Preparation, characterization, and potential application of chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan metal nanoparticles in pharmaceutical drug delivery

Injectable and biodegradable collagen-chitosan microspheres for enhanced skin regeneration

Skin aging is influenced by both external environmental factors and intrinsic biological mechanisms. Traditional microsphere implants aim to rejuvenate aging skin through collagen regeneration, yet their non-biodegradability and risk of granuloma formation often limit their effectiveness. In this study, we developed novel, injectable, highly bioactive, and degradable collagen-chitosan double-crosslinked composite microspheres for skin rejuvenation. The microspheres demonstrated excellent injectability, requiring an injection force of only 0.9 N, and significant biodegradability, effectively degraded in solutions containing phosphate buffer, type I collagenase, and pepsin. In addition, the microspheres exhibited excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, significantly promoting the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of human foreskin fibroblast-1 (HFF-1) cells. In a photoaged mouse skin model, the implantation of microspheres significantly enhanced dermal density and skin elasticity while reducing transepidermal water loss. Importantly, the implant promoted the regeneration of collagen fibers. This study suggests that collagen-chitosan double-crosslinked composite microspheres hold significant potential for skin rejuvenation treatments.

Isolation of chitosan and hydroxyapatite from waste edible white garden snail shells and their sensing applications towards industrial Congo red dye detection: Greener approach

Biomaterials like chitosan, hydroxyapatite have been used in biomedical and pharmaceutical field, due to its valuable biochemical and physiological properties. In current work firstly our group has isolated a polysaccharide chitosan along with hydroxyapatite biomaterial from the same source by varying the process condition via greener approach. We have adapted greener approach for the isolation of chitosan within a short period of time and this is the very first report for the isolation of both chitosan and hydroxyapatite simultaneously from the same waste edible garden snail shells. Both these materials were thoroughly characterized by using UV, FT-IR, SEM techniques. Among synthetic colourants, congo red dye is recognized as carcinogens, which are usually used in the textile manufacturing. Interestingly, one of our biomaterial hydroxyapatite has shown good selectivity towards Congo red dye. The sensitivity range was obtained from 10 to 100 μM within the LOD of 101.52 nM. The developed sensor has been tested for various industrial effluents and shown good agreement with our results. Meanwhile these chitosan and hydroxyapatite have also been used as capping agent for the preparation of stable gold nanoparticles.

A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity

Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.

Development of Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil Pickering emulsions using potato protein-chitosan nanoparticles and its application in mandarin preservation

This study aimed to develop Pickering emulsions for the encapsulation of Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZBEO) using potato protein-chitosan composite nanoparticles (PCCNs). The sustained release properties of ZBEO, antifungal efficacy, and preservation effects of formulated ZBEO-Pickering emulsions (ZBEO-PEs) on mandarins were evaluated. Particle size, zeta potential, emulsifying activity (EAI), and emulsifying stability (ESI) analysis showed that PCCNs prepared with the potato protein to chitosan mass ratio of 10:3 provided optimal emulsification and stabilization. Techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated that chitosan introduction increased the wettability of potato protein through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. ZBEO-PEs formulated with 3.0 % PCCNs and an oil fraction of 0.40 showed best encapsulation efficiency, storage stability and sustained release. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the adsorption of PCCNs, forming dense interface layers on the surface of oil droplets, thereby enhancing the stability of ZBEO-PEs. In vitro experiments demonstrated enhanced antifungal activity of ZBEO-PEs against Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum. Additionally, storage experiments indicated that ZBEO-PEs coatings effectively controlled postharvest decay caused by Penicillium spp. in mandarins. Overall, the findings suggest that PCCNs are highly efficient emulsifiers for ZBEO Pickering emulsions, underscoring their potential as preservative coatings for mandarins.

Examining the quaternary ammonium chitosan Schiff base-ZnO nanocomposite's potential as protective therapy for rats' cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Despite cisplatin's long history as a cornerstone in cancer therapy, both acquired chemoresistance and significant impacts on healthy tissues limit its use. Hepatotoxicity is one of its side effects. Adjunct therapies have shown promise in not only attenuating liver damage caused by cisplatin but also in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. In this context, a new quaternary ammonium chitosan Schiff base (QACSB) was synthesized and applied as an encapsulating agent for the in-situ synthesis of QACSB-ZnO nanocomposite.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty male albino rats were classified into Group 1 (control) distilled water, Group 2 (Cisplatin-treated) (12 mg/kg, i.p), and Group 3 (QACSB-ZnO NCs/cisplatin-treated) (150 mg/kg/day QACSB-ZnO NCs, i.p) for 14 days + a single dose of cisplatin. Liver functions, tissue TNF-α, MDA, and GSH were measured as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed.

RESULTS

The QACSB-ZnO NCs significantly restore liver functions, tissue TNF-α, MDA, and GSH levels (p < 0.001). Histopathological examination showed patchy necrosis in the cisplatin-treated group versus other groups. The QACSB-ZnO NCs showed a weak TGF-β1 (score = 4) and a moderate Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry expression (score = 6) versus the CP group.

CONCLUSIONS

QACSB-ZnO NCs have been shown to protect the liver from cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Effect of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on long-acting oleogels laden with Sc-PLA-chitosan nanoparticles for anti-HIV therapy

The development of a long-acting injectable drug delivery systems (DDS) of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) holds great promise in addressing the challenges of treatment adherence, predominantly in HIV/AIDS. Polymers are inevitable carriers for the preparation of DDS, which are typically composed of polylactide (PLA), carbohydrates such as chitosan or cellulose derivatives. In this study, the tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) laden PLA-stereocomplex-chitosan nanoparticles (Sc-PLA-chitosan NPs) were developed through the spray-dried technique. These NPs had a mean particle size of 91 ± 8 nm and were incorporated into oleogels consisting of sesame oil and ethyl-cellulose. To enhance the syringeability of highly viscous oleogels, the commercially available aluminium oxide NPs were added with a size of 78 nm. The proposed DDS exhibits prolonged sustained release for up to 12 days in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Noteworthy, the oleogels with Sc-PLA-chitosan NPs displayed extended tissue permeation properties indicating their potential long-acting in-vivo drug release. Collectively, this study recommends that the development of Sc-PLA-chitosan NPs-loaded oleogels represents a certainly adaptable long-acting injectables system for the delivery of APIs in the context of HIV/AIDS. This system is expected to contribute to improved and effective treatment adherence among patients infected with HIV and provide requisite therapeutic outcomes.

Synthesis of biocompatible hydrogel of alginate-chitosan enriched with iron sulfide nanocrystals

This work aimed to synthesize and characterize a biocompatible hydrogel of alginate and chitosan enriched with iron sulfide nanocrystals. Three concentrations of iron sulfide nanocrystals (FeS2NCs) 0.03905, 0.0781, and 0.2343 mg/ml were used. Gel swelling was determined using phosphate-buffered saline solution at 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. The microstructure, the morphology, and the elastic strength were determined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological studies, respectively. The functional groups were identified through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Biocompatibility was determined in a murine model; after seven days of subdermal inoculation, histological sections stained with H&E were analyzed, and then histopathological features were evaluated. All the compounds obtained showed a loss modulus lower than the storage modulus. The 0.2343 mg/ml FeS2NCs hydrogel showed higher swelling than the control. In the in vivo evaluation, no adverse effects were found. The presence of FeS2NCs was well tolerated in the subcutaneous tissue of mice, according to histopathological analysis. The hydrogels synthesized with added FeS2NCs demonstrate a swelling ratio of 150 %, rheologically exhibiting gel-like behavior rather than viscous liquids. Furthermore, they did not present any adverse effects on the subcutaneous tissue.

