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García-Lara RA, Suleiman-Martos N, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, García-Morales V, Quesada-Caballero M, Guisado-Requena IM, Gómez-Urquiza JL. Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors among Patients with Chronic Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123094. [PMID: 36553100 PMCID: PMC9777242 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic diseases in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic is especially challenging, and reducing potential psychological harm is essential. This review aims to determine the prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with chronic disease, and to characterize the impacts of related factors. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The meta-analysis was performed using StatsDirect software. The review identified 33 articles with a total of 50,905 patients with chronic diseases. Four meta-analyses were performed to estimate the prevalence of depression. In diabetic patients, the prevalence ranged from 17% (95% CI = 7-31) (PHQ-9) to 33% (95% CI = 16-51) (PHQ-8); in obese patients, the prevalence was 48% (95% CI = 26-71); and in hypertensive patients, the prevalence was 18% (95% CI = 13-24). The factors significantly associated with depression were female sex, being single, deterioration in the clinical parameters of diabetes, a decrease in self-care behavior, reduced physical activity and sleep time and fear of contagion. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased levels of depression among persons with chronic disease. Pandemics and other emergency events have a major impact on mental health, so early psychological interventions and health management policies are needed to reinforce chronic patients' physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén A. García-Lara
- UGC Orgiva, Granada-South Health Management Area, Andalusian Health Service, Calle La Madre s/n, Lanjarón, 18420 Granada, Spain
| | - Nora Suleiman-Martos
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Av. de la Ilustración, 60, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Victoria García-Morales
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Pl. Falla, 9, 11003 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Miguel Quesada-Caballero
- UGC La Caleta Granada-Metropolitano, Andalusian Health Service, Av. del Sur, 11, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel M. Guisado-Requena
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - José L. Gómez-Urquiza
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Cortadura del Valle s/n, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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Loose T, Geoffroy MC, Orri M, Chadi N, Scardera S, Booij L, Breton E, Tremblay R, Boivin M, Coté S. Pathways of association between disordered eating in adolescence and mental health outcomes in young adulthood during the COVID-19 pandemic. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2022; 114:22-32. [PMID: 36482144 PMCID: PMC9734974 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increased mental health problems. We investigated (1) associations between disordered eating in adolescence and mental health problems after one year of the pandemic and (2) the mechanisms explaining associations. METHOD We analyzed data from a population-based birth cohort in Quebec, Canada (557 males and 759 females). High and low levels of disordered eating symptom trajectories were previously estimated (age 12, 15, 17, and 20 years). Anxiety, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal ideation were assessed at 23 years (March-June 2021). Putative mediators included loneliness and social media use (age 22 years, July-August 2020). Analyses controlled for mental health and socio-economic status at age 10-12 years and were conducted for males and females separately. RESULTS Females in the high-level disordered eating symptom trajectory were at increased risk for non-suicidal self-injury (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.02-2.52) and suicidal ideation (2.16; 1.31-3.57), whereas males were at increased risk for severe anxiety (2.49; CI 1.11-5.58). Males and females in the high-level trajectory were more likely to report severe depression (2.26; 1.14-5.92 and 2.15, 1.36-3.38 respectively). Among females, associations were partially explained (17-35%) by loneliness during the first 4 months of the pandemic. CONCLUSION Young adults who experienced disordered eating as adolescents were at increased risk of mental health problems during the pandemic. Loneliness partially mediated the effect, suggesting that pandemic mitigation resulting in increased social isolation may have exacerbated mental health problems among women with a history of disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianna Loose
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal School of Public Health, Montreal, QC Canada ,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Marie Claude Geoffroy
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,Douglas Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Nicholas Chadi
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC Canada ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Sara Scardera
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC Canada ,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC Canada ,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Edith Breton
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC Canada ,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Richard Tremblay
- Department of Pediatrics and School of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Sylvana Coté
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal School of Public Health, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Vigil P, Meléndez J, Soto H, Petkovic G, Bernal YA, Molina S. Chronic Stress and Ovulatory Dysfunction: Implications in Times of COVID-19. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:866104. [PMID: 35677754 PMCID: PMC9168655 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.866104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is known to be associated with adverse health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated lockdowns are examples of chronic stressors. Lockdown measures inadvertently caused significant psychological distress and became a powerful source of anxiety/stress, sleep disturbances, nutritional changes and weight gain. Stress is known to impact women's health specifically, through hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dysfunction and resultant ovulatory dysfunction. Such dysfunction may manifest in menstrual irregularities and/or infertility due to hypothalamic hypogonadism. Here, we review the key physiological mediators of stress and associated ovulatory dysfunction. The kisspeptinergic system is comprised of sets of neurons located in the hypothalamus, the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC). This system links nutrition, reproductive signals and stress. It plays a key role in the function of the HPG axis. During chronic stress, the kisspeptinergic system affects the HPG axis, GnRH pulsatility, and, therefore, ovulation. Leptin, insulin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) are thought to be additional key modulators in the behavioral responses to chronic stress and may contribute to stress-related ovulatory dysfunction. This mini-review also summarizes and appraises the available evidence on the negative impact of chronic stress as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. It proposes physiological mechanisms to explain the observed effects on women's reproductive health and well-being. The review suggests areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Médica San Cristóbal, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Pilar Vigil
