1
|
Liu R, Wang F, Luo X, Yang F, Gao J, Shen H, Zheng Z. The immunomodulatory of interleukin-33 in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110264. [PMID: 38825072 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints and surrounding soft tissues, characterized by chronic inflammation and proliferation of the synovium. Various immune cells are involved in the pathophysiology of RA. The complex interplay of factors such as chronic inflammation, genetic susceptibility, dysregulation of serum antibody levels, among others, contribute to the complexity of the disease mechanism, disease activity, and treatment of RA. Recently, the cytokine storm leading to increased disease activity in RA has gained significant attention. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, plays a crucial role in inflammation and immune regulation. ST2 (suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor), the receptor for IL-33, is widely expressed on the surface of various immune cells. When IL-33 binds to its receptor ST2, it activates downstream signaling pathways to exert immunoregulatory effects. In RA, IL-33 regulates the progression of the disease by modulating immune cells such as circulating monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, synovial fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, and others. We have summarized and analyzed these findings to elucidate the pathways through which IL-33 regulates RA. Furthermore, IL-33 has been detected in the synovium, serum, and synovial fluid of RA patients. Due to inconsistent research results, we conducted a meta-analysis on the association between serum IL-33, synovial fluid IL-33, and the risk of developing RA in patients. The pooled SMD was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.15-1.44), indicating that IL-33 promotes the onset and pathophysiological progression of RA. Therefore, IL-33 may serve as a biomarker for predicting the risk of developing RA and treatment outcomes. As existing drugs for RA still cannot address drug resistance in some patients, new therapeutic approaches are needed to alleviate the significant burden on RA patients and healthcare systems. In light of this, we analyzed the potential of targeting the IL-33/ST2-related signaling pathway to modulate immune cells associated with RA and alleviate inflammation. We also reviewed IL-33 and RA susceptibility-related single nucleotide polymorphisms, suggesting potential involvement of IL-33 and macrophage-related drug-resistant genes in RA resistance therapy. Our review elucidates the role of IL-33 in the pathophysiology of RA, offering new insights for the treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renli Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Fengfan Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Haomiao Shen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Yang G, Shen H, Liang Y, Dong H, Guo X, Hao Q, Wang J. Hybrids of selective COX-2 inhibitors and active derivatives of edaravone as COX-2 selective NSAIDs with free radical scavenging activity: Design, synthesis and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116155. [PMID: 38266553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Novel hybrids of selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) and active derivatives of free radical scavenger edaravone were designed to overcome the risk of cardiovascular events and stroke increased by NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in this study. All the hybrids were assayed for the COX-2 inhibitory and DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activities in vitro. Finally, we found a series of hybrids with good inhibitory activity and selectivity of COX-2 and excellent free radical scavenging activity in vitro. The most promising compound 6a (WYZ90) exhibited very potent COX-2 inhibitory activity (COX-2, IC50 = 75 nM), weak COX-1 inhibitory activity (COX-1, IC50 = 5734 nM), better free radical scavenging activity (DPPH, IC50 = 19.9 μM) than edaravone, moderate drug-likeness and ADME properties in silico, acceptable pharmacokinetic properties (T1/2 = 4.16 h, 10 mg/kg, o.p.) and oral bioavailability (F% = 36.03 %) in mice. In addition, compound WYZ90 showed similar analgesic activity to the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in acetic acid-induced mice and better antioxidant activity in Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver tissue homogenate than edaravone. In conclusion, this study provided a novel class of coxibs containing edaravone moiety as COX-2 selective NSAIDs with free radical scavenging activity and the candidate compound WYZ90 showed not only similar selective COX-2 inhibitory and analgesic activity to celecoxib but also better free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity than edaravone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huizhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haijuan Dong
- The Public Laboratory Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ximing Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingjing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong Y, Li X, Deng Q, Shi J, Feng Y, Bai L. Advances of the small molecule drugs regulating fibroblast-like synovial proliferation for rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1230293. [PMID: 37547337 PMCID: PMC10400780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease. In the pathological process of RA, the alteration of fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) and its related factors is the main influence in the clinic and fundamental research. In RA, FLS exhibits a uniquely aggressive phenotype, leading to synovial hyperplasia, destruction of the cartilage and bone, and a pro-inflammatory environment in the synovial tissue for perpetuation and progression. Evidently, it is a highly promising way to target the pathological function of FLS for new anti-RA drugs. Based on this, we summed up the pathological mechanism of RA-FLS and reviewed the recent progress of small molecule drugs, including the synthetic small molecule compounds and natural products targeting RA-FLS. In the end, there were some views for further action. Compared with MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has great potential for research as targets. A small number of synthetic small molecule compounds have entered the clinic to treat RA and are often used in combination with other drugs. Meanwhile, most natural products are currently in the experimental stage, not the clinical trial stage, such as triptolide. There is an urgent need to unremittingly develop new agents for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Tong
- Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qichuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|