Chitosan alchemy: transforming tissue engineering and wound healing

Chitosan, a biopolymer acquired from chitin, has emerged as a versatile and favorable material in the domain of tissue engineering and wound healing. Its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial characteristics make it a suitable candidate for these applications. In tissue engineering, chitosan-based formulations have garnered substantial attention as they have the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix, furnishing an optimal microenvironment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In the realm of wound healing, chitosan-based dressings have revealed exceptional characteristics. They maintain a moist wound environment, expedite wound closure, and prevent infections. These formulations provide controlled release mechanisms, assuring sustained delivery of bioactive molecules to the wound area. Chitosan's immunomodulatory properties have also been investigated to govern the inflammatory reaction during wound healing, fostering a balanced healing procedure. In summary, recent progress in chitosan-based formulations portrays a substantial stride in tissue engineering and wound healing. These innovative approaches hold great promise for enhancing patient outcomes, diminishing healing times, and minimizing complications in clinical settings. Continued research and development in this field are anticipated to lead to even more sophisticated chitosan-based formulations for tissue repair and wound management. The integration of chitosan with emergent technologies emphasizes its potential as a cornerstone in the future of regenerative medicine and wound care. Initially, this review provides an outline of sources and unique properties of chitosan, followed by recent signs of progress in chitosan-based formulations for tissue engineering and wound healing, underscoring their potential and innovative strategies.

Exploring the antimicrobial potential of chitosan nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and impact on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors

The escalating antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria poses a significant threat to society, with the global prevalence of resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the rise. Addressing this challenge necessitates exploring strategies that would complement existing antimicrobial agents, e.g. by substances mitigating bacterial virulence without eliciting selective pressure for resistance emergence. In this respect, free-form chitosan has demonstrated promising efficacy, prompting our investigation into reinforcing its effects through nanoparticle formulations. Our study focuses on the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles under suitable conditions while emphasizing the challenges associated with stability that can affect biological activity. These challenges are mitigated by introducing quaternized chitosan, which ensures colloidal stability in the culture media. Our approach led to the production of trimethylchitosan nanoparticles with a median size of 103 nm, circularity of 0.967, and a charge of 14.9 ± 3.1 mV, stable within a one-month period in a water stock solution, showing promising attributes for further valorization. Furthermore, the study delves into the antimicrobial activity of trimethylchitosan nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and confirms the benefits of both nanoformulation and modification of chitosan, as our prepared nanoparticles inhibit 50% of the bacterial population at concentration ≥160 mg L-1 within tested strains. Additionally, we identified a concentration of 5 mg L-1 that no longer impedes bacterial growth, allowing reliable verification of the effect of the prepared nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors, including motility, protease activity, hemolytic activity, rhamnolipids, pyocyanin, and biofilm production. Although trimethylchitosan nanoparticles exhibit promise as an effective antibiofilm agent (reducing biofilm development by 50% at concentrations ranging from 80 to 160 mg L-1) their impact on virulence manifestation is likely not directly associated with quorum sensing. Instead, it can probably be attributed to non-specific interactions with the bacterial surface. This exploration provides valuable insights into the potential of quaternized chitosan nanoparticles in addressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and underscores the multifaceted nature of their antimicrobial effects.

Metallic nanoparticles and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been investigated as alternatives for the treatment of LC owing to their small size and high surface area. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MNPs in the treatment of LC through experimental, in vitro and in vivo investigations.

METHODS

The databases used were MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct. Manual searches of the reference lists of the included studies and grey literature were also performed. English language and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies using different Leishmania species, both related to MNP treatment, were included. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021248245).

RESULTS

A total of 93 articles were included. Silver nanoparticles are the most studied MNPs, and L. tropica is the most studied species. Among the mechanisms of action of MNPs in vitro, we highlight the production of reactive oxygen species, direct contact of MNPs with the biomolecules of the parasite, and release of metal ions.

CONCLUSION

MNPs may be considered a promising alternative for the treatment of LC, but further studies are needed to define their efficacy and safety.

Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Chitosan Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Systems

Sustainable and controllable drug transport is one of the most efficient ways of disease treatment. Due to high biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and low costs, chitosan and its derivatives are widely used in biomedical fields. Specifically, chitosan hydrogel enables drugs to pass through biological barriers because of their abundant amino and hydroxyl groups that can interact with human tissues. Moreover, the multi-responsive nature (pH, temperature, ions strength, and magnetic field, etc.) of chitosan hydrogels makes precise drug release a possibility. Here, the synthesis methods, modification strategies, stimuli-responsive mechanisms of chitosan-based hydrogels, and their recent progress in drug delivery are summarized. Chitosan hydrogels that carry and release drugs through subcutaneous (dealing with wound dressing), oral (dealing with gastrointestinal tract), and facial (dealing with ophthalmic, ear, and brain) are reviewed. Finally, challenges toward clinic application and the future prospects of stimuli-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels are indicated.

Current research status and development prospects of embolic microspheres containing biological macromolecules and others

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TACE) has been used in the treatment of malignant tumors, sudden hemorrhage, uterine fibroids, and other diseases, and with advances in imaging techniques and devices, materials science, and drug release technology, more and more embolic agents that are drug-carrying, self-imaging, or have multiple functions are being developed. Microspheres provide safer and more effective therapeutic results as embolic agents, with their unique spherical appearance and good embolic properties. Embolic microspheres are the key to arterial embolization, blocking blood flow and nutrient supply to the tumor target. This review summarizes some of the currently published embolic microspheres, classifies embolic microspheres according to matrix, and summarizes the characteristics of the microsphere materials, the current status of research, directions, and the value of existing and potential applications. It provides a direction to promote the development of embolic microspheres towards multifunctionalization, and provides a reference to promote the research and application of embolic microspheres in the treatment of tumors.

Unveiling antioxidant capacity of standardized chitosan-tripolyphosphate microcapsules containing polyphenol-rich extract of Portulaca oleraceae

The medicinal plant Portulaca oleraceae has a long history of usage in traditional medicine. Plant extracts have several interesting pharmacological effects but have some drawbacks that can be addressed via capsulation with chitosan. This work set out to do just that tally up the antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich P. olerace extract and see how capsulation affected them. The reflux extraction and response surface methodology (RSM) were carried out to optimize the phenolic and flavonoid content of P. oleraceae extract. Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to determine the secondary metabolite present in the extract. The microcapsules of extract-loaded chitosan were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized in terms of size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and morphology of microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to observe the successful production of microcapsules with a principal component analysis (PCA) approach. The antioxidant activity of microcapsules was established using the radical scavenging method. According to RSM, the highest amounts of TPC and TFC were obtained at 72.894 % ethanol, 2.031 h, and 57.384 °C. The compounds were employed from the optimized extract of P. oleraceae including phenolics and flavonoids. The microcapsules were secured with a %EE of 43.56 ± 2.31 %. The characteristics of microcapsules were approved for the obtained product's successful synthesis according to the PCA. The microcapsules have antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.0001). The findings of this study underscored the benefits of employing chitosan as a nanocarrier for extract, offering a promising approach to enhance plant-derived therapies.

Cyclodextrins and their potential applications for delivering vitamins, iron, and iodine for improving micronutrient status

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been investigated as potential biopolymeric carriers that can form inclusion complexes with numerous bioactive ingredients. The inclusion of micronutrients (e.g. vitamins or minerals) into cyclodextrins can enhance their solubility and provide oxidative or thermal stability. It also enables the formulation of products with extended shelf-life. The designed delivery systems with CDs and their inclusion complexes including electrospun nanofibers, emulsions, liposomes, and hydrogels, show potential in enhancing the solubility and oxidative stability of micronutrients while enabling their controlled and sustained release in applications including food packaging, fortified foods and dietary supplements. Nano or micrometer-sized delivery systems capable of controlling burst release and permeation, or moderating skin hydration have been reported, which can facilitate the formulation of several personal and skin care products for topical or transdermal delivery of micronutrients. This review highlights recent developments in the application of CDs for the delivery of micronutrients, i.e. vitamins, iron, and iodine, which play key roles in the human body, emphasizing their existing and potential applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals industries.

Trinitroglycerin-loaded chitosan nanogels: Shedding light on cytotoxicity, antioxidativity, and antibacterial activities

AIM AND BACKGROUND

Trinitroglycerin (TNG) is a remarkable NO-releasing agent. Here, we synthesized TNG based on chitosan Nanogels (Ngs) for ameliorating complications associated with high-dose TNG administration.

METHOD

TNG-Ngs fabricated through ionic-gelation technique. Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR), zeta-potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopy techniques evaluated the physicochemical properties of TNG-Ngs. MTT was used to assess the biocompatibility of TNG-Ngs, as the antioxidative properties were determined via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxide (LPO) assays. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).

RESULTS

Physicochemical characterization reveals that TNG-Ngs with size diameter (96.2 ± 29 nm), polydispersity index (PDI, 0.732), and negative zeta potential (-1.1 mv) were fabricated. The encapsulation efficacy (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were obtained at 71.1 % and 2.3 %, respectively, with no considerable effect on particle size and morphology. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that HepG2 cells exposed to TNG-Ngs showed relative cell viability (RCV) of >80 % for 70 μg/ml compared to the TNG-free drug at the same concentration (P < 0.05). TNG-Ngs showed significant differences with the TNG-free drug for LDH, LPO, and ROS formation at the same concentration (P < 0.001). The antibacterial activity of the TNG-Ngs against S. aureus, E. coli, VRE, and MRSA was higher than the TNG-free drug and Ngs (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

TNG-Ngs with enhanced antibacterial and antioxidative activity and no obvious cytotoxicity might be afforded as novel nanoformulation for promoting NO-dependent diseases.

Enhanced oral delivery of hesperidin-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles for augmenting its hypoglycemic activity: in vitro-in vivo assessment study

Hesperidin (Hsd), a bioactive phytomedicine, experienced an antidiabetic activity versus both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. However, its intrinsic poor solubility and bioavailability is a key challenging obstacle reflecting its oral delivery. From such perspective, the purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate Hsd-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles (Hsd/CD/CS NPs) for improving the hypoglycemic activity of the orally administered Hsd. Hsd was first complexed with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and the complex (CX) was found to be formed with percent complexation efficiency and percent process efficiency of 50.53 ± 1.46 and 84.52 ± 3.16%, respectively. Also, solid state characterization of the complex ensured the inclusion of Hsd inside the cavity of SBE-β-CD. Then, Hsd/CD/CS NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation technique. The prepared NPs were fully characterized to select the most promising one (F1) with a homogenous particle size of 455.7 ± 9.04 nm, a positive zeta potential of + 32.28 ± 1.12 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 77.46 ± 0.39%. The optimal formula (F1) was subjected to further investigation of in vitro release, ex vivo intestinal permeation, stability, cytotoxicity, and in vivo hypoglycemic activity. The results of the release and permeation studies of F1 manifested a modulated pattern between Hsd and CX. The preferential stability of F1 was observed at 4 ± 1 °C. Also, the biocompatibility of F1 with oral epithelial cell line (OEC) was retained up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL. After oral administration of F1, a noteworthy synergistic hypoglycemic effect was recorded with decreased blood glucose level until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, Hsd/CD/CS NPs could be regarded as a hopeful oral delivery system of Hsd with enhanced antidiabetic activity.

Shrimp Waste Upcycling: Unveiling the Potential of Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acids with Emphasis on Extraction Techniques and Bioactive Properties

Shrimp processing generates substantial waste, which is rich in valuable components such as polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of shrimp waste, mainly shrimp shells, focusing on extraction methods, bioactivities, and potential applications of these bioactive compounds. Various extraction techniques, including chemical extraction, microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and pressurized techniques are discussed, highlighting their efficacy in isolating polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids from shrimp waste. Additionally, the bioactivities associated with these compounds, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, among others, are elucidated, underscoring their potential in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Furthermore, the review explores current and potential utilization avenues for these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management and circular economy principles in maximizing the value of shrimp waste. Overall, this review paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted aspects of shrimp waste valorization, offering valuable information for researchers, industries, and policymakers interested in sustainable resource utilization and waste-management strategies.

The Chemical Modification to Improve Solubility of Chitosan and Its Derivatives Application, Preparation Method, Toxicity as a Nanoparticles

Chitosan is a functional polymer in the pharmaceutical field, including for nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Chitosan-based nanoparticles are a promising carrier for a wide range of therapeutic agents and can be administered in various routes. Solubility is the main problem for its production and utilization in large-scale industries. Chitosan modifications have been employed to enhance its solubility, including chemical modification. Many reviews have reported the chemical modification but have not focused on the specific characteristics obtained. This review focused on the modification to improve chitosan solubility. Additionally, this review also focused on the application of chitosan derivatives in nanoparticle drug delivery systems since very few similar reviews have been reported. The specific method for chitosan derivative-based nanoparticles was also reported and the latest report of chitosan, chitosan derivative, and chitosan toxicity were also described.

Formulation of Folate Receptor-Targeted Silibinin-Loaded Inhalable Chitosan Nanoparticles by the QbD Approach for Lung Cancer Targeted Delivery

Aim: Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics by functionalized nanoparticles exhibits a wonderful prospect for cancer treatment. The main objective of this research was to develop folate receptor-targeted silibinin (SB)-loaded inhalable polymeric nanoparticles (FA-CS-SB-NPs) for the treatment of lung cancer. Method: The qbD approach was implemented to prepare SB-loaded nanoparticles. Folic acid was conjugated by electrostatic conjugation in an optimized batch. The therapeutic potentials of formulations were determined using a lung cancer cell-bearing rat model. Result: Optimized formulation exhibited a spherical surface with a mean particle size of 275 ± 1.20 nm, a PDI of 0.234 ± 0.07, a ζ-potential of 32.50 ± 0.21, an entrapment efficiency of 75.52 ± 0.87%, and a CDR of 63.25 ± 1.21% at 48 h. Aerodynamic behaviors such as the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric size distribution (GSD) were found to be 2.75 ± 1.02 and 3.15 ± 0.88 μm, respectively. After 24 h of incubation with FA-CS-SB-NPs, the IC50 value was found to be 24.5 g/mL. FA-SB-CS-NPs maintained a significantly higher deposition of SB in lung tissues. Conclusions: Thus, the noninvasive nature and target specificity of FA-CS-SB-NPs pave the way for pulmonary delivery for treating lung cancer.