| | - Jaime Meléndez
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Soto
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Yanara A. Bernal
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Santiago Molina
- Tallahassee Community College, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Hossain MJ, Ahmmed F, Khan MR, Rashid PT, Hossain S, Rafi MO, Islam MR, Mitra S, Emran TB, Islam F, Alam M, Sarker MMR, Naina Mohamed I. Impact of Prolonged COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Mass Index, Eating Habits, and Physical Activity of University Students in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873105. [PMID: 35669065 PMCID: PMC9165530 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This current study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with body mass index (BMI), dietary patterns, and the extent of physical activities among university students following the prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between July 10 to August 10, 2021, through a pre-designed Google Form to collect the data from Bangladeshi university students (age: ≥18 years). Informed consent was electronically obtained from each participant, and a simple snowball technique was employed during the sampling. Frequency and percentage distribution, paired t-test, chi-square [χ2] test, and multinomial and binary logistic regression analyses were consecutively applied to analyze the collected data. Results Among the total participants (n = 1,602), 45.1% were female and 55.6% were 22–25 years' age group students. The BMI (mean ± standard deviation, SD) during the COVID-19 lockdown was 23.52 ± 7.68 kg/m2, which was 22.77 ± 4.11 kg/m2 during the pre-lockdown period (mean difference = 0.753; p < 0.001). The multinomial logistic regression analysis found a significant impact of gender [male vs. female: adjusted relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.448; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.022, 2.053; p = 0.037], age (years) (<22 vs. >25: RRR =0.389, 95% CI = 0.213,0.710; p = 0.002, and 22–25 vs. >25: RRR = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.290, 0.772; p = 0.003), monthly family income (BDT) (<25,000 vs. >50,000: RRR = 0.525, 95% CI = 0.334,0.826; p = 0.005), university type (public vs. private: RRR = 0.540, 95% CI = 0.369, 0.791; p = 0.002), eating larger meals/snacks (increased vs. unchanged: RRR = 2.401, 95% CI = 1.597, 3.610; p < 0.001 and decreased vs. unchanged: RRR = 1.893, 95% CI = 1.218, 2.942; p = 0.005), and verbally or physically abuse (yes vs. no: RRR = 1.438, 95% CI = 0.977, 2.116; p = 0.066) on obesity during COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, the female students and those who have constant eating habits, were more likely to be underweight. Additionally, the binary logistic regression analysis found that the students from private universities [others vs. private: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.461, 95% CI = 0.313, 0.680; p < 0.001], urban areas (urban vs. rural: AOR = 1.451, 95% CI = 1.165, 1.806; p = 0.001), wealthier families (<25,000 BDT vs. >50,000 BDT: AOR = 0.727, 95% CI = 0.540, 0.979; p = 0.036), and who were taking larger meals/snacks (increased vs. unchanged: AOR = 2.806, 95% CI = 2.190, 3.596; p < 0.001) and had conflicts/arguments with others (no vs. yes: AOR = 0.524, 95% CI = 0.418, 0.657; p < 0.001), were significantly more physically inactive. Finally, the level of education and smoking habits significantly influenced the eating habits of university students during the extended strict lockdown in Bangladesh. Conclusion The current findings would be helpful tools and evidence for local and international public health experts and policymakers to reverse these worsening effects on students mediated by the prolonged lockdown. Several effective plans, programs, and combined attempts must be earnestly implemented to promote a smooth academic and daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Jamal Hossain ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9706-207X
| | - Foyez Ahmmed
- Department of Statistics, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Robin Khan
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sorif Hossain
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Statistics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Oliullah Rafi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Morshed Alam
- Institute of Education and Research, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Isa Naina Mohamed ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
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Yunianto AE, Fadly D, Abdurrahmat A, Laksmini P, Indah W, Fauziyah A, Triatmaja NT, Kushargina R, Sutrio S, Lusiana SA, Darawat M. Stress Level to Dietary Habits among Adolescent in Indonesia during COVID 19 Outbreak: A Nationwide Survey. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To suppress the COVID-19 transmissions, almost all activities related to physical and social activities between individuals are restricted. Activity restrictions such as lockdowns or physical-social distancing can trigger an elevation in stress.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the correlation between stress levels and food habits among adolescents in Indonesia.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire involving 5924 adolescents in all regions in Indonesia using the snowball sampling technique.
RESULTS: The survey showed that most adolescents experienced high stress (55.6%). During the COVID-19 outbreak, they seemed rarely consumed or had an intake frequency of fewer than 3 times a day on carbohydrates (89.1%), animal protein (87.5%), vegetable protein (88.9%), vegetables (84.8%), fruit (90.6%), and snacks (86.3%). Statistically, their stress level did not significantly correlate to the consumption of those carbohydrates, animal protein, vegetable protein, vegetables, and fruit (p > 0.05), except for snacks (p < 0.002) at α = 0.05. Thus, the high-stress level was 1.267 times more at risk of snacking habit more often (more than 3 times a day) among adolescents in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak.
CONCLUSION: Stress level did not significantly correlate to the consumption of those carbohydrates, animal protein, vegetable protein, vegetables, and fruit. However, stress levels did not significantly correlate to snacks consumption.
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