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Braden ML, Gwin JA, Leidy HJ. Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Postprandial Amino Acid Responses on Markers of Satiety following the Acute Consumption of Lean Beef-Rich Meals in Healthy Women with Overweight. Nutrients 2024; 16:1718. [PMID: 38892651 PMCID: PMC11174850 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of protein-rich foods stimulates satiety more than other macronutrient-rich foods; however, the underlying mechanisms-of-action are not well-characterized. The objective of this study was to identify the direct and indirect effects of postprandial amino acid (AA) responses on satiety. Seventeen women (mean ± SEM, age: 33 ± 1 year; BMI: 27.8 ± 0.1 kg/m2) consumed a eucaloric, plant-based diet containing two servings of lean beef/day (i.e., 7.5 oz (207 g)) for 7 days. During day 6, the participants completed a 12 h controlled-feeding, clinical testing day including repeated satiety questionnaires and blood sampling to assess pre- and postprandial plasma AAs, PYY, and GLP-1. Regression and mediation analyses were completed to assess AA predictors and hormonal mediators. Total plasma AAs explained 41.1% of the variance in perceived daily fullness (p < 0.001), 61.0% in PYY (p < 0.001), and 66.1% in GLP-1 (p < 0.001) concentrations, respectively. Several individual AAs significantly predicted fluctuations in daily fullness, PYY, and GLP-1. In completing mediation analyses, the effect of plasma leucine on daily fullness was fully mediated by circulating PYY concentrations (indirect effect = B: 0.09 [Boot 95% CI: 0.032, 0.17]) as no leucine-fullness direct effect was observed. No other mediators were identified. Although a number of circulating AAs predict satiety, leucine was found to do so through changes in PYY concentrations in middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Braden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Jess A. Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA;
| | - Heather J. Leidy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
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2
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Watkins JD, Smith HA, Hengist A, Nielsen SB, Mikkelsen UR, Saunders J, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Effects of physical form of β-lactoglobulin and calcium ingestion on GLP-1 secretion, gastric emptying and energy intake in humans: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1730-1739. [PMID: 38287700 PMCID: PMC11063665 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether adding Ca2+ to aggregate or native forms of β-lactoglobulin alters gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying rates and energy intake in healthy men and women. Fifteen healthy adults (mean ± sd: 9M/6F, age: 24 ± 5 years) completed four trials in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed test drinks consisting of 30 g of β-lactoglobulin in a native form with (NATIVE + MINERALS) and without (NATIVE) a Ca2+-rich mineral supplement and in an aggregated form both with (AGGREG + MINERALS) and without the mineral supplement (AGGREG). Arterialised blood was sampled for 120 min postprandially to determine gut hormone concentrations. Gastric emptying was determined using 13C-acetate and 13C-octanoate, and energy intake was assessed with an ad libitum meal at 120 min. A protein × mineral interaction effect was observed for total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1TOTAL) incremental AUC (iAUC; P < 0·01), whereby MINERALS + AGGREG increased GLP-1TOTAL iAUC to a greater extent than AGGREG (1882 ± 603 v. 1550 ± 456 pmol·l-1·120 min, P < 0·01), but MINERALS + NATIVE did not meaningfully alter the GLP-1 iAUC compared with NATIVE (1669 ± 547 v. 1844 ± 550 pmol·l-1·120 min, P = 0·09). A protein × minerals interaction effect was also observed for gastric emptying half-life (P < 0·01) whereby MINERALS + NATIVE increased gastric emptying half-life compared with NATIVE (83 ± 14 v. 71 ± 8 min, P < 0·01), whereas no meaningful differences were observed between MINERALS + AGGREG v. AGGREG (P = 0·70). These did not result in any meaningful changes in energy intake (protein × minerals interaction, P = 0·06). These data suggest that the potential for Ca2+ to stimulate GLP-1 secretion at moderate protein doses may depend on protein form. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04659902).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Harry A. Smith
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | | | - Francoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A. Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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3
