1
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Yu H, Xu Y, Imani S, Zhao Z, Ullah S, Wang Q. Navigating ESKAPE Pathogens: Considerations and Caveats for Animal Infection Models Development. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38866389 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics has led to the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). These opportunistic bacteria pose a significant threat, in particular within hospitals, where they cause nosocomial infections, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. To comprehensively explore ESKAPE pathogenesis, virulence, host immune response, diagnostics, and therapeutics, researchers increasingly rely on necessitate suitable animal infection models. However, no single model can fully replicate all aspects of infectious diseases. Notably when studying opportunistic pathogens in immunocompetent hosts, rapid clearance by the host immune system can limit the expression of characteristic disease symptoms. In this study, we examine the critical role of animal infection models in understanding ESKAPE pathogens, addressing limitations and research gaps. We discuss applications and highlight key considerations for effective models. Thoughtful decisions on disease replication, parameter monitoring, and data collection are crucial for model reliability. By meticulously replicating human diseases and addressing limitations, researchers maximize the potential of animal infection models. This aids in targeted therapeutic development, bridges knowledge gaps, and helps combat MDR ESKAPE pathogens, safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
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2
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Gandasasmita N, Li J, Loane DJ, Semple BD. Experimental Models of Hospital-Acquired Infections After Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Opportunities. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:752-770. [PMID: 37885226 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients hospitalized after a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at increased risk of nosocomial infections, including bacterial pneumonia and other upper respiratory tract infections. Infections represent a secondary immune challenge for vulnerable TBI patients that can lead to increased morbidity and poorer long-term prognosis. This review first describes the clinical significance of infections after TBI, delving into the known mechanisms by which a TBI can alter systemic immunological responses towards an immunosuppressive state, leading to promotion of increased vulnerability to infections. Pulmonary dysfunction resulting from respiratory tract infections is considered in the context of neurotrauma, including the bidirectional relationship between the brain and lungs. Turning to pre-clinical modeling, current laboratory approaches to study experimental TBI and lung infections are reviewed, to highlight findings from the limited key studies to date that have incorporated both insults. Then, practical decisions for the experimental design of animal studies of post-injury infections are discussed. Variables associated with the host animal, the infectious agent (e.g., species, strain, dose, and administration route), as well as the timing of the infection relative to the injury model are important considerations for model development. Together, the purpose of this review is to highlight the significant clinical need for increased pre-clinical research into the two-hit insult of a hospital-acquired infection after TBI to encourage further scientific enquiry in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Cherkasova MN, Borovaya TG, Zhukhovitskii VG, Pukhalskaia VG. Results of Structural and Bacteriological Analysis of the Mouse Adrenal Glands in a Sepsis Model. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:67-71. [PMID: 35622248 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the results of histological and bacteriological analysis of the adrenal glands in two models of sepsis caused by intraperitoneal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains 1623 and 5266 to sexually mature male C57BL/6 mice. In both models, histological changes in the adrenal glands in the dynamics of sepsis consist in cell destruction and decrease in the absolute areas of the zona glomerulosa, columnar part of the zona fasciculata, and medulla, the development of venous congestion in the absence of pronounced signs of leukocytic infiltration. Most adrenocortical cells of the zona glomerulosa and chromaffin cells of the medulla show signs of destruction. The columnar part of the zona fasciculata loses normal architectonics, the cells undergo degeneration and apoptosis, a significant part of cells in the deep layers of the zona fasciculata remain intact, but do not show tinctorial and ultrastructural signs of steroidogenesis. The active growth of P. aeruginosa colonies from adrenal homogenates in both models already in the first hours after infection of animals makes it possible to associate the revealed structural changes in the adrenal glands with the direct negative effect of P. aeruginosa, and high levels of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines in the adrenal tissues raise the question of the possible synthesis of these modulators of inflammation in the adrenal parenchyma of septic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Cherkasova
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - T G Borovaya
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Zhukhovitskii
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Chemistry and Immunopathology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Pukhalskaia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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4
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Wu X, Jin S, Ding C, Wang Y, He D, Liu Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Therapy of Microbial Diseases: From Bench to Bed. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804813. [PMID: 35046923 PMCID: PMC8761948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial diseases are a global health threat, leading to tremendous casualties and economic losses. The strategy to treat microbial diseases falls into two broad categories: pathogen-directed therapy (PDT) and host-directed therapy (HDT). As the typical PDT, antibiotics or antiviral drugs directly attack bacteria or viruses through discerning specific molecules. However, drug abuse could result in antimicrobial resistance and increase infectious disease morbidity. Recently, the exosome therapy, as a HDT, has attracted extensive attentions for its potential in limiting infectious complications and targeted drug delivery. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) are the most broadly investigated. In this review, we mainly focus on the development and recent advances of the application of MSC-Exos on microbial diseases. The review starts with the difficulties and current strategies in antimicrobial treatments, followed by a comprehensive overview of exosomes in aspect of isolation, identification, contents, and applications. Then, the underlying mechanisms of the MSC-Exo therapy in microbial diseases are discussed in depth, mainly including immunomodulation, repression of excessive inflammation, and promotion of tissue regeneration. In addition, we highlight the latest progress in the clinical translation of the MSC-Exo therapy, by summarizing related clinical trials, routes of administration, and exosome modifications. This review will provide fundamental insights and future perspectives on MSC-Exo therapy in microbial diseases from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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5
