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Ahmadu PU, Victor E, Ameh FS. Studies on some neuropharmacological properties of Nevirapine in mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 12:12-19. [PMID: 34935003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-retroviral drug (ARV) with the highest BBB penetrating ability. Its specific pharmacologic effects on central nervous system (CNS) are not well known. The objective of the study was to investigate some CNS effects of Nevirapine. Oral acute toxicity test (Lorke, 1983) was used to estimate the LD50. Exploratory or sedative effects were tested using open field test(OFT), Hole-board test (HBT), diazepam-induced sleeping time test, and ketamine-induced sleeping time test. Five groups of mice were used (5 mice /group). The negative control group received vehicle (distilled water) (10 mL /kg) while groups II, III, and IV received NVP- 15.625 mg/kg, 31.25 mg/kg, 62.5 mg/kg body weight respectively while group V received 0.25 mg/kg of diazepam intraperitoneal. Groups I to IV were treated orally. The oral LD50 was determined to be 2154. 07 mg/kg. NVP, in a dose dependent fashion, increased the number of line-crossing in the OFT. Also, NVP in a dose-dependent fashion, significantly reduced the duration of diazepam-induced sleeping time as well as delayed onset. NVP significantly potentiated ketamine-induced sleeping time duration. Nevirapine possess excitatory effects possibly through antagonism of GABