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Singh S, Wairkar S. Revolutionizing the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: From Conventional Therapies to Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:78. [PMID: 38589751 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease that has been well-reported in the medical literature. Its incidence has risen, particularly in light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Conventionally, IPF is treated with antifibrotic drugs-pirfenidone and nintedanib-along with other drugs for symptomatic treatments, including corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and bronchodilators based on individual requirements. Several drugs and biologicals such as fluorofenidone, thymoquinone, amikacin, paclitaxel nifuroxazide, STAT3, and siRNA have recently been evaluated for IPF treatment that reduces collagen formation and cell proliferation in the lung. There has been a great deal of research into various treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis using advanced delivery systems such as liposomal-based nanocarriers, chitosan nanoparticles, PLGA nanoparticles, solid lipid nanocarriers, and other nanoformulations such as metal nanoparticles, nanocrystals, cubosomes, magnetic nanospheres, and polymeric micelles. Several clinical trials are also ongoing for advanced IPF treatments. This article elaborates on the pathophysiology of IPF, its risk factors, and different advanced drug delivery systems for treating IPF. Although extensive preclinical data is available for these delivery systems, the clinical performance and scale-up studies would decide their commercial translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskriti Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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Local Delivery of Pirfenidone by PLA Implants Modifies Foreign Body Reaction and Prevents Fibrosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080853. [PMID: 34440057 PMCID: PMC8389617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implant fibrosis (PIF) increases the postsurgical risks after implantation and limits the efficacy of the implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS). Pirfenidone (PF) is an oral anti-fibrotic drug with a short (<3 h) circulation half-life and strong adverse side effects. In the current study, disk-shaped IDDS prototype combining polylactic acid (PLA) and PF, PLA@PF, with prolonged (~3 days) PF release (in vitro) was prepared. The effects of the PLA@PF implants on PIF were examined in the rabbit ear skin pocket model on postoperative days (POD) 30 and 60. Matching blank PLA implants (PLA0) and PLA0 with an equivalent single-dose PF injection performed on POD0 (PLA0+injPF) served as control. On POD30, the intergroup differences were observed in α-SMA, iNOS and arginase-1 expressions in PLA@PF and PLA0+injPF groups vs. PLA0. On POD60, PIF was significantly reduced in PLA@PF group. The peri-implant tissue thickness decreased (532 ± 98 μm vs. >1100 μm in control groups) approaching the intact derma thickness value (302 ± 15 μm). In PLA@PF group, the implant biodegradation developed faster, while arginase-1 expression was suppressed in comparison with other groups. This study proves the feasibility of the local control of fibrotic response on implants via modulation of foreign body reaction with slowly biodegradable PF-loaded IDDS.
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Systematic Development and Optimization of Inhalable Pirfenidone Liposomes for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030206. [PMID: 32121070 PMCID: PMC7150896 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a global disorder, treatment options for which remain limited with resistance development by cancer cells and off-target events being major roadblocks for current therapies. The discovery of new drug molecules remains time-consuming, expensive, and prone to failure in safety/efficacy studies. Drug repurposing (i.e., investigating FDA-approved drug molecules for use against new indications) provides an opportunity to shorten the drug development cycle. In this project, we propose to repurpose pirfenidone (PFD), an anti-fibrotic drug, for NSCLC treatment by encapsulation in a cationic liposomal carrier. Liposomal formulations were optimized and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, in-vitro aerosol deposition behavior, cellular internalization capability, and therapeutic potential against NSCLC cell lines in-vitro and ex-vivo. Anti-cancer activity of PFD-loaded liposomes and molecular mechanistic efficacy was determined through colony formation (1.5- to 2-fold reduction in colony growth compared to PFD treatment in H4006, A549 cell lines, respectively), cell migration, apoptosis and angiogenesis assays. Ex-vivo studies using 3D tumor spheroid models revealed superior efficacy of PFD-loaded liposomes against NSCLC, as compared to plain PFD. Hence, the potential of inhalable liposome-loaded pirfenidone in NSCLC treatment has been established in-vitro and ex-vivo, where further studies are required to determine their efficacy through in vivo preclinical studies followed by clinical studies.
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Kulikov OA, Ageev VP, Marochkina EE, Dolgacheva IS, Minayeva OV, Inchina VI. Efficacy of liposomal dosage forms and hyperosmolar salines in experimental pharmacotherapy of acute lung injury. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.35529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertonic sodium chloride solutions and liposomal drugs with pulmotropic effect are of great interest for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). The results of the studies on the efficacy of hypertonic solutions and liposomes in ALI treatment are currently controversial.Materials and methods: For the experiment, liposomes with dexamethasone, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), aprotinin and dye Cyanine-7 (Cy-7) were obtained. A liposome analysis was performed by means of spectrophotometry. ALI was modeled in rats by the administration of the damaging agents into the trachea. The experimental agents were injected once intravenously after the modeling of ALI. For experimental therapy used liposomal agents, 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) and HyperHAES solutions in the respective groups. The efficacy of the therapy was assessed by the survival of animals, functional indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and by the lung-body ratio. The biodistribution of liposomes after intravenous administration was investigated in mice through using a fluorescent dye Cy-7. The biodistribution of liposomes with Cy-7 was assessed using bioimaging according to the fluorescence intensity of internal organs (lungs, liver, and kidneys) and blood, expressed as dye concentration according to the calibration dependence of dye concentrarion on fluorescence intensity.Results and discussion: All the studied liposomal drugs were effective for the pharmacological correction of ALI. Hypertonic solutions, unlike liposomal drugs, were less likely to prevent the development of pulmonary edema. All the studied therapeutic agents increased the survival rate of the laboratory animals with ALI. The most effective experimental agent was liposomal dexamethasone. The use of drugs in form of simple liposomes with average diameter of 350 nm provided for a higher concentration of the drug in the lungs within the first 40 minutes after intravenous administration.Conclusion: Intravenous administration of liposomal forms is promising for the pharmacotherapy of acute lung injury.
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Ullah A, Wang K, Wu P, Oupicky D, Sun M. CXCR4-targeted liposomal mediated co-delivery of pirfenidone and AMD3100 for the treatment of TGFβ-induced HSC-T6 cells activation. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2927-2944. [PMID: 31118614 PMCID: PMC6501422 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease associated with an excessive accumulation of extracellualr matrix (ECM) proteins which ultimately lead to cirrohosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Purpose: Liver fibrosis therapies that use combination approaches with the ability to affect multiple disease pathways have proven higher efficacies. This study aimed at optimizing and characterizing the co-encapsulation of pirfenidone (PF) and AMD3100 (AMD) into CXCR4-targeted combination liposomes (CTC liposome) for CXCR4 targeting, and the inhibition of major molecular culprits ie α-SMA, CXCR4, TGFβ, and P-p38 involved in liver fibrosis in-vitro. Methods: The CTC liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The concentration of encapsulated AMD and PF was measured by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry, respectively. Tramsmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the liposomal morphology. The CXCR4 targeting ability was determined by CXCR4 redistribution assay. Confocal microscopy and flowcytometry were used to determine the CXCR4 mediated cell uptake. The apoptosis inducing and protein downreguating ability of CTC liposomes were determined by apoptosis assay and western blot analysis, respectively. In-vivo biodistribution and Hoechst staining were used to confirm the feasibility of CTC liposome for the in-vivo applications and drug targeted accumulation, respectively. Results: The TEM studies revealed that CTC liposomes were spherical in shape. The cumulative release of AMD and PF from CTC liposome was 67% and 84%, respectively, at 48 h. Compared to the free drug counterparts, encapsulated drugs displayed higher cell viability. The CXCR4 redistribution assay confirmed the CXCR4 targeting and antagonistic ability of CTC liposomes. The CTC liposomes were internalized more effectively via caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways. CTC liposomes displayed aggressive apoptosis (87.3%) in TGFβ-induced activated HSC-T6 cells suggesting a propensity to fibrosis regression. Also, CTC liposomes significantly reduced α-SMA (65%), CXCR4 (77%), TGFβ (89%), and P-p38 (66%) expressions, better than free drugs. CTC@IR780 liposomes (CTC liposomes incorporating IR780 dye) were more accumulated in fibrotic livers compared to free IR780, as judged by in-vivo imaging, biodistribution analysis, and Hoechst staining. These findings suggest that this simple and stable CTC liposomal system holds a great promise for the treatment and prevention of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - David Oupicky
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.,Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Tan M, Horvàth L, Brunetto PS, Fromm KM. Trithiocarbonate-Functionalized PNiPAAm-Based Nanocomposites for Antimicrobial Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E665. [PMID: 30966699 PMCID: PMC6404129 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, four trithiocarbonate-functionalized PNiPAAms with different molecular weights were synthesized and used as a matrix to form composites with silver nanoparticles. Nanocomposites with several polymer-to-silver ratios P:Ag⁺ were prepared in order to evaluate the influence of silver loading. UV studies showed a thermoresponsive behavior of the nanocomposites with a thermo-reversibility according to cooling-heating cycles. Release kinetics demonstrated that the release of silver ions is mainly influenced by the size of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which themselves depend on the polymer length. Antimicrobial tests against E. coli and S. aureus showed that some of the nanocomposites are antimicrobial and even full killing could be induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Lenke Horvàth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Priscilla S Brunetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Katharina M Fromm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Vartiainen V, Raula