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Su R, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang H, Luo Y, Chan HF, Tao Y, Chen Z, Li M. Nanomedicine to advance the treatment of bacteria-induced acute lung injury. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9100-9115. [PMID: 34672317 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01770e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with a high mortality rate due to the lack of an effective treatment. Patients often rely on supportive care such as low tidal volume ventilation to alleviate the symptoms. Nanomedicine has recently received much attention owing to its premium benefits of delivering drugs in a sustainable and controllable manner while minimizing the potential side effects. It can effectively improve the prognosis of bacteria-induced ALI through targeted delivery of drugs, regulation of multiple inflammatory pathways, and combating antibiotic resistance. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the pathogenesis of ALI and its potential therapeutics. In particular, the state-of-the-art nanomedicines for the treatment of bacteria-induced ALI are highlighted, including their administration routes, in vivo distribution, and clearance. Furthermore, the available bacteria-induced ALI animal models are also summarized. In the end, future perspectives of nanomedicine for ALI treatment are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Su
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, USA
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Haixia Wang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhuanggui Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China
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6
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Bohannon CD, Ende Z, Cao W, Mboko WP, Ranjan P, Kumar A, Mishina M, Amoah S, Gangappa S, Mittal SK, Lovell JF, García‐Sastre A, Pfeifer BA, Davidson BA, Knight P, Sambhara S. Influenza Virus Infects and Depletes Activated Adaptive Immune Responders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100693. [PMID: 34189857 PMCID: PMC8373117 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infections cause several million cases of severe respiratory illness, hospitalizations, and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. Secondary infections are a leading cause of influenza's high morbidity and mortality, and significantly factored into the severity of the 1918, 1968, and 2009 pandemics. Furthermore, there is an increased incidence of other respiratory infections even in vaccinated individuals during influenza season. Putative mechanisms responsible for vaccine failures against influenza as well as other respiratory infections during influenza season are investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used from influenza vaccinated individuals to assess antigen-specific responses to influenza, measles, and varicella. The observations made in humans to a mouse model to unravel the mechanism is confirmed and extended. Infection with influenza virus suppresses an ongoing adaptive response to vaccination against influenza as well as other respiratory pathogens, i.e., Adenovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae by preferentially infecting and killing activated lymphocytes which express elevated levels of sialic acid receptors. These findings propose a new mechanism for the high incidence of secondary respiratory infections due to bacteria and other viruses as well as vaccine failures to influenza and other respiratory pathogens even in immune individuals due to influenza viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D. Bohannon
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)CDC Fellowship ProgramOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Zachary Ende
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)CDC Fellowship ProgramOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Weiping Cao
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
| | - Wadzanai P. Mboko
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for InflammationImmunologyand Infectious DiseasePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
| | - Samuel Amoah
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGA30329USA
| | | | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for InflammationImmunologyand Infectious DiseasePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Adolfo García‐Sastre
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- The Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Blaine A. Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringSchool of Engineering and Applied SciencesState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Bruce A. Davidson
- Department of AnesthesiologyJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesSchool of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
- Research ServiceVeterans AdministrationWestern New York Healthcare SystemBuffaloNY14215USA
| | - Paul Knight
- Department of AnesthesiologyJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY14260USA
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7
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Rofeal MG, Elzoghby AO, Helmy MW, Khalil R, Khairy H, Omar S. Dual Therapeutic Targeting of Lung Infection and Carcinoma Using Lactoferrin-Based Green Nanomedicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5685-5699. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian G. Rofeal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O. Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Maged W. Helmy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur 22511, Egypt
| | - Rowaida Khalil
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Heba Khairy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Omar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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8
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Chen X, Zhou S, Li H. Evodiamine alleviates severe pneumonia induced by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus following cytomegalovirus reactivation through suppressing NF-κB and MAPKs. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3247-3255. [PMID: 30320369 PMCID: PMC6202108 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial severe pneumonia are leading causes of mortality across the globe. Evodiamine (Evo), a botanical alkaloid, has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. In the present study, the effect of Evo on severe pneumonia induced by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) following cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, and its mechanism, were evaluated. In vitro, the protein and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. The expression levels of associated proteins of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were measured by western blot analysis. In vivo, mortality rate, weight loss, histological changes, lung bacteria count, inflammatory cytokines, and the expression proteins of associated with the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were examined. The results revealed that Evo dose-dependently reduced the protein and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and inhibited the levels of phosphorylated (p-) inhibitor of NF-κBα, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p-p38, and decreased the nuclear trans-location of NF-κB/p65 in BEAS-2B cells infected with MSSA. Furthermore, Evo markedly improved survival rate, decreased body weight loss and bacterial count, and attenuated lung histological alterations and the levels of inflammatory factors. In addition, the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were significantly inhibited. Taken together, Evo effectively alleviated pneumonia via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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9