Investigation of Roughness, Morphology, and Wettability Characteristics of Biopolymer Composite Coating on SS 316L for Biomedical Applications

This project aims to create a 316L stainless steel coated with a biocomposite based on chitosan for use in the biomedical industry. To completely coat the material, the dip-coating technique was used to apply plain chitosan, chitosan nanosilver, chitosan biotin, and chitosan-nanosilver-biotin in that order. This coating's surface morphology was investigated with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Surface roughness, average size distribution, and 2D and 3D surface tomography were all investigated using scanning probe microscopy and atomic force microscopy (SPM and AFM). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique was used to quantify changes in functional groups. To evaluate the coated samples' wettability, contact angle measurements were also performed. The chitosan (CS) + nanosilver, CS + biotin, and CS + biotin + nanosilver-coated 316L stainless steel showed roughness values of about 8.68, 4.21, and 3.3 nm, respectively, compared with the neat chitosan coating, which exhibits 12 nm roughness, indicating a strong effect of biotin and nanosilver on surface topography whereas the coating layers were homogenous, measuring around 33 nm in thickness. For CS + nanosilver and CS + biotin, the average size of agglomerates was approximately 444 nm and 355 nm, respectively. The coatings showed adequate wettability for biomedical applications, were homogeneous, and had no cracks. Their contact angles were around 51-75 degrees. All of these results point to the composite coating's intriguing potential for use in biological applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Polyelectrolyte Liposomes Using Chitosan Succinate Layered over Chitosomes: A Potential Strategy for Colon Cancer Treatment

Chitosan succinate is distinguished by its ability to shield the loaded drug from the acidic environment, localize and keep the drug at the colon site, and release the drug over an extended time at basic pH. The current study attempts to develop polyelectrolyte liposomes (PEL), using chitosan and chitosan succinate (CSSC), as a carrier for liposomal-assisted colon target delivery of 5 fluorouracil (5FU). The central composite design was used to obtain an optimized formulation of 5FU-chitosomes. The chitosan-coated liposomes (chitosomes) were prepared by thin lipid film hydration technique. After that, the optimized formulation was coated with CSSC, which has several carboxylic (COOH) groups that produce an anionic charge that interacts with the cation NH2 in chitosan. The prepared 5FU-chitosomes formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency % (EE%), particle size, and in vitro drug release. The optimized 5FU-chitosomes formulation was examined for particle size, zeta potential, in vitro release, and mucoadhesive properties in comparison with the equivalent 5FU-liposomes and 5FU-PEL. The prepared 5FU-chitosomes exhibited high EE%, small particle size, low polydispersity index, and prolonged drug release. PEL significantly limited the drug release at acidic pH due to the deprotonation of carboxylate ions in CSSC, which resulted in strong repulsive forces, significant swelling, and prolonged drug release. According to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, PEL treatment significantly decreased the viability of HT-29 cells. When compared to 5FU-liposome and 5FU-chitosome, the in vivo pharmacokinetics characteristics of 5FU-PEL significantly (p < 0.05) improved. The findings show that PEL enhances 5FU permeability, which permits high drug concentrations to enter cells and inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. Based on the current research, PEL may be used as a liposomal-assisted colon-specific delivery.

MiR126-targeted-nanoparticles combined with PI3K/AKT inhibitor as a new strategy to overcome melanoma resistance

Metastatic melanoma poses significant challenges as a highly lethal disease. Despite the success of molecular targeting using BRAFV600E inhibitors (BRAFis) and immunotherapy, the emergence of early recurrence remains an issue and there is the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This study aimed at creating a targeted delivery system for the oncosuppressor microRNA 126 (miR126) and testing its effectiveness in combination with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor for treating metastatic melanoma resistant to BRAFis. To achieve this, we synthesized chitosan nanoparticles containing a chemically modified miR126 sequence. These nanoparticles were further functionalized with an antibody specific to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) melanoma marker. After evaluation in vitro, the efficacy of this treatment was evaluated through an in vivo experiment using mice bearing resistant human melanoma. The co-administration of miR126 and the PI3K/AKT inhibitor in these experiments significantly reduced tumor growth and inhibited the formation of liver and lung metastases. These results provide evidence for a strategy to target an oncosuppressive nucleic acid sequence to tumor cells while simultaneously protecting it from plasma degradation. The system described in this study exhibits encouraging potential for the effective treatment of therapy-resistant metastatic melanoma while also presenting a prospective approach for other forms of cancer.

Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Pulmonary and Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Overview of their Applications

The optimization of respiratory health is important, and one avenue for achieving this is through the application of both Pulmonary Drug Delivery System (PDDS) and Intranasal Delivery (IND). PDDS offers immediate delivery of medication to the respiratory system, providing advantages, such as sustained regional drug concentration, tunable drug release, extended duration of action, and enhanced patient compliance. IND, renowned for its non-invasive nature and swift onset of action, presents a promising path for advancement. Modern PDDS and IND utilize various polymers, among which chitosan (CS) stands out. CS is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide with unique physicochemical properties, making it well-suited for medical and pharmaceutical applications. The multiple positively charged amino groups present in CS facilitate its interaction with negatively charged mucous membranes, allowing CS to adsorb easily onto the mucosal surface. In addition, CS-based nanocarriers have been an important topic of research. Polymeric Nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, dendrimers, microspheres, nanoemulsions, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), carbon nanotubes, and modified effective targeting systems compete as important ways of increasing pulmonary drug delivery with chitosan. This review covers the latest findings on CS-based nanocarriers and their applications.

Efficient removal of ethidium bromide from aqueous solutions using chromatin-loaded chitosan polyvinyl alcohol composites

In this work, a novel chromatin-loaded chitosan polyvinyl alcohol composite was developed as a simple, efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the efficient removal of ethidium bromide (EtBr). SEM images showed that the composites were characterized by dense porous and uniformly distributed morphology. The BET analysis showed the presence of mesopores and macropores in the composites. FTIR and XRD results showed that the chromatin was uniformly dispersed in the chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol carrier through hydrogen bonding. The fluorescence microscopy images showed the change of fluorescence effect before and after the adsorption of the material, which indicated that the chromatin was uniformly distributed in the composites and had a good adsorption effect. The optimal experimental conditions were T = 30℃, t = 120 min, pH = 7.4, m = 0.2 g when the composite with only 5% chromatin content had the ability to adsorb EtBr efficiently (minimum concentration 2 mg·L-1: adsorption rate 99%; maximum concentration 20 mg·L-1: adsorption rate 90%).The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics showed that the EtBr adsorption kinetics of the composite conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (0.995 < R2 < 0.999) and the Freundlich isothermal model, and was a spontaneous process (ΔH < 0). This study on the immobilization of chromatin will provide a new way and reference for the application of chromatin in the treatment of EtBr pollutants.

Chitosan-Coated Azithromycin/Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles: A Characterization and Potency Study

Purpose

Antimicrobial resistance is a major health hazard worldwide. Combining azithromycin (AZ) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in one drug delivery system was proposed to boost their antibacterial activity and overcome resistance. This study aims to improve azithromycin and ciprofloxacin activity by co-encapsulating them inside chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles and evaluating their antibacterial activity.

Methods

The double emulsion method was employed to co-encapsulate AZ/CIP inside chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles. The formulations were evaluated for their nanoparticle size, size distribution, and zeta potential. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis characterized the formula's thermal sustainability. Encapsulation efficiency was measured by HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis. Morphological studies used the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The in vitro release profiles of both AZ and CIP were monitored utilizing the dialysis membrane bag method. The micro-dilution assay assessed the antimicrobial activity against a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Results

The prepared AZ/CIP-poly-caprolactone nanoparticles were spherical; their size range was 184.0 ± 3.3-190.4 ± 5.6 nm and had high size uniformity (poly-dispersity index below 0.2). The zeta potential ranged from -21.2 ± 2.4 to -27.0 ± 2.5 mV, while chitosan-coated nanoparticles showed a positive zeta potential value ranging from 8 to 11 mV. The thermal study confirmed the amorphous state of both antibiotics inside the nanoparticles. The results of the in vitro release study indicated a slow and uniform rate of release for both drugs extended over 4-days, with a faster rate in the case of AZ. The MIC values reported for both chitosan-coated NP have been tremendously reduced by at least 15 folds of pure CIP and more than 60 folds of pure AZ.