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Osorio M J, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Allison DB, Speakman JR. Not feeling the heat? Effects of dietary protein on satiation and satiety in mice are not due to its impact on body temperature. Appetite 2024; 200:107421. [PMID: 38759755 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Dietary protein modulates food intake (FI) via unclear mechanism(s). One possibility is that higher protein leads to greater post-ingestive heat production (Specific dynamic action: SDA) leading to earlier meal termination (increased satiation), and inhibition of further intake (increased satiety). The influence of dietary protein on feeding behaviour in C57BL/6J mice was tested using an automated FI monitoring system (BioDAQ), simultaneous to body temperature (Tb). Total FI, inter meal intervals (IMI, satiety) and meal size (MS, satiation) were related to changes in Tb after consuming low (5%, LP), moderate (15%, MP) and high (30%, HP) protein diets. Diets were tested over three conditions: 1) room temperature (RT, 21 ± 1 °C), 2) room temperature and running wheels (RTRW) and 3) low temperature (10 °C) and running wheels (LTRW). The differences between diets and conditions were also compared using mixed models. Mice housed at RT fed HP diet, reduced total FI compared with LP and MP due to earlier meal termination (satiation effect). FI was lowered in RTRW conditions with no differences between diets. FI significantly increased under LTRW conditions for all diets, with protein content leading to earlier meal termination (satiation) but not the intervals between feeding bouts (satiety). Tb fell immediately after feeding in all conditions. Despite a reduction in total FI in mice fed HP, mediated via increased satiation, this effect was not linked to increased Tb during meals. We conclude effects of dietary protein on intake are not mediated via SDA and Tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Osorio M
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - David B Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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4
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Li M, Hou X, Lin L, Jiang F, Qiao D, Xie F. Legume protein/polysaccharide food hydrogels: Preparation methods, improvement strategies and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125217. [PMID: 37285881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For the development of innovative foods and nutritional fortification, research into food gel is essential. As two types of rich natural gel material, both legume proteins and polysaccharides have high nutritional value and excellent application potential, attracting wide attention worldwide. Research has focused on combining legume proteins with polysaccharides to form hybrid hydrogels as their combinations show improved texture and water retention compared to single legume protein or single polysaccharide gels, and these properties can be tailored for specific applications. This article reviews hydrogels of common legume proteins and discusses heat induction, pH induction, salt ion induction, and enzyme-induced assembly of legume protein/polysaccharide mixtures. The applications of these hydrogels in fat replacement, satiety enhancement, and delivery of bioactive ingredients are discussed. Challenges for future work are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Li
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinran Hou
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Lisong Lin
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Fatang Jiang
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Dongling Qiao
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Fengwei Xie
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Del Vecchio G, Murashita K, Verri T, Gomes AS, Rønnestad I. Leptin receptor-deficient (knockout) zebrafish: Effects on nutrient acquisition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 310:113832. [PMID: 34089707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, knockout of LEPR results in a hyperphagic, morbid obese, and diabetic phenotype, which supports that leptin plays an important role in the control of appetite and energy metabolism, and that its receptor, LEPR, mediates these effects. To date, little is known about the role(s) of lepr in teleost physiology. We investigated a zebrafish (Danio rerio) homozygous lepr knockout (lepr-/-) line generated by CRISPR/Cas9 in comparison to its wt counterpart with respect to nutrient acquisition, energy allocation, and metabolism. The metabolic characterization included oxygen consumption rate and morphometric parameters (yolk sac area, standard length, wet weight, and condition factor) as proxies for use and allocation of energy in developing (embryos, larvae, and juveniles) zebrafish and showed no particular differences between the two lines, in agreement with previous studies. One exception was found in oxygen consumption at 72 hpf, when zebrafish switch from embryonic to early larval stages and food-seeking behavior could be observed. In this case, the metabolic rate was significantly lower in lepr-/- than in wt. Both phenotypes showed similar responses, with respect to metabolic rate, to acute alterations (22 and 34 °C) in water temperature (measured in terms of Q10 and activation energy) compared to the standard (28 °C) rearing conditions. To assess lepr involvement in signaling the processing and handling of incoming nutrients when an exogenous meal is digested and absorbed, we conducted an in vivo analysis in lepr-/- and wt early (8 days post-fertilization) zebrafish larvae. The larvae were administered a bolus of protein hydrolysate (0%, 1%, 5%, and 15% lactalbumin) directly into the digestive tract lumen, and changes in the mRNA expression profile before and after (1 and 3 h) administration were quantified. The analysis showed transcriptional differences in the expressions of genes involved in the control of appetite and energy metabolism (cart, npy, agrp, and mc4r), sensing (casr, t1r1, t1r3, t1r2-1, t1r2-2, pept1a, and pept1b), and digestion (cck, pyy, try, ct, and