1
|
Bellini C, Mancin F, Papini E, Tavano R. Nanotechnological Approaches to Enhance the Potential of α-Lipoic Acid for Application in the Clinic. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:706. [PMID: 38929145 PMCID: PMC11201002 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
α-lipoic acid is a naturally occurring compound with potent antioxidant properties that helps protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress. Its incorporation into nanoplatforms can affect factors like bioavailability, stability, reactivity, and targeted delivery. Nanoformulations of α-lipoic acid can significantly enhance its solubility and absorption, making it more bioavailable. While α-lipoic acid can be prone to degradation in its free form, encapsulation within nanoparticles ensures its stability over time, and its release in a controlled and sustained manner to the targeted tissues and cells. In addition, α-lipoic acid can be combined with other compounds, such as other antioxidants, drugs, or nanomaterials, to create synergistic effects that enhance their overall therapeutic benefits or hinder their potential cytotoxicity. This review outlines the advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of α-lipoic acid, as well as various nanotechnological approaches employed to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness, whether alone or in combination with other bioactive agents. Furthermore, it describes the engineering of α-lipoic acid to produce poly(α-lipoic acid) nanoparticles, which hold promise as an effective drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Papini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Regina Tavano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu Y, Xu J, Li H, Lv J, Zhang Y, Niu R, Wang J, Zhao Y, Sun Z. α-Lipoic acid improves mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics by enhancing antioxidant and inhibiting Wnt/Ca 2+ pathway to relieve fluoride-induced hepatotoxic injury. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110719. [PMID: 37739047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F), widely present in water and food, poses a serious threat to liver health, and oxidative damage and mitochondrial damage are its main causes. As a natural mitochondrial protector and antioxidant, α-lipoic acid (ALA)'s alleviating effect on fluorosis liver injury and its underlying mechanism are still unclear. Therefore, this study established a fluorosis ALA intervention mice model to explore the mechanism of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and Wnt/Ca2+ pathway in ALA attenuating fluorosis liver injury. The results showed that ALA mitigated F-induced weight loss, hepatic structural and functional damage, hepatocytes mitochondrial damage, and decreased antioxidant levels. However, ALA did not reduce F accumulation in the femur. Further mRNA and protein detection results showed that F increased the expression levels of key genes in the mitochondrial fission (Drp1, Mff, and Fis1), mitophagy (Parkin, Pink1, and Prdx3), Wnt/Ca2+ pathway (Wnt5a and CaMK2), and rised the number and intensity of fluorescent spots of Drp1, but decreased the expression levels of key genes in the mitochondrial biogenesis (Sirt1, Sirt3, and PGC-1α) and fusion (OPA1, Mfn2, and Mfn1), and reduced the number and intensity of fluorescent spots of PGC-1α in the liver. However, the intervention of ALA relieved the F-induced changes in the expressions of the above genes. In conclusion, ALA mitigated F-induced hepatic injury through enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting Wnt/Ca2+ pathway to improve mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics disturbance. This study further reveals the hepatotoxic mechanism of F and the protective mechanism of ALA, and provides a theoretical basis for ALA as a potential preventive and palliative agent for F-induced hepatotoxic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanghuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jipeng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jia Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Yangfei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
| | - Zilong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
α-Lipoic Acid Strengthens the Antioxidant Barrier and Reduces Oxidative, Nitrosative, and Glycative Damage, as well as Inhibits Inflammation and Apoptosis in the Hypothalamus but Not in the Cerebral Cortex of Insulin-Resistant Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7450514. [PMID: 35391928 PMCID: PMC8983239 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7450514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The research determined the role of α-lipoic acid (ALA) in reducing the brain manifestations of insulin resistance. The mechanism of ALA action is mainly based on its ability to “scavenge” oxygen free radicals and stimulate biosynthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH), considered the most critical brain antioxidant. Although the protective effect of ALA is widely documented in various diseases, there are still no studies assessing the influence of ALA on brain metabolism in the context of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet for ten weeks with intragastric administration of ALA for four weeks. We are the first to demonstrate that ALA improves the function of enzymatic and nonenzymatic brain antioxidant systems, but the protective effects of ALA were mainly observed in the hypothalamus of insulin-resistant rats. Indeed, ALA caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, as well as GSH concentration and redox potential ([GSH]2/[GSSG]) in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed rats. A consequence of antioxidant barrier enhancement by ALA is the reduction of oxidation, glycation, and nitration of brain proteins, lipids, and DNA. The protective effects of ALA result from hypothalamic activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB. In the hypothalamus of insulin-resistant rats, we demonstrated reduced levels of oxidation (AOPP) and glycation (AGE) protein products, 4-hydroxynoneal, 8-isoprostanes, and 3-nitrotyrosine and, in the cerebral cortex, lower levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and peroxynitrite. In addition, we demonstrated that ALA decreases levels of proinflammatory TNF-α but also increases the synthesis of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the hypothalamus of insulin-resistant rats. ALA also prevents neuronal apoptosis, confirming its multidirectional effects within the brain. Interestingly, we have shown no correlation between brain and serum/plasma oxidative stress biomarkers, indicating the different nature of redox imbalance at the central and systemic levels. To summarize, ALA improves antioxidant balance and diminishes oxidative/glycative stress, protein nitrosative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis, mainly in the hypothalamus of insulin-resistant rats. Further studies are needed to determine the molecular mechanism of ALA action within the brain.
Collapse
|
4
|
Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Preti PS, Maffioli P. Evaluation of the Effect on Sexual Performance of a Nutraceutical Combination Containing Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitis vinifera L. and Ginkgo biloba, Compared to Placebo, Avanafil or a Combination of Nutraceutical Plus Avanafil in Males With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Erectile Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:847240. [PMID: 35464055 PMCID: PMC9022207 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.847240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate if therapy with a nutraceutical combination of alpha lipoic acid, Vitis vinifera L. and Ginkgo biloba (Blunorm forte®) can be helpful and be synergic with Avanafil. METHODS The trial included 123 males with type 2 diabetic mellitus and with erectile dysfunction (ED), aged ≥18 years. Patients were divided in four different arms: 1st arm: placebo during the three months of treatment and before sexual act; 2nd arm: placebo for three months and Avanafil: 1 tablet, 200 mg, 15-30 minutes before sexual act; 3rd arm: Blunorm forte: 1 tablet, 40 minutes before the meal (breakfast) during the three months and Avanafil: 1 tablet, 200 mg, 15-30 minutes before sexual act; 4th arm: Blunorm forte: 1 tablet, 40 minutes before the meal (breakfast and dinner) during the three months and placebo 15-30 minutes before sexual act. RESULTS A significant reduction of fasting plasma glucose, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index were recorded both in Avanafil + Blunorm forte and with Blunorm forte. Metalloproteinases-2, and -9 were reduced in the Avanafil + Blunorm forte group. High sensitivity-C-reactive protein was decreased by both Avanafil, and Avanafil + Blunorm forte group. No variations were recorded with the other treatments. The group treated with Blunorm forte and Avanafil reached a higher International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score after 3 months of therapy compared to baseline and placebo and compared to Avanafil and Blunorm forte taken alone. CONCLUSION Blunorm forte® can be helpful and synergic with Avanafil in increasing sexual performance compared to placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Derosa
- Centre of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Derosa,
| | - Angela D’Angelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Stefania Preti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Centre of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Esposito C, Ugo Garzarella E, Santarcangelo C, Di Minno A, Dacrema M, Sacchi R, Piccinocchi G, Piccinocchi R, Daglia M. Safety and efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid oral supplementation in the reduction of pain with unknown etiology: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112308. [PMID: 34649217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extensive evidence suggests that alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is effective in diabetic neuropathy pain management. However, little is known on its safety and efficacy in reducing idiopathic pain in normoglycemic subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate ALA food supplement safety and efficacy in the reduction of different forms of idiopathic pain. METHODS Two-hundred and ten normoglycemic adults suffering from idiopathic pain (i.e. 57 subjects with primitive neuropathic pain, 141 subjects with arthralgia with unknown etiology, and 12 subjects with idiopathic myalgia) were randomized to receive placebo, 400 mg/day, or 800 mg/day of ALA. Participants underwent two visits (at baseline = t0, and after 2 months = t1) in which two validated questionaries for pain (numerical rating scale [NRS] and visual analogue scale [VAS]) were collected; fasting blood glucose assessment, adverse effects, and renal and hepatic toxicity were also monitored. RESULTS At t1, none of subjects treated with ALA reported a decreased glycemia or adverse effects. The treated subjects showed a significant reduction in NRS (p < 0.001) while the placebo group did not show any NRS reduction (p = 0.86). Similar results were also obtained for VAS. Statistical analysis aimed at detecting possible differences in NRS and VAS scores among treatment groups based on the source of pain did not reveal any significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Since the management of idiopathic pain is challenging for physicians, the use of ALA food supplements could be a feasible option, based on its safety and efficacy compared to commonly-used analgesic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ugo Garzarella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Santarcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Dacrema
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistic Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Piccinocchi
- Comegen S.c.S., Società Cooperativa Sociale di Medici di Medicina Generale, Viale Maria Bakunin, 41, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Piccinocchi
- Level 1 Medical Director Anaesthesia and Resuscitation A. U. O. Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
