tinya J Abrams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Bussing D, Sharma S, Li Z, Meyer LF, Shah DK. Quantitative Evaluation of the Effect of Antigen Expression Level on Antibody-Drug Conjugate Exposure in Solid Tumor. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:56. [PMID: 33856579 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) rely on high expression of target antigens on cancer cells to effectively enter the cell and release a cytotoxic payload. Previous studies have shown that ADC efficacy is not always tied to antigen expression. However, our recent in vitro study suggests a linear relationship between antigen expression and the intracellular levels of the ADC payload. In this study, we have explored the relationship between antigen expression and intratumoral ADC exposure in vivo. Using trastuzumab-vc-MMAE (T-vc-MMAE) and four cell lines with varying expression of human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the pharmacokinetics of total trastuzumab, released ("free") MMAE, and total MMAE were evaluated in a tumor xenograft model. Nude mice were implanted with tumors originating from BT-474, MDA-MB-453, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-468 cell lines and dosed with 10 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg of ADC. Observed data were mathematically characterized using a mechanism-based PK model. A strong positive correlation was observed between antigen expression levels and free/total MMAE exposure (R2 ≥ 0.91) (total MMAE being the sum of released and conjugated MMAE) within the tumor, but not for total trastuzumab exposure. The PK model was able to recapitulate plasma PK through simulation; however, the tumor PK was overpredicted or underpredicted in some cases potentially due to differences in tumor vasculature or extracellular matrix conditions. Our results indicate a linear relationship between antigen expression and tumor exposure of free/total ADC payload in vivo, validating our previous finding in vitro, while also revealing the need to understand complex physiology of the tumor to predict tumor PK of ADC and its components. Our findings also support the concept of antigen expression screening in patients for targeted therapies like ADCs to achieve the maximum therapeutic benefit of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bussing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sharad Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA. .,NBE-PK, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, 900 Ridgebury Rd., P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877-0368, USA.
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lyndsey F Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Heath EI, Rosenberg JE. The biology and rationale of targeting nectin-4 in urothelial carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:93-103. [PMID: 33239713 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer type worldwide. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer and accounts for 90% of bladder cancer cases in the USA and Europe. Novel approaches are needed to improve patient outcomes. Nectin-4 is a tumour-associated antigen found on the surface of most urothelial carcinoma cells. In the antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin, human anti-nectin-4 antibody is linked to the cytotoxic microtubule-disrupting agent monomethyl auristatin E. In ongoing phase I, II and III clinical trials, enfortumab vedotin has been evaluated as a monotherapy and in combination with a checkpoint inhibitor and/or chemotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Encouraging data from the phase II study resulted in the FDA granting accelerated approval for enfortumab vedotin in December 2019 for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who were previously treated with platinum and a checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Moreover, data from a phase I study led to the FDA granting breakthrough therapy designation to enfortumab vedotin combined with pembrolizumab as a first-line treatment in February 2020 for cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Results of ongoing and future combination studies of enfortumab vedotin with immunotherapy and other novel agents are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth I Heath
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Lingasamy P, Laarmann AH, Teesalu T. Tumor Penetrating Peptide-Functionalized Tenascin-C Antibody for Glioblastoma Targeting. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:70-79. [PMID: 33001014 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201001112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugation to clinical-grade tumor penetrating iRGD peptide is a widely used strategy to improve tumor homing, extravasation, and penetration of cancer drugs and tumor imaging agents. The C domain of the extracellular matrix molecule Tenascin-C (TNC-C) is upregulated in solid tumors and represents an attractive target for clinical-grade single-chain antibody- based vehicles for tumor delivery drugs and imaging agents. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of C-terminal genetic fusion of the iRGD peptide to recombinant anti- TNC-C single-chain antibody clone G11 on systemic tumor homing and extravasation. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to study the interaction of parental and iRGD-fused anti-TNC-C single-chain antibodies with C domain of tenascin-C and αVβ3 integrins. For systemic homing studies, fluorescein-labeled ScFV G11-iRGD and ScFV G11 antibodies were administered in U87-MG glioblastoma xenograft mice, and their biodistribution was studied by confocal imaging of tissue sections stained with markers of blood vessels and Tenascin C immunoreactivity. RESULTS In a cell-free system, iRGD fusion to ScFV G11 conferred the antibody has a robust ability to bind αVβ3 integrins. The fluorescein labeling of ScFV G11-iRGD did not affect its target binding activity. In U87-MG mice, iRGD fusion to ScFV G11 antibodies improved their homing to tumor blood vessels, extravasation, and penetration of tumor parenchyma. CONCLUSION The genetic fusion of iRGD tumor penetrating peptide to non-internalizing affinity targeting ligands may improve their tumor tropism and parenchymal penetration for more efficient delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents into solid tumor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Lingasamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anett-Hildegard Laarmann
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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EGFR targeting for cancer therapy: Pharmacology and immunoconjugates with drugs and nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 592:120082. [PMID: 33188892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the tyrosine kinase receptors family and is present in the epithelial cell membrane. Its endogenous activation occurs through the binding of different endogenous ligands, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF), leading to signaling cascades able to maintain normal cellular functions. Although involved in the development and maintenance of tissues in normal conditions, when EGFR is overexpressed, it stimulates the growth and progression of tumors, resulting in angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, through some main cascades such as Ras/Raf/MAPK, PIK-3/AKT, PLC-PKC and STAT. Besides, considering the limitations of conventional chemotherapy that result in high toxicity and low tumor specificity, EGFR is currently considered an important target. As a result, several monoclonal antibodies are currently approved for use in cancer treatment, such as cetuximab (CTX), panitumumab, nimotuzumab, necitumumab and others are in clinical trials. Aiming to combine the chemotherapeutic agent toxicity and specific targeting to EGFR overexpressing tumor tissues, two main strategies will be discussed in this review: antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and antibody-nanoparticle conjugates (ANCs). Briefly, ADCs consist of antibodies covalently linked through a spacer to the cytotoxic drug. Upon administration, binding to EGFR and endocytosis, ADCs suffer chemical and enzymatic reactions leading to the release and accumulation of the drug. Instead, ANCs consist of nanotechnology-based formulations, such as lipid, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles able to protect the drug against inactivation, allowing controlled release and also passive accumulation in tumor tissues by the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR). Furthermore, ANCs undergo active targeting through EGFR receptor-mediated endocytosis, leading to the formation of lysosomes and drug release into the cytosol. Herein, we will present and discuss some important aspects regarding EGFR structure, its role on internal signaling pathways and downregulation aspects. Then, considering that EGFR is a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy, the monoclonal antibodies able to target this receptor will be presented and discussed. Finally, ADCs and ANCs state of the art will be reviewed and recent studies and clinical progresses will be highlighted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review paper to address specifically the EGFR target and its application on ADCs and ANCs.
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