amy), with more pronounced effects observed in the orexigenic than in the anorexigenic pathways, suggesting a role of lepr in their regulations. Differences in the mRNA levels of these genes in lepr-/-vs. wt larvae were also observed. Altogether, our analyses suggest an influence of lepr on physiological processes involved in nutrient acquisition, mainly control of food intake and digestion, during early development, whereas metabolism, energy allocation, and growth seem to be only slightly influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Koji Murashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway; Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Watkins JD, Smith HA, Hengist A, Brunsgaard LH, Mikkelsen UR, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to ingestion of protein with increasing doses of milk minerals rich in calcium. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-9. [PMID: 34369333 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452100297x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A high dose of whey protein hydrolysate fed with milk minerals rich in calcium (Capolac®) results in enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations in lean individuals; however, the effect of different calcium doses ingested alongside protein is unknown. The present study assessed the dose response of calcium fed alongside 25 g whey protein hydrolysate on GLP-1 concentrations in individuals with overweight/obesity. Eighteen adults (mean ± sd: 8M/10F, 34 ± 18 years, 28·2 ± 2·9 kgm-2) completed four trials in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed test solutions consisting of 25 g whey protein hydrolysate (CON), supplemented with 3179 mg (LOW), 6363 mg (MED) or 9547 mg (HIGH) Capolac® on different occasions, separated by at least 48 h. The calcium content of test solutions equated to 65, 892, 1719 and 2547 mg, respectively. Arterialised-venous blood was sampled over 180 min to determine plasma concentrations of GLP-1TOTAL, GLP-17-36amide, insulin, glucose, NEFA, and serum concentrations of calcium and albumin. Ad libitum energy intake was measured at 180 min. Time-averaged incremental AUC (iAUC) for GLP-1TOTAL (pmol·l-1·min-1) did not differ between CON (23 ± 4), LOW (25 ± 6), MED (24 ± 5) and HIGH (24 ± 6). Energy intake (kcal) did not differ between CON (940 ± 387), LOW (884 ± 345), MED (920 ± 334) and HIGH (973 ± 390). Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with Capolac® does not potentiate GLP-1 release in comparison with whey protein hydrolysate alone. The study was registered at clinical trials (NCT03819972).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Harry A Smith
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Francoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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7
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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8
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Willems AEM, Sura-de Jong M, van Beek AP, Nederhof E, van Dijk G. Effects of macronutrient intake in obesity: a meta-analysis of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on markers of the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:429-444. [PMID: 32885229 PMCID: PMC7947787 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises cardiometabolic risk factors frequently found in individuals with obesity. Guidelines to prevent or reverse MetS suggest limiting fat intake, however, lowering carbohydrate intake has gained attention too. The aim for this review was to determine to what extent either weight loss, reduction in caloric intake, or changes in macronutrient intake contribute to improvement in markers of MetS in persons with obesity without cardiometabolic disease. A meta-analysis was performed across a spectrum of studies applying low-carbohydrate (LC) and low-fat (LF) diets. PubMed searches yielded 17 articles describing 12 separate intervention studies assessing changes in MetS markers of persons with obesity assigned to LC (<40% energy from carbohydrates) or LF (<30% energy from fat) diets. Both diets could lead to weight loss and improve markers of MetS. Meta-regression revealed that weight loss most efficaciously reduced fasting glucose levels independent of macronutrient intake at the end of the study. Actual carbohydrate intake and actual fat intake at the end of the study, but not the percent changes in intake of these macronutrients, improved diastolic blood pressure and circulating triglyceride levels, without an effect of weight loss. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance improved with both diets, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol only improved in the LC diet, both irrespective of aforementioned factors. Remarkably, changes in caloric intake did not play a primary role in altering MetS markers. Taken together, these data suggest that, beyond the general effects of the LC and LF diet categories to improve MetS markers, there are also specific roles for weight loss, LC and HF intake, but not reduced caloric intake, that improve markers of MetS irrespective of diet categorization. On the basis of the results from this meta-analysis, guidelines to prevent MetS may need to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E M Willems
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences - Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Sura-de Jong
