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Currie DW, West CA, Patel HK, Favaloro J, Asiimwe F, Ndagije F, Silver R, Mugurungi O, Shang J, Ndongmo CB, Williams DB, Dzinotyiweyi E, Waruru A, Pasipamire M, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Dlamini S, McLeod N, Kayirangwa E, Rwibasira G, Minchella PA, Auld AF, Nyirenda R, Getaneh Y, Hailemariam AH, Tondoh-Koui I, Kohemun N, Mgomella GS, Njau PF, Kirungi WL, Dalhatu I, Stafford KA, Bodika SM, Ussery F, McCracken S, Stupp P, Brown K, Duong YT, Parekh BS, Voetsch AC. Risk Factors for Recent HIV Infections among Adults in 14 Countries in Africa Identified by Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys, 2015-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2325-2334. [PMID: 37877591 PMCID: PMC10617335 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying persons who have newly acquired HIV infections is critical for characterizing the HIV epidemic direction. We analyzed pooled data from nationally representative Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment surveys conducted across 14 countries in Africa for recent infection risk factors. We included adults 15-49 years of age who had sex during the previous year and used a recent infection testing algorithm to distinguish recent from long-term infections. We collected risk factor information via participant interviews and assessed correlates of recent infection using multinomial logistic regression, incorporating each survey's complex sampling design. Compared with HIV-negative persons, persons with higher odds of recent HIV infection were women, were divorced/separated/widowed, had multiple recent sex partners, had a recent HIV-positive sex partner or one with unknown status, and lived in communities with higher HIV viremia prevalence. Prevention programs focusing on persons at higher risk for HIV and their sexual partners will contribute to reducing HIV incidence.
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Saki M, De Villiers H, Ntsapi C, Tiloke C. The Hepatoprotective Effects of Moringa oleifera against Antiretroviral-Induced Cytotoxicity in HepG 2 Cells: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3235. [PMID: 37765399 PMCID: PMC10537654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus species that attacks immune cells (CD4+ T cells), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-positive people manage HIV/AIDS by using antiretroviral therapy (ART). The ART treatment regimen contains two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Tenofovir, an NRTI approved for managing HIV infection, is associated with hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis, which are linked to mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. Due to side-effects associated with ART, people living with HIV often use medicinal plants or a combination of medicinal plants with ART to promote adherence and diminish the side-effects and cytotoxicity. The Moringa oleifera (MO) tree from the family of Moringaceae is among the medicinal trees studied in managing HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. The MO tree extracts have been reported to have inhibitory activity primarily against HIV due to their bioactive compounds. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the use of the MO tree amongst HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in South Africa and its effect on patient compliance and outcomes. Thus, this review aims to outline the impact of MO aqueous leaf extract on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in human HepG2 liver cells after exposure to antiretrovirals such as tenofovir. The review will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the potential protective effect of MO aqueous leaf extract on tenofovir-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charlette Tiloke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (M.S.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.)
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Cisneros E, Sherwani N, Lanier OL, Peppas NA. Targeted delivery methods for RNA interference are necessary to obtain a potential functional cure for HIV/AIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114970. [PMID: 37385543 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is of great interest in many different therapeutic areas including infectious diseases such as immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Thanks to current, advanced treatments for HIV, the diagnosis is no longer a death sentence. However, even with these treatments, latency is suggested to persist in T-lymphocyte-rich tissues including gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), spleen, and bone marrow making HIV an incurable disease. Therefore, it is important to design systems that can effectively deliver therapeutics to these tissues to fight latent infection and find a functional cure. Numerous therapeutics ranging from small molecules to cell therapies have been explored as a cure for HIV but have failed to maintain therapeutic longevity. RNA interference (RNAi) provides a unique opportunity to achieve a functional cure for those who suffer from chronic HIV/AIDS by suppressing replication of the virus. However, RNA has certain imitations in delivery as it cannot be delivered without a carrier due to its negative charge and degradation from endogenous nucleases. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of explored systems for siRNA delivery for HIV/AIDS in the context of RNA therapeutic design and nanoparticle design. In addition, we suggest strategies that should be used to target specific tissues that are rich in lymphatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Cisneros
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Najia Sherwani
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Olivia L Lanier
- Institute of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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HIV prevalence and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran: a bio-behavioral survey in 2020. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:909-918. [PMID: 36097087 PMCID: PMC9466307 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overall decline in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, it remains unacceptably high in key populations. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of HIV infection and high-risk behaviors among female sex workers (FSWs). This study was a cross-sectional survey of FSWs conducted between December 2019 and August 2020 in eight geographically diverse cities in Iran. After providing informed consent, participants completed a bio-behavioral questionnaire and after completion of the interview, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and dried blood spots (DBS) were collected to determine HIV and syphilis status as per national guidelines, if the women consented. All analyzes were based on RDS adjustment. Weighting was done according to Giles'SS estimator. Among the 1515 FSWs, the overall prevalence of HIV and syphilis were 1.6% (95% CI: 0.8-2.3) and zero, respectively. The highest HIV prevalence was observed in Shiraz (5.1%) and Khorramabad city (1.6%). In addition, HIV-positive FSWs had a higher mean age at first sexual contact than HIV-negative FSWs (21.4 ± 5.6 vs. 17.2 ± 4.2 years). Injection drug use and a history of arrest or incarceration were associated with an increased odds of HIV infection (OR = 6.25; 95% CI: 1.90-20.55 and OR = 4.57; 95% CI: 1.64-12.72, respectively). Based on the results, strategies to improve early HIV diagnosis, harm reduction, and use of testing and treatment strategies are needed to reduce and control HIV infections.
