Immunoregulatory Effect of Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. Polysaccharide on T1DM Mice

Tangningtongluo Tablet ameliorates pancreatic damage in diabetic mice by inducing autophagy and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. Tangningtongluo Tablet (TNTL) is an inpatient formula extensively utilized to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), but the protective mechanism is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the relevant mechanisms by which TNTL affects pancreatic damage in diabetic mice and autophagy.

METHODS

The impact of TNTL on pancreatic damage in diabetic mice in vitro and in vivo was investigated via glucose and lipid metabolism analyses, HE staining, CCK-8, TUNEL staining, Annexin V/PI, and Western blotting. Molecular docking and Western blotting were used to verify the results of network pharmacological analysis, which was carried out to explore the mechanism by which TNTL affects DM. The autophagosome levels were visualized via RFP-GFP-LC3 and transmission electron microscopy, and lysosomal function was evaluated via Lysotracker red staining. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of the autophagy proteins LC3, p62 and LAMP2.

RESULTS

Compared with the model group, TNTL protected pancreas from oxidative stress, decreased the level of MDA, increased the levels of SOD and GSH-px, induced the occurrence of autophagy and decreased the levels of apoptotic factors. Moreover, TNTL inhibited the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR, increased the levels of LC3 and LAMP2 and decreased the level of p62, and the autophagy inhibitor CQ blocked the protective effect of TNTL on pancreatic damage in diabetic mice.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrated that TNTL ameliorated pancreatic damage in diabetic mice by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and regulating autophagy.

The roles of Th cells in myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious condition caused by the abrupt stoppage of blood flow to a part of the heart, leading to tissue damage. A significant aspect of this condition is reperfusion injury, which occurs when blood flow is restored but exacerbates the damage. This review first addresses the role of the innate immune system, including neutrophils and macrophages, in the cascade of events leading to myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury. It then shifts focus to the critical involvement of CD4+ T helper cells in these processes. These cells, pivotal in regulating the immune response and tissue recovery, include various subpopulations such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th22, each playing a unique role in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury. These subpopulations contribute to the injury process through diverse mechanisms, with cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4 influencing the balance between tissue repair and injury exacerbation. Understanding the interplay between the innate immune system and CD4+ T helper cells, along with their cytokines, is crucial for developing targeted therapies to mitigate myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury, ultimately improving outcomes for cardiac patients.

Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr polysaccharides ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating hepatic glycogen metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice

INTRODUCTION

Drug monotherapy was inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels and other comorbidities. An agent that selectively tunes multiple targets was regarded as a new therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes. Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr polysaccharide (ATMP) is a bio-macromolecule isolated from Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr and has therapeutic potential for diabetes management due to its anti-hyperglycemia activity.

METHODS

Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in mice using streptozotocin, and 40 and 80 mg/kg ATMP was administered daily via the intragastric route for 8 weeks. Food intake, water intake, and body weight were recorded. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS) and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed. Histological changes in the liver and pancreas were analyzed by H&E staining. The mRNA and the protein levels of key factors involved in glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis were measured by quantitative real time PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that ATMP could effectively improve glucose tolerance and alleviate insulin resistance by promoting insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion. In addition, ATMP decreases glycogen synthesis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling, reduces glycogenolysis via suppressing cAMP/PKA signaling, and suppresses liver gluconeogenesis by activating AMPK signaling.

CONCLUSION

Together, ATMP has the potential to be developed as a new multitargets therapeutics for type 2 diabetes.

Metformin treatment of juvenile mice alters aging-related developmental and metabolic phenotypes

Accumulating evidence suggests that the influence on developmental traits might have long-term effects on aging and health later in life. Metformin is a widely used drug for treating type 2 diabetes and is also used for delaying sexual maturation in girls with precocious puberty. The current report focuses on investigating the effects of metformin on development and metabolic traits. Heterogeneous mice (UM-HET3) were treated with i.p. metformin between the ages of 15 and 56 days. Our results show that body weight and food consumption were increased in both sexes, and sexual maturation was delayed in females. Tail length and circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were significantly increased in both sexes. No significant difference was found in insulin tolerance test, but glucose tolerance was significantly reduced in the males. Circulating adiponectin and insulin levels were altered by metformin treatment in a sex-specific manner. Analysis of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) suggests that metformin treatment increased insulin sensitivity in female pups, but had opposite effect in male pups. This study revealed that early life metformin treatment alters development and metabolism of mice in both sex-specific and non-specific manners. These effects of metformin may have long-term impacts on aging-related traits.