Conclusion

The co-encapsulation of AZ/CIP into chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles has been successfully achieved. The produced particles showed many beneficial attributes of uniform particle sizes below 200 nm and high zeta potential values. Chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles extensively enhanced the antibacterial activity of both AZ/CIP against bacteria.

Nanocarriers for gene delivery to the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular diseases have posed a great threat to human health. Fortunately, gene therapy holds great promise in the fight against cardiovascular disease (CVD). In gene therapy, it is necessary to select the appropriate carriers to deliver the genes to the target cells of the target organs. There are usually two types of carriers, viral carriers and non-viral carriers. However, problems such as high immunogenicity, inflammatory response, and limited loading capacity have arisen with the use of viral carriers. Therefore, scholars turned their attention to non-viral carriers. Among them, nanocarriers are highly valued because of their easy modification, targeting, and low toxicity. Despite the many successes of gene therapy in the treatment of human diseases, it is worth noting that there are still many problems to be solved in the field of gene therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we give a brief introduction to the common nanocarriers and several common cardiovascular diseases (arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypertrophy). On this basis, the application of gene delivery nanocarriers in the treatment of these diseases is introduced in detail.

Using chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and gelatin-based smart biological hydrogels for drug delivery in oral mucosal lesions: A review

AIMS

Oral mucosal diseases can lead to pain, difficulty speaking and eating, psychological distress, and cancer. Topical drug delivery using biological macromolecules, specifically hydrogels, is gaining interest due to the drawbacks of conventional treatments for oral mucosal lesions.

SCOPE

Biological hydrogels made from natural polymers and their derivatives, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and gelatin, represent promising alternatives to conventional oral medication delivery methods. Topical drug delivery is beneficial for oral mucosal lesions as it can directly target the affected area, especially with the development of smart stimuli-responsive hydrogels, which allow for more controlled drug release. Biological hydrogels have already been used to deliver drugs like lidocaine and nystatin. This review summarizes the current research on applying smart natural polymer-based hydrogels for drug delivery in oral mucosal lesions.

CONCLUSION

Smart biological hydrogels show great promise as topical drug delivery systems for oral mucosal lesions, offering sustained drug release, increased therapeutic efficacy, and minimized systemic complications. Technological advancement is expected to lead to the development of more effective and safer drug delivery systems. The potential benefits of biological polymer-based hydrogels make them an exciting area of research for oral mucosal lesion treatment.

Cancer treatment and toxicity outlook of nanoparticles

Diversified nanosystems with tunable physicochemical attributes have emerged as potential solution to globally devastating cancer by offering novel possibilities for improving the techniques of cancer detection, imaging, therapies, diagnosis, drug delivery and treatment. Drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) with ability of crossing different biological barriers are becoming increasingly popular. Besides, NPs are utilized in pharmaceutical sciences to mitigate the toxicity of conventional cancer therapeutics. However, significant NPs-associated toxicity, off-targeted activities, and low biocompatibility limit their utilization for cancer theranostics and can be hazardous to cancer patients up to life-threatening conditions. NPs interact with the biomolecules and disturb their regular function by aggregating inside cells and forming a protein corona, and the formulation turns ineffective in controlling cancer cell growth. The adverse interactions between NPs and biological entities can lead to life-threatening toxicities. This review focuses on the widespread use of various NPs including zinc oxide, titanium oxide, silver, and gold, which serve as efficient nano-vehicles and demonstrate notable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages in cancer therapy. Subsequently, the mechanism of nanotoxicity attached with these NPs, alternate solutions and their prospect to revolutionize cancer theranostics are highlighted. This review will serve as guide for future developments associated with high-performance NPs with controlled toxicity for establishing them as modern-age nanotools to manage cancer in tailored manner.

Research progress of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

Cancer seriously endangers human health. Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor, and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing. Although there are effective treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors, they are often accompanied by serious side effects. According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory, many materials are both food and medicine. Moreover, food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine. Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects. As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses, some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer. A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers (such as gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, laryngeal cancer, and pancreatic cancer) through a variety of pathways. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.

Targeted anti-tumor synergistic effects of Myc decoy oligodeoxynucleotides-loaded selenium nanostructure combined with chemoradiotherapy on LNCaP prostate cancer cells

In the present study, we investigated the synergistic effects of targeted methotrexate-selenium nanostructure containing Myc decoy oligodeoxynucleotides along with X-irradiation exposure as a combination therapy on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Myc decoy ODNs were designed based on the promoter of Bcl-2 gene and analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics assays. ODNs were loaded on the synthesized Se@BSA@Chi-MTX nanostructure. The physicochemical characteristics of nanostructures were determined by FTIR, DLS, UV-vis, TEM, EDX, in vitro release, and hemolysis tests. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity properties of them with and without X-irradiation were investigated by uptake, MTT, cell cycle, apoptosis, and scratch assays on the LNCaP cell line. The results of DLS and TEM showed negative charge (-9 mV) and nanometer size (40 nm) for Se@BSA@Chi-DEC-MTX NPs, respectively. The results of FTIR, UV-vis, and EDX showed the proper interaction of different parts and the correct synthesis of nanoparticles. The results of hemolysis showed the hemocompatibility of this nanoparticle in concentrations less than 6 mg/mL. The ODNs release from the nanostructures showed a pH-dependent manner, and the release rate was 15% higher in acidic pH. The targeted Se@BSA@Chi-labeled ODN-MTX NPs were efficiently taken up by LNCaP cells by targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The significant synergistic effects of nanostructure (containing MTX drug) treatment along with X-irradiation showed cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction (~57%), cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase), and migration inhibition (up to 90%) compared to the control. The results suggested that the Se@BSA@Chi-DEC-MTX NPs can potentially suppress the cell growth of LNCaP cells. This nanostructure system can be a promising approach for targeted drug delivery and chemoradiotherapy in prostate cancer treatment.

Amygdalin/chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol/cerium-tannic acid hydrogel as biodegradable long-time implant for cancer recurrence care applications: An in vitro study

Cancer recurrence following surgery is a serious and worrying problem for the patient. Common treatment strategies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, are restricted because of low uptake of the drugs, poor pharmacokinetic properties, and toxicity issues for healthy tissues. The development of engineering platforms for improving the postoperative treatment of cancer can help solve this problem. In this study, the ceria-tannic acid nanoparticles (CeTA-NPs) were successfully synthesized and characterized. Chitosan-polyvinyl/alcohol (CS-PVA) hydrogels containing CeTA NPs (CS-PVA/CeTA) and amygdalin as an anticancer substance were fabricated using freeze-thaw and immersion-drying techniques. The swelling and degradation behaviors, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility of as-prepared hydrogel were done. The apoptotic effects of amygdalin/CS-PVA/CeTA hydrogel were evaluated by flow cytometry technique on a human colorectal cancer (SW-480) cell line. The CeTA-NPs were investigated as antibacterial and cross-linker agents for greater stability of the hydrogel network. The CS-PVA/CeTA hydrogel demonstrated good safety and antibacterial activity. The results of swelling and biodegradation suggest that CS-PVA/CeTA hydrogels can inspire long-time application. The anticancer effects of the amygdalin/CS-PVA/CeTA hydrogel were confirmed by apoptosis results. Hence, amygdalin/CS-PVA/CeTA hydrogel can be a promising candidate for long-time biomedical application.