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Nederhof
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences - Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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First evidence for the presence of amino acid sensing mechanisms in the fish gastrointestinal tract. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4933. [PMID: 33654150 PMCID: PMC7925595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize amino acid sensing systems in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the carnivorous fish model species rainbow trout. We observed that the trout GIT expresses mRNAs encoding some amino acid receptors described in mammals [calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A), and taste receptors type 1 members 1 and 2 (T1r1, T1r2)], while others [taste receptor type 1 member 3 (T1r3) and metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 4 (mGlur1, mGlur4)] could not be found. Then, we characterized the response of such receptors, as well as that of intracellular signaling mechanisms, to the intragastric administration of l-leucine, l-valine, l-proline or l-glutamate. Results demonstrated that casr, gprc6a, tas1r1 and tas1r2 mRNAs are modulated by amino acids in the stomach and proximal intestine, with important differences with respect to mammals. Likewise, gut amino acid receptors triggered signaling pathways likely mediated, at least partly, by phospholipase C β3 and β4. Finally, the luminal presence of amino acids led to important changes in ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY and proglucagon mRNAs and/or protein levels. Present results offer the first set of evidence in favor of the existence of amino acid sensing mechanisms within the fish GIT.
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Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082285. [PMID: 32751533 PMCID: PMC7468805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous population increase of older adults with metabolic diseases may contribute to increased prevalence of sarcopenia and obesity and requires advocacy of optimal nutrition treatments to combat their deleterious outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by age-induced skeletal-muscle atrophy and increased adiposity, may accelerate functional decline and increase the risk of disability and mortality. In this review, we explore the influence of dietary protein on the gut microbiome and its impact on sarcopenia and obesity. Given the associations between red meat proteins and altered gut microbiota, a combination of plant and animal-based proteins are deemed favorable for gut microbiota eubiosis and muscle-protein synthesis. Additionally, high-protein diets with elevated essential amino-acid concentrations, alongside increased dietary fiber intake, may promote gut microbiota eubiosis, given the metabolic effects derived from short-chain fatty-acid and branched-chain fatty-acid production. In conclusion, a greater abundance of specific gut bacteria associated with increased satiation, protein synthesis, and overall metabolic health may be driven by protein and fiber consumption. This could counteract the development of sarcopenia and obesity and, therefore, represent a novel approach for dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiota profile. However, more human trials utilizing advanced metabolomic techniques to investigate the microbiome and its relationship with macronutrient intake, especially protein, are warranted.
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11
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San-Cristobal R, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez-González MÁ, Ordovas JM, Martínez JA. Contribution of macronutrients to obesity: implications for precision nutrition. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:305-320. [PMID: 32235875 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific metabolic contribution of consuming different energy-yielding macronutrients (namely, carbohydrates, protein and lipids) to obesity is a matter of active debate. In this Review, we summarize the current research concerning associations between the intake of different macronutrients and weight gain and adiposity. We discuss insights into possible differential mechanistic pathways where macronutrients might act on either appetite or adipogenesis to cause weight gain. We also explore the role of dietary macronutrient distribution on thermogenesis or energy expenditure for weight loss and maintenance. On the basis of the data discussed, we describe a novel way to manage excessive body weight; namely, prescribing personalized diets with different macronutrient compositions according to the individual's genotype and/or enterotype. In this context, the interplay of macronutrient consumption with obesity incidence involves mechanisms that affect appetite, thermogenesis and metabolism, and the outcomes of these mechanisms are altered by an individual's genotype and microbiota. Indeed, the interactions of the genetic make-up and/or microbiota features of a person with specific macronutrient intakes or dietary pattern consumption help to explain individualized responses to macronutrients and food patterns, which might represent key factors for comprehensive precision nutrition recommendations and personalized obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain.
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José María Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity Fundation IMDEA Food, Campus of International Excellence, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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l-ornithine activates Ca 2+ signaling to exert its protective function on human proximal tubular cells. Cell Signal 2019; 67:109484. [PMID: 31770578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation can be influenced by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated regulation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) signaling. ROS production are much higher in proximal tubular (PT) cells; in addition, the lack of antioxidants enhances the vulnerability to oxidative damage. Despite such predispositions, PT cells show resiliency, and therefore must possess some inherent mechanism to protect from oxidative damage. While the mechanism in unknown, we tested the effect of l-ornithine, since it is abundantly present in PT luminal fluid and can activate Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), a GPCR, expressed in the PT luminal membrane. We used human kidney 2 (HK2) cells, a PT cell line, and performed Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological experiments to show that l-ornithine has a concentration-dependent effect on CaSR activation. We further demonstrate that the operation of CaSR activated Ca2+ signaling in HK-2 cells mediated by the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) dependent receptor-operated Ca2+ entry (ROCE) using pharmacological and siRNA inhibitors. Since PT cells are vulnerable to ROS, we simulated such deleterious effects using genetically encoded peroxide-induced ROS production (HyperRed indicator) to show that the l-ornithine-induced ROCE mediated [Ca2+]i signaling protects from ROS production. Furthermore, we performed cell viability, necrosis and apoptosis assays, and mitochondrial oxidative gene expression to establish that presence of l-ornithine rescued the ROS-induced damage in HK-2 cells. Moreover, l-ornithine-activation of CaSR can reverse ROS production and apoptosis via mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 activation. Such nephroprotective role of l-ornithine can be useful as the translational option for reversing kidney diseases involving PT cell damage due to oxidative stress or crystal nephropathies.
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Acar I, Cetinkaya A, Lay I, Ileri-Gurel E. The role of calcium sensing receptors in GLP-1 and PYY secretion after acute intraduodenal administration of L-Tryptophan in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:481-489. [PMID: 30222528 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1521906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the major sensor of extracellular Ca2+, is expressed in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. Although the essential ligand of CaSR is calcium, its activity can be regulated by aromatic L-amino acids. The expression of CaSR on enteroendocrine cells suggests that CaSR functions as a physiological amino acid sensor for gut hormone release. Here, we investigated the effects of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) on rat glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and insulin secretion, and the role of CaSR in this mechanism in vivo.Methods: The effects of intraduodenal L-Trp on GLP-1, PYY, and insulin secretion were investigated. A CaSR antagonist, NPS 2143, was administered to determine whether CaSR plays a role in L-Trp-mediated gut hormone release. Male Wistar rats were divided into L-Trp, L-Trp+NPS 2143, and L-Trp+vehicle groups. Blood samples were collected, before and after the intraduodenal infusions, for determining plasma glucose, L-Trp, insulin, GLP-1, and PYY levels.Results: Our study showed a significant increase in plasma GLP-1 and insulin levels, but not plasma PYY and glucose levels, following the acute intraduodenal administration of L-Trp. We demonstrated that CaSR plays a role in L-Trp-mediated GLP-1 secretion due to attenuation of GLP-1 release with the CaSR antagonist NPS 2143.Discussion: We demonstrated that GLP-1, but not PYY, secretion following intraduodenal L-Trp administration was mediated through calcium-sensing receptors. This mechanism underlying protein sensing in the gastrointestinal system may be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies without side effects for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Acar
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alper Cetinkaya
- Laboratory Animals Research and Application Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Incilay Lay
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Ileri-Gurel
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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