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Chi ZC. Progress in understanding of association between metabolic associated fatty liver disease and viral infectious diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:783-794. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i18.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease with the highest incidence in the world, which affects 1/4-1/3 of the world population and has a serious effect on people's health. As is a multi-systemic disease, MAFLD is closely related to the occurrence and prognosis of many diseases. Studies have shown that MAFLD is associated with viral infectious diseases, and their interaction affects the prognosis of the disease. This paper reviews the research progress in this field in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chun Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
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Alemu GH, Gidebo DD, Ali MM. Magnitude of HIV Infection and Associated Factors among Female Sex Workers at Hawassa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022; 32:261-268. [PMID: 35693584 PMCID: PMC9175215 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV is among one of the most serious public health problems. Low-income countries are highly affected by Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV). The burden of HIV varies across various segments of the population. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of HIV infection and associated factors among female sex workers (FSWs). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 381 FSWs at Integrated Service on Health and Development Organization (ISHDO) located in Hawassa city from July to November 2018. Socio-demographic and related data were collected using a structured questionnaire. About 5 ml of venous blood was collected from study participants; serum was prepared and tested for HIV using the 4th generation Microlisa HIV assay. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21; binary and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine factors associated with HIV infection among FSWs. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of HIV among FSWs at ISHDO, Hawassa was 19.9% [95% CI: 16, 24.4]. Conclusion The prevalence of HIV among FSWs at ISHDO, Hawassa was relatively high compared to national and regional reports. In this study, none of the factors assessed were significantly associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deresse Daka Gidebo
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Musa Mohammed Ali
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Boeckmans J, Rombaut M, Demuyser T, Declerck B, Piérard D, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Waumans L, Magerman K, Cartuyvels R, Rummens JL, Rodrigues RM, Vanhaecke T. Infections at the nexus of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2235-2253. [PMID: 34027561 PMCID: PMC8141380 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that affects about a quarter of the world population. MAFLD encompasses different disease stadia ranging from isolated liver steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although MAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, multiple concomitant disease-potentiating factors can accelerate disease progression. Among these risk factors are diet, lifestyle, genetic traits, intake of steatogenic drugs, male gender and particular infections. Although infections often outweigh the development of fatty liver disease, pre-existing MAFLD could be triggered to progress towards more severe disease stadia. These combined disease cases might be underreported because of the high prevalence of both MAFLD and infectious diseases that can promote or exacerbate fatty liver disease development. In this review, we portray the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the most relevant viral, bacterial and parasitic infections influence the progression of fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. We focus in particular on how infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease-19, hepatitis C, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, peptic ulcer and periodontitis, exacerbate MAFLD. We specifically underscore the synergistic effects of these infections with other MAFLD-promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Matthias Rombaut
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Baptist Declerck
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Waumans
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Koen Magerman
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Reinoud Cartuyvels
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Khosravi B, Irandoost SF, Soofizad G, Yoosefi Lebni J. Barriers to Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers in Tehran, Iran: A Qualitative Study. Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:681-689. [PMID: 32943942 PMCID: PMC7468524 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s260481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are many barriers for condom use, which was one of the most important methods to prevent the transmission of HIV among female sex workers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the barriers to condom use among female sex workers in Tehran, Iran. Methods This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis among female sex workers in Tehran. Twenty-two female sex workers were selected through snowball sampling and purposive sampling. The data gathering method was a semi-structured interview and the data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman method. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for evaluating research transferability. Results The results of data analysis were categorized in three categories and seven sub-categories included 1) individual factors (not knowing HIV/AIDS properly, anti-loyalty and love, and personality traits), 2) structural factors (partner’s desire, problems with condom availability), and 3) cultural factors (cultural taboos, following the models). Conclusion The results showed that lack of condom use is the consequence of different individual, structural, and cultural factors. So, it can be useful to take some initiatives at the individual level by raising awareness and understanding of female sex workers about HIV at the structural level by lowering the price of condoms and providing them extensively and at the societal level, by changing the beliefs and taboos about condoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahar Khosravi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Goli Soofizad