An X, Liu L, Schaefer M, Yan B, Scholz C, Hillmer S, Wang K, Luo Y, Ji H, Gladkich J, Herr I. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Prevents Side Effects of Therapeutic Nanosilver without Compromising Cytotoxicity in Experimental Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4770. [PMID: 34638256 PMCID: PMC8507678 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted attention in cancer therapy and might support the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Silver is in clinical use in wound dressings, catheters, stents and implants. However, the side effects of systemic AgNP treatment due to silver accumulation limit its therapeutic application. We evaluated whether the antioxidant and natural agent α-lipoic acid might prevent these side effects. We synthesized AgNPs using an Ionic-Pulser® Pro silver generator and determined the concentration by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The effect of α-lipoic acid was examined in four PDAC and two nonmalignant cell lines by MTT, FACS analysis, TEM, xenotransplantation and immunohistochemistry. The viability of PDAC cells was nearly totally abolished by AgNP treatment, whereas nonmalignant cells largely resisted. α-Lipoic acid prevented AgNP-induced cytotoxicity in nonmalignant cells but not in PDAC cells, which might be due to the higher sensitivity of malignant cells to silver-induced cytotoxicity. α-Lipoic acid protected mitochondria from AgNP-induced damage and led to precipitation of AgNPs. AgNPs reduced the growth of tumor xenografts, and cotreatment with α-lipoic acid protected chick embryos from AgNP-induced liver damage. Together, α-lipoic acid strongly reduced AgNP-induced side effects without weakening the therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng An
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Li Liu
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Christian Scholz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Kangtao Wang
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Yiqiao Luo
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Huihui Ji
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Jury Gladkich
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Ingrid Herr
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, Molecular OncoSurgery, Section Surgical Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (X.A.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (B.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (H.J.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rochette L, Ghibu S. Mechanics Insights of Alpha-Lipoic Acid against Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7979. [PMID: 34360751 PMCID: PMC8348748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Since then, COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide and was declared a global pandemic on 20 March 2020. Cardiovascular complications are rapidly emerging as a major peril in COVID-19 in addition to respiratory disease. The mechanisms underlying the excessive effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on patients with cardiovascular comorbidities remain only partly understood. SARS-CoV-2 infection is caused by binding of the viral surface spike (S) protein to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), followed by the activation of the S protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). ACE2 is expressed in the lung (mainly in type II alveolar cells), heart, blood vessels, small intestine, etc., and appears to be the predominant portal to the cellular entry of the virus. Based on current information, most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus have a good prognosis, while a few patients reach critical condition, especially the elderly and those with chronic underlying diseases. The "cytokine storm" observed in patients with severe COVID-19 contributes to the destruction of the endothelium, leading to "acute respiratory distress syndrome" (ARDS), multiorgan failure, and death. At the origin of the general proinflammatory state may be the SARS-CoV-2-mediated redox status in endothelial cells via the upregulation of ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptors pathway or the increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production. Furthermore, this vicious circle between oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation induces endothelial dysfunction, endothelial senescence, high risk of thrombosis and coagulopathy. The microvascular dysfunction and the formation of microthrombi in a way differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 infection from the other respiratory diseases and bring it closer to cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction and stroke. Due the role played by OS in the evolution of viral infection and in the development of COVID-19 complications, the use of antioxidants as adjuvant therapy seems appropriate in this new pathology. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) could be a promising candidate that, through its wide tissue distribution and versatile antioxidant properties, interferes with several signaling pathways. Thus, ALA improves endothelial function by restoring the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and presents an anti-inflammatory effect dependent or independent of its antioxidant properties. By improving mitochondrial function, it can sustain the tissues' homeostasis in critical situation and by enhancing the reduced glutathione it could indirectly strengthen the immune system. This complex analysis could open a new therapeutic perspective for ALA in COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460), Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Steliana Ghibu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|