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Boucontet L, Passoni G, Thiry V, Maggi L, Herbomel P, Levraud JP, Colucci-Guyon E. A Model of Superinfection of Virus-Infected Zebrafish Larvae: Increased Susceptibility to Bacteria Associated With Neutrophil Death. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1084. [PMID: 29881380 PMCID: PMC5976802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection in the days following an acute virus infection such as flu is a major clinical problem. Mouse models have provided major advances in understanding viral-bacterial superinfections, yet interactions of the anti-viral and anti-bacterial responses remain elusive. Here, we have exploited the transparency of zebrafish to study how viral infections can pave the way for bacterial co-infections. We have set up a zebrafish model of sequential viral and bacterial infection, using sublethal doses of Sindbis virus and Shigella flexneri bacteria. This virus induces a strong type I interferons (IFN) response, while the bacterium induces a strong IL1β and TNFα-mediated inflammatory response. We found that virus-infected zebrafish larvae showed an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. This resulted in the death with concomitant higher bacterial burden of the co-infected fish compared to the ones infected with bacteria only. By contrast, infecting with bacteria first and virus second did not lead to increased mortality or microbial burden. By high-resolution live imaging, we showed that neutrophil survival was impaired in Sindbis-then-Shigella co-infected fish. The two types of cytokine responses were strongly induced in co-infected fish. In addition to type I IFN, expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was induced by viral infection before bacterial superinfection. Collectively, these observations suggest the zebrafish larva as a useful animal model to address mechanisms underlying increased bacterial susceptibility upon viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Boucontet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Passoni
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Valéry Thiry
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Ludovico Maggi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Herbomel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
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10
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Siemens N, Oehmcke-Hecht S, Mettenleiter TC, Kreikemeyer B, Valentin-Weigand P, Hammerschmidt S. Port d'Entrée for Respiratory Infections - Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2602. [PMID: 29312268 PMCID: PMC5742597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract are life-threatening and present a global burden to the global community. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are frequent colonizers of the upper respiratory tract. Imbalances through acquisition of seasonal viruses, e.g., Influenza A virus, can lead to bacterial dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which in turn can result in severe pneumonia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract and focus on potential experimental models suitable for mimicking this disease. Transmission of IAV and pneumonia is mainly modeled by mouse infection. Few studies utilizing ferrets, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates are also available. The knowledge gained from these studies led to important discoveries and advances in understanding these infectious diseases. Nevertheless, mouse and other infection models have limitations, especially in translation of the discoveries to humans. Here, we suggest the use of human engineered lung tissue, human ex vivo lung tissue, and porcine models to study respiratory co-infections, which might contribute to a greater translation of the results to humans and improve both, animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Hocke AC, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Human lung ex vivo infection models. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:511-524. [PMID: 27999962 PMCID: PMC7087833 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is counted among the leading causes of death worldwide. Viruses, bacteria and pathogen-related molecules interact with cells present in the human alveolus by numerous, yet poorly understood ways. Traditional cell culture models little reflect the cellular composition, matrix complexity and three-dimensional architecture of the human lung. Integrative animal models suffer from species differences, which are of particular importance for the investigation of zoonotic lung diseases. The use of cultured ex vivo infected human lung tissue may overcome some of these limitations and complement traditional models. The present review gives an overview of common bacterial lung infections, such as pneumococcal infection and of widely neglected pathogens modeled in ex vivo infected lung tissue. The role of ex vivo infected lung tissue for the investigation of emerging viral zoonosis including influenza A virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is discussed. Finally, further directions for the elaboration of such models are revealed. Overall, the introduced models represent meaningful and robust methods to investigate principles of pathogen-host interaction in original human lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Viral-bacterial co-infections in the respiratory tract. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 35:30-35. [PMID: 27940028 PMCID: PMC7108227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses predispose to secondary bacterial infection throughout the respiratory tract. Viral damage to airway epithelium and aberrant inflammatory responses play key roles. Dysregulation of both innate and acquired immune effectors contribute to co-infection. Viral co-infection promotes bacterial invasion of sterile sites within the airway. Optimal treatment likely requires control of both bacterial growth and host responses.
Preceding or concurrent viral respiratory tract infection can predispose to secondary bacterial co-infection throughout the airway. The mechanisms by which viruses promote these superinfections are diverse and replete. Whereas we understand much as to how viruses damage the airway and dysregulate both innate and acquired immune responses which, in turn, supports bacterial growth, adherence and invasion into normally sterile sites within the respiratory tract, new information regarding these co-infections is being gained from recent advances in microbiome research and our enhanced appreciation of the contribution of bacterial biofilms, among others. The advanced understanding obtained by continued research efforts in all aspects of viral–bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract will allow us to devise novel approaches for disease prevention as well as to develop more effective therapeutics.
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