Inhibitory mechanism of carboxymethyl chitosan-lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidin nanoparticles on dietary advanced glycation end products released from glycated casein during digestion

Lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins (LSOPC) are potent inhibitors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), whose gastrointestinal susceptibility to degradation limits their use in vivo. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan-lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidin nanoparticles (CMC-LSOPC NPs) were constructed with a binding ratio of 1:6.51. CMC-LSOPC NPs significantly inhibited the release of AGEs from glycated casein (G-CS) during digestion, increasing the inhibition rate by 25.76% in the gastric phase and by 14.33% in the intestinal phase compared with LSOPC alone. To further investigate the inhibition mechanism, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and FTIR were used to find that CMC-LSOPC NPs could form cohesions to encapsulate G-CS in the gastric phase and hinder G-CS hydrolysis. In the intestinal phase, LSOPC was targeted for release and bound to trypsin through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, resulting in protein peptide chain rearrangement, changes in secondary structure and significant reduction in trypsin activity. In addition, CMC-LSOPC NPs increased the antioxidant capacity of digestive fluid and could reduce the oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract caused by the release of AGEs. It's the first time that CMC-LSOPC NPs were constructed to enhance the stability of LSOPC during digestion and explain the mechanism by which CMC-LSOPC NPs inhibit the release of AGEs from G-CS in both stomach and intestine. This finding will present a novel approach for reducing AGEs during gastrointestinal digestion.

Unlocking the Anticancer Potential of Frankincense Essential Oils (FEOs) Through Nanotechnology: A Review

Cancer is a group of heterogeneous diseases that occur when cells in the body proliferate and divide uncontrollably. As the current treatment modalities have pros and cons, the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents with the least side effects is one of the most investigated research areas. In this context, plant-based natural products are a rich source of drugs and have served humanity for ages. Frankincense essential oils (FEOs) are among the most promising plant-based oils in Gulf countries. In addition to their high cultural value, FEOs are also famous for their engaging biological activities, including anti-cancerous. However, the practical application of FEOs is often hindered/by their low water solubility, limited bioavailability, high volatility, and sensitivity toward heat, humidity, light, or oxygen. Thus, a significant demand for technological advancement would improve their ability to target particular cells and tissues. Nanotechnology emerged as an exciting approach in this context. Through suitable nano-formulation (functionalization or encapsulation into a nanostructure), issues arising due to solubility, targeting capability, and delivery can be controlled.

Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity activity of allyl-isothiocyanate-embedded polymeric nanoparticles for potential breast cancer targeting

BACKGROUND

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is an excellent active phytoconstituent recently revealed for cancer treatment. The strategic prominence of this study was to synthesize and characterize AITC-embedded tripolyphosphate-modified chitosan nanoparticles (AITC@CS-TPP-NPs) by ionic gelation.

METHOD

Chitosan is recycled as a polymer to fabricate AITC@CS-TPP-NPs; the fabricated nanoparticles (NPs) are then characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC, XRD, zeta potential, size analysis, SEM, EDX, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release study, and in vitro cytotoxicity activity against MCF-7 to explore the effectiveness and strength.

RESULTS

As a result, developed AITC@CS-TPP-NPs demonstrates good stability with a zeta potential of 35.83 mV and 90.14% of drug release. The anticancer potential of AITC@CS-TPP-NPs shows the improved cytotoxicity activity of AITC due to the surface modification of CS using TPP. Hence, the cytotoxicity of AITC@CS-TPP-NPs was tested in vitro against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and found to be considerable.

CONCLUSION

The AITC@CS-TPP-NPs were effectively synthesized and have significant benefits, including being easy to prepare, stable, and affordable with wide use in human breast cancer against cell line (MCF-7).

Metformin-Loaded Chitosan Hydrogels Suppress Bladder Tumor Growth in an Orthotopic Mouse Model via Intravesical Administration

Our previous study found that the intravesical perfusion of metformin has excellent inhibitory effects against bladder cancer (BC). However, this administration route allows the drug to be diluted and excreted in urine. Therefore, increasing the adhesion of metformin to the bladder mucosal layer may prolong the retention time and increase the pharmacological activity. It is well known that chitosan (Cs) has a strong adhesion to the bladder mucosal layer. Thus, this study established a novel formulation of metformin to enhance its antitumor activity by extending its retention time. In this research, we prepared Cs freeze-dried powder and investigated the effect of metformin-loaded chitosan hydrogels (MLCH) in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that MLCH had a strong inhibitory effect against proliferation and colony formation in vitro. The reduction in BC weight and the expression of tumor biomarkers in orthotopic mice showed the robust antitumor activity of MLCH via intravesical administration in vivo. The non-toxic profile of MLCH was observed as well, using histological examinations. Mechanistically, MLCH showed stronger functional activation of the AMPKα/mTOR signaling pathway compared with metformin alone. These findings aim to make this novel formulation an efficient candidate for managing BC via intravesical administration.

Chitosan/Alginate Polymeric Nanoparticle-Loaded α-Mangostin: Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and In Vivo Evaluation against Breast Cancer Cells

α-mangostin (Amg), a compound isolated from the mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana, L.), has demonstrated promising anticancer activity. However, its low solubility and selectivity against cancer cells limit its efficacy. To address this issue, researchers have developed chitosan/alginate polymeric nanoparticles (NANO-AMCAL) to enhance the effectiveness of Amg. In vitro studies have demonstrated that NANO-AMCAL is highly active against breast cancer cells. Therefore, an in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of NANO-AMCAL in treating breast cancer in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) and determine the effective dose. The rats were divided into seven treatment groups, including positive control, negative control, pure Amg, and NANO-AMCAL 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg. The rats were injected subcutaneously with a carcinogenic agent, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and were evaluated for weight and tumor volume every three days during treatment. Surgery was performed on day 14, and histopathological studies were carried out on breast and lung cancer tissues. The results showed that NANO-AMCAL significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of Amg in treating breast cancer in Wistar rats. NANO-AMCAL containing 0.33 mg of Amg had a healing effect three times better than 20 mg pure Amg and was comparable to tamoxifen. The effective dose of NANO-AMCAL for anti-breast cancer treatment in Wistar rats was found to be 20 mg, which exhibited a good healing response, and the tumor volume continued to decrease up to 17.43% on the 14th day. Furthermore, histopathological tests showed tissue repair and no metastases. These findings suggest that NANO-AMCAL may be a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer treatment.

Application of chitosan with different molecular weights in cartilage tissue engineering

Cartilage tissue engineering involves the invention of novel implantable cartilage replacement materials to help heal cartilage injuries that do not heal themselves, aiming to overcome the shortcomings of current clinical cartilage treatments. Chitosan has been widely used in cartilage tissue engineering because of its similar structure to glycine aminoglycan, which is widely distributed in connective tissues. The molecular weight, as an important structural parameter of chitosan, affects not only the method of chitosan composite scaffold preparation but also the effect on cartilage tissue healing. Thus, this review identifies methods for the preparation of chitosan composite scaffolds with low, medium and high molecular weights, as well as a range of chitosan molecular weights appropriate for cartilage tissue repair, by summarizing the application of different molecular weights of chitosan in cartilage repair in recent years.