J, Bimbo LM, Viinamäki J, Backman JT, Ugur N, Kauppinen E, Sutinen E, Joensuu E, Koli K, Myllärniemi M. Pulmonary administration of a dry powder formulation of the antifibrotic drug tilorone reduces silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:121-128. [PMID: 29655797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the antifibrotic effect of pulmonary administration of tilorone to lung fibrosis. L-leucine coated tilorone particles were prepared and their aerosolization properties were analyzed using two dry powder inhalers (Easyhaler and Twister). In addition, the biological activity and cell monolayer permeation was tested. The antifibrotic effect of tilorone delivered by oropharyngeal aspiration was studied in vivo using a silica-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice in a preventive setting. When delivered from the Easyhaler in an inhalation simulator, the emitted dose and fine particle fraction were independent from the pressure applied and showed dose repeatability. However, with Twister the aerosolization was pressure-dependent indicating poor compatibility between the device and the formulation. The formulation showed more consistent permeation through a differentiated Calu-3 cell monolayer compared to pristine tilorone. Tilorone decreased the histological fibrosis score in vivo in systemic and local administration, but only systemic administration decreased the mRNA expression of type I collagen. The difference was hypothesized to result from 40-fold higher drug concentration in tissue samples in the systemic administration group. These results show that tilorone can be formulated as inhalable dry powder and has potential as an oral and inhalable antifibrotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Vartiainen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Janne Raula
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Finland
| | - Luis M Bimbo
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Viinamäki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Nurcin Ugur
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Finland
| | - Esko Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Finland
| | - Eva Sutinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Joensuu
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Koli
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjukka Myllärniemi
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center and HUH Diagnostics, Pulmonary Medicine, Finland
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Wei Y, Liang J, Zheng X, Pi C, Liu H, Yang H, Zou Y, Ye Y, Zhao L. Lung-targeting drug delivery system of baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes: development, biodistribution in rabbits, and pharmacodynamics in nude mice bearing orthotopic human lung cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 12:251-261. [PMID: 28096670 PMCID: PMC5207434 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s119895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to develop a kind of novel nanoliposomes for the lung-targeting delivery system of baicalin as a Chinese medicine monomer. Baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared by the effervescent dispersion and lyophilized techniques. Baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes had an average particle size of 131.7±11.7 nm with 0.19±0.02 polydispersity index, 82.8%±1.24% entrapment efficiency and 90.47%±0.93% of yield and sustaining drug release effect over 24 h and were stable for 12 months at least. In vitro no hemolytic activity was observed for the experimental drug concentration. After intravenous administration of baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes to rabbits, drug concentration in the lungs was the highest among the tested organs at all time points and was significantly higher than that of its solution. For the targeting parameters, the relative intake rate and the ratio of peak concentration of lung were 4.837 and 2.789, respectively. Compared with plasma, liver, spleen, and kidney, the ratios of targeting efficacy (Te)liposomes to (Te)injection of lung were increased by a factor of 14.131, 1.893, 3.357, and 3.470, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes did not induce lung injury. Importantly, baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes showed better antitumor therapeutic efficacy in the nude mice bearing orthotopic human lung cancer with the median survival time of blank liposomes (11.40±0.16 days), baicalin solution (17.30±0.47 days), and baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes (25.90±0.53 days). Therefore, the liposome is a promising drug carrier with an excellent lung-targeting property and therapeutic effect for the treatment of lung disease, such as lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Jiangyang District
| | - Chao Pi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University
| | - Hongru Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Yonggen Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Longma Tan District
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University; Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University
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Li D, Gong L. Preparation of novel pirfenidone microspheres for lung-targeted delivery: in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2815-2821. [PMID: 27660413 PMCID: PMC5019316 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and characterize pirfenidone (PF)-loaded chitosan microspheres for lung targeting. The microspheres were prepared using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized by assessing morphology, particle size, and zeta potential. The microspheres had a spherical nature with highly smooth and integrated surfaces. The particle size of microspheres was 4.6±0.3 µm, and the zeta potential was 20.3±1.4 mV. The in vitro release results indicated that the obtained formulation of PF could reach the state of sustained release with a biphasic drug release pattern. It was observed that there was no significant difference in both the percentage of entrapment efficiency and that of drug release before and after the stability study. In vivo, the calculated relative bioavailability indicated greater pulmonary absorption of PF when it was encapsulated in microspheres. According to histopathological studies, no histological change occurred to the rat lung after the administration of PF-loaded chitosan microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianbo Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linyi Tumor Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linyi Tumor Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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