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Education and Health Promotion, Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Olotu FA, Agoni C, Soremekun O, Soliman MES. The recent application of 3D-QSAR and docking studies to novel HIV-protease inhibitor drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1095-1110. [PMID: 32692273 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1773428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the availability of FDA approved inhibitors of HIV protease, numerous efforts are still ongoing to achieve 'near-perfect' drugs devoid of characteristic adverse side effects, toxicities, and mutational resistance. While experimental methods have been plagued with huge consumption of time and resources, there has been an incessant shift towards the use of computational simulations in HIV protease inhibitor drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review the numerous applications of 3D-QSAR modeling methods over recent years relative to the design of new HIV protease inhibitors from a series of experimentally derived compounds. Also, the augmentative contributions of molecular docking are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Efforts to optimize 3D QSAR and molecular docking for HIV-1 drug discovery are ongoing, which could further incorporate inhibitor motions at the active site using molecular dynamics parameters. Also, highly predictive machine learning algorithms such as random forest, K-means, decision trees, linear regression, hierarchical clustering, and Bayesian classifiers could be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus , Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus , Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Opeyemi Soremekun
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus , Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus , Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Sinha A, Goswami DN, Haldar D, Choudhury KB, Saha MK, Dutta S. Sociobehavioural matrix and knowledge, attitude and practises regarding HIV/AIDS among female sex workers in an international border area of West Bengal, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:1728-1732. [PMID: 32509679 PMCID: PMC7266195 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1196_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV/AIDS is still a big public health challenge of India. Female Sex Workers (FSWs) belong to an important high risk group (HRG) in the transmission of HIV/AIDS. International borders have intermingling of population and also plenty of migrant population. Thus study on FSW s with relation to HIV/AIDS in an international border area is an important area of Research. AIMS The present study was planned with the objectives of: to determine the sociodemographic profile of the FSW under the study, to assess their knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS and to find out their sexual practices. SETTINGS AND DESIGN It was a community based descriptive cross sectional study, done at the Indo-Bhutan border town of Jaigaon in Alipurduar District of West Bengal with the help of a Non-governmental organization (NGO) working on Targeted Interventions (TI) for FSW. METHODS AND MATERIAL Total 90 FSWs were interviewed using predesigned pretested questionnaire. The questionnaires used were prior validated by National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The data were analysed by SPSS 14.0. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The analysis revealed that 35 % of the study population were illiterate. It was also found that 81% of respondents had heard about HIV/AIDS; 76.7% had knowledge about its spread through vaginal sex, 67.8% had idea regarding its Mother to Child transmission. 92% felt PLHIV should not be kept away from others, 93% felt they shouldn't be deprived from property. Regarding sexual activity, 76.7% had sexual activity more than 3 times/week and 97.8% used condom persistently in last one year. Coordinated Efforts is required to be taken in this regard to tackle these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sinha
- ICMR, NICED, P- C.I.T. Scheme XM, Beleghata, 33, CIT Road, Subhas Sarobar Park, Phool Bagan, Beleghata, India
| | - Dipendra Narayan Goswami
- Department of Community Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Rd, Beniapukur, Kolkata, India
| | - Dibakar Haldar
- Department of Community Medicine, Bankura Sammilani Medical College Road, Kenduadihi, Bankura, West Bengal, India
| | - Kanti Bhusan Choudhury
- Department of Community Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Rd, Beniapukur, Kolkata, India
| | - Malay K Saha
- ICMR, NICED, P- C.I.T. Scheme XM, Beleghata, 33, CIT Road, Subhas Sarobar Park, Phool Bagan, Beleghata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR, NICED, P- C.I.T. Scheme XM, Beleghata, 33, CIT Road, Subhas Sarobar Park, Phool Bagan, Beleghata, India
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