Chitosan Nanoparticle/Simvastatin for Experimental Maxillary Bony Defect Healing: A Histological and Histomorphometrical Study

Biomaterials such as chitosan and simvastatin (Sim) have been introduced to accelerate the extensive and multicellular biological process of bone healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone healing potential of chitosan and Sim, alone or combined. Forty-two male New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: chitosan nanoparticles (ChN), Sim and chitosan simvastatin nanoparticles (ChSimN). Two bony defects were created in the maxillary bone. The hole on the right side received one of the experimental materials, while the other side was assigned as the control and left to heal without any intervention. Bone specimens were collected at 2 and 4 weeks and then taken for histological and histomorphometrical analyses. The histological findings revealed that ChN possessed the highest number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts at weeks 2 and osteocytes after 4 weeks. There was a significant difference between the two healing periods regarding all bone parameters across all groups. ChN stood out as the only group that had a significant difference in the count of all bone cells between the two periods, thus having the best potential in promoting bone healing.

Chitosan-induced biotic stress tolerance and crosstalk with phytohormones, antioxidants, and other signalling molecules

Several polysaccharides augment plant growth and productivity and galvanise defence against pathogens. Such elicitors have ecological superiority over traditional growth regulators, considering their amplified biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, non-toxicity, ubiquity, and inexpensiveness. Chitosan is a chitin-derived polysaccharide that has recently been spotlighted among plant scientists. Chitosan supports plant growth and development and protects against microbial entities such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and insects. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of chitosan's antimicrobial and insecticidal potential with recent updates. These effects are further explored with the possibilities of chitosan's active correspondence with phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA). The stress-induced redox shift in cellular organelles could be substantiated by the intricate participation of chitosan with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant metabolism, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Furthermore, we propose how chitosan could be intertwined with cellular signalling through Ca2+, ROS, nitric oxide (NO), transcription factors (TFs), and defensive gene activation.

Preparation of caffeic acid grafted chitosan self-assembled micelles to enhance oral bioavailability and antibacterial activity of quercetin

Quercetin (QR) is a naturally occurring flavonoid organic compound that has poor solubility in water and highly unstable in alkaline conditions, resulting in limited absorption in poultry. Consequently, in our experiment, QR was employed as a model compound, encapsulated within the caffeic acid graft chitosan copolymer (CA-g-CS) self-assembled micelles to enhance its solubility, stability and exhibit a synergistic antibacterial effect. The optimization of the formula was carried out using a combination of single-factor experimentation and the response surface method. The in vitro release rate and stability of CA-g-CS-loaded QR micelles (CA-g-CS/QR) in various pH media were studied and the pharmacokinetics in white feather broiler chickens was evaluated in vivo. Additionally, the antibacterial activity was investigated using Escherichia coliCMCC44102 and Escherichia coli of chicken origin as the test strain. The results showed the optimized formula for the self-assembled micelles were 4 mL water, 0.02 mg/mL graft copolymer, and 1 mg QR, stirring at room temperature. The encapsulation efficiency was 72.09%. The resulting CA-g-CS/QR was uniform in size with an average diameter of 375.6 ± 5.9 nm. The release pattern was consistent with the Ritger-Peppas model. CA-g-CS/QR also significantly improved the stability of QR in alkaline condition. The relative bioavailability of CA-g-CS/QR was found to be 1.67-fold that of the reference drug, indicating a substantial increase in the absorption of QR in the broiler. Compared to the original drug, the antibacterial activity of CA-g-CS/QR was significantly enhanced, as evidenced by a reduction of half in the MIC and MBC values. These results suggest that CA-g-CS/QR improves the bioavailability and antibacterial activity of QR, making it a promising candidate for clinical use.

Evaluation of Novel B1R/B2R Agonists Containing TRIOZAN™ Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Delivery of Antibodies in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to the development of effective therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has been particularly true in the case of monoclonal antibody (mAbs) therapeutic candidates, due to their large size. To tackle this issue, we developed new nanoformulations, comprising bio-based Triozan polymers along with kinin B1 and B2 receptor (B1R and B2R) peptide agonist analogues, as potent BBB-permeabilizers to enhance brain delivery of a new anti-C1q mAb for AD (ANX005). The prepared B1R/B2R-TRIOZAN™ nanoparticles (NPs) displayed aqueous solubility, B1R/B2R binding capacity and uniform sizes (~130-165 nm). The relative biodistribution profiles of the mAb loaded into these NPs versus the naked mAb were assessed in vivo through two routes of administrations (intravenous (IV), intranasal (IN)) in the Tg-SwDI mouse model of AD. At 24 h post-administration, brain levels of the encapsulated mAb were significantly increased (up to 12-fold (IV) and 5-fold (IN), respectively) compared with free mAb in AD brain affected regions, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus of aged mice. Liver uptakes remained relatively low with similar values for the nanoformulations and free mAb. Our findings demonstrate the potential of B1R/B2R-TRIOZAN™ NPs for the targeted delivery of new CNS drugs, which could maximize their therapeutic effectiveness.

Immunization against Zika by entrapping live virus in a subcutaneous self-adjuvanting hydrogel

The threat of new viral outbreaks has heightened the need for ready-to-use vaccines that are safe and effective. Here we show that a subcutaneous vaccine consisting of live Zika virus electrostatically entrapped in a self-adjuvanting hydrogel recruited immune cells at the injection site and provided mice with effective protection against a lethal viral challenge. The hydrogel prevented the escape of the viral particles and upregulated pattern recognition receptors that activated innate antiviral immunity. The local inflammatory niche facilitated the engulfment of the virus by immune cells infiltrating the hydrogel, the processing and cross-presentation of antigens and the expansion of germinal centre B cells and induced robust antigen-specific adaptive responses and immune memory. Inflammatory immune niches entrapping live viruses may facilitate the rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines.

Complexation between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose in weakly acidic, neutral, and weakly alcaline media

The interaction between carboxymethyl cellulose and partially reacetylated chitosan soluble in acidic and alkaline aqueous media is studied by light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry in a wide pH range. It is shown that the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) can occur in the pH range of 6-8, while this pair of polyelectrolytes loses the ability to complexation upon transition to a more alkaline medium. The revealed dependence of the observed enthalpy of interaction on the ionization enthalpy of the buffer indicates the participation of proton transfer from the buffer substance to chitosan and its additional ionization in the binding process. This phenomenon is first observed in a mixture of a weak polybase chitosan and a weak polyacid. The possibility to obtain soluble nonstoichiometric PEC by a direct mixing of the components in a weakly alkaline medium is shown. The resulting PECs are polymolecular particles in shape close to homogeneous spheres with a radius of about 100 nm. The obtained results are promising for creating of biocompatible and biodegradable drug delivery systems.

Applications of photothermally mediated nanohybrids for white spot lesions in orthodontics

In orthodontic treatment, cariogenic bacteria in the oral cavity are the main cause of enamel white spot lesions (WSLs). Therefore, to effectively prevent and treat WSLs, it is crucial to inhibit the cariogenic bacterial activity while promoting the remineralization of demineralized tooth enamel. However, fluoride preparations commonly used for the prevention and treatment of WSLs can induce dental fluorosis if ingested in excess, and their remineralization effect is limited by the residual hydroxyapatite (HAp) content and salivary Ca²⁺ and PO₄^3- levels. In this study, we propose a strategy (CMCS/ACP@PDA) for antibacterial and remineralization of WSLs by a nanohybrid of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) loaded polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) based on biomimetic remineralization techniques and biocompatible near-infrared (NIR) photoactivation therapy. The nanohybrid utilizes the excellent photothermal conversion ability of polydopamine for antimicrobial purposes, while CMCS with its own positive and negative charges (-NH₃⁺ and -COO^-) acts as a biomimetic mineralizing agent to stabilize ACP, supplemented with abundant Ca²⁺ and PO₄^3- for remineralization of demineralized enamel. The results showed that CMCS/ACP@PDA could effectively inhibit the adhesion of cariogenic Streptococcus mutants (S. mutants) with high bactericidal rates. In addition, the remineralization of demineralized enamel by nanohybrid was more effective after 7 days of in vitro mineralization. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the use of CMCS/ACP@PDA nanohybrid materials as potential materials against WSLs.

Chitosan-Based Polymer Blends for Drug Delivery Systems

Polymers have been widely used for the development of drug delivery systems accommodating the regulated release of therapeutic agents in consistent doses over a long period, cyclic dosing, and the adjustable release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Nowadays, polymer blends are increasingly employed in drug development as they generate more promising results when compared to those of homopolymers. This review article describes the recent research efforts focusing on the utilization of chitosan blends with other polymers in an attempt to enhance the properties of chitosan. Furthermore, the various applications of chitosan blends in drug delivery are thoroughly discussed herein. The literature from the past ten years was collected using various search engines such as ScienceDirect, J-Gate, Google Scholar, PubMed, and research data were compiled according to the various novel carrier systems. Nanocarriers made from chitosan and chitosan derivatives have a positive surface charge, which allows for control of the rate, duration, and location of drug release in the body, and can increase the safety and efficacy of the delivery system. Recently developed nanocarriers using chitosan blends have been shown to be cost-effective, more efficacious, and prolonged release carriers that can be incorporated into suitable dosage forms.

Chitosan: A Potential Biopolymer in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

Chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide derived from chitin, has surfaced as a material of promise for drug delivery and biomedical applications. Different chitin and chitosan extraction techniques can produce materials with unique properties, which can be further modified to enhance their bioactivities. Chitosan-based drug delivery systems have been developed for various routes of administration, including oral, ophthalmic, transdermal, nasal, and vaginal, allowing for targeted and sustained release of drugs. Additionally, chitosan has been used in numerous biomedical applications, such as bone regeneration, cartilage tissue regeneration, cardiac tissue regeneration, corneal regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Moreover, chitosan has also been utilized in gene delivery, bioimaging, vaccination, and cosmeceutical applications. Modified chitosan derivatives have been developed to improve their biocompatibility and enhance their properties, resulting in innovative materials with promising potentials in various biomedical applications. This article summarizes the recent findings on chitosan and its application in drug delivery and biomedical science.

Nanomedicine for drug resistant pathogens and COVID-19 using mushroom nanocomposite inspired with bacteriocin – A Review

Multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a major global health challenge and have severely threatened the health of society. Current conditions have gotten worse as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection rates in the future will rise. It is necessary to design, respond effectively, and take action to address these challenges by investigating new avenues. In this regard, the fabrication of metal NPs utilized by various methods, including green synthesis using mushroom, is highly versatile, cost-effective, eco-compatible, and superior. In contrast, biofabrication of metal NPs can be employed as a powerful weapon against MDR pathogens and have immense biomedical applications. In addition, the advancement in nanotechnology has made possible to modify the nanomaterials and enhance their activities. Metal NPs with biomolecules composite to prevents their microbial adhesion and kills the microbial pathogens through biofilm formation. Bacteriocin is an excellent antimicrobial peptide that works well as an augmentation substance to boost the antimicrobial effects. As a result, we concentrate on the creation of new, eco-compatible mycosynthesized metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite via electrostatic, covalent, or non-covalent bindings. The synergistic benefits of metal NPs with bacteriocin to combat MDR pathogens and COVID-19, as well as other biomedical applications, are discussed in this review. Moreover, the importance of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in risk analysis of manufactured metal nanocomposite nanomaterial and their future possibilities also discussed.

Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles for stable delivery and smart release of As2O3 for liver cancer through dual actions

In this work, multifunctional thiolated chitosan derivatives (DCA-CS-PEG-FA-NAC) were synthesized, and arsenic trioxide (ATO) was loaded onto the derivatives through glutathione (GSH)-sensitive As^III-S bonds, and stable CS-ATO nanodrugs were prepared by simple self-assembly method. By adjusting the thiol substitution degree of CS, the drug loading capacity of the nanodrugs was significantly improved, which could reach 20 ATO per CS molecule (DCA_10.7-CS-PEG_3.1-FA-NAC_20.2-ATO). In vitro release studies obviously showed the low leakage of ATO under physiological conditions while over 95 % ATO was released after 24 h under GSH. In vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrated that the DCA_10.7-CS-PEG_3.1-FA-NAC_20.2-ATO nanodrug could significantly enhance the tumor intracellular accumulation of ATO, reduce the toxic and side effects of ATO on healthy organs, and improve the therapeutic effect of ATO on the HepG2 mice tumor model (tumor inhibition rate was as high as 86.4 %), indicating the potential application of ATO in clinical treatment of liver cancer.

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles as Effective Drug Delivery Systems-A review

Chitosan-based nanoparticles (chitosan-based nanocomposites; chitosan nanoparticles; ChNPs) are promising materials that are receiving a lot of attention in the last decades. ChNPs have great potential as nanocarriers. They are able to encapsulate drugs as well as active compounds and deliver them to a specific place in the body providing a controlled release. In the article, an overview has been made of the most frequently used preparation methods, and the developed applications in medicine. The presentation of the most important information concerning ChNPs, especially chitosan's properties in drug delivery systems (DDS), as well as the method of NPs production was quoted. Additionally, the specification and classification of the NPs' morphological features determined their application together with the methods of attaching drugs to NPs. The latest scientific reports of the DDS using ChNPs administered orally, through the eye, on the skin and transdermally were taken into account.

Preparation of chitosan nanoparticle containing recombinant CD44v antigen and evaluation of its immunization capacity against breast cancer in BALB/c mice

OBJECTIVE(S)

Breast tumors show heterogeneity containing cancer stem cells as a small subpopulation of a tumor mass. CD44 as a cancer stem cells antigen is abnormally expressed by carcinomas of epithelial origin. Also, overexpression of CD44 variable isoforms (CD44v) is associated with malignancy in breast cancer. In the present research, our objective was to evaluate the immunogenicity of prepared nanoparticles containing a novel recombinant CD44v (rCD44v) protein in the mouse model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CD44 gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 DE3 using the pET28a-CD44 vector. The expressed rCD44v protein was purified, encapsulated into the chitosan nanoparticles, and administered to BALB/c mice. ELISA was used to evaluate the immunoglobulin levels of immunized animals. For challenge experiment, 2 × 10⁶ 4T1-CD44 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously in mice, and tumor size, necrosis, and metastases were measured. Finally, cell proliferation assay, cytokines assay, and neutralization assay of the mouse anti-rCD44v on the human breast cancer cell line were examined.

RESULTS

The measured size of chitosan-rCD44v nanoparticles was 146.5 nm. Recombinant CD44v encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles increases immunological responses via the adjuvant nature of chitosan nanoparticles. In the immunized mice, IgG and IgA titers were significantly increased. Tumor growth in injection and nano-injection test groups compared with the mice control groups displayed a significant reduction (P < 0.05). A high amount of splenocytes secreting IFNγ and IL-17 was seen in immunized mice with rCD44v (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a smaller size of lung metastases compared to the control mice groups was detected.

CONCLUSION

The encapsulated rCD44v within the chitosan nanoparticles induced a significant immune response in mice and can establish significant protection against breast cancer. Therefore, it can be considered a vaccine candidate for breast cancer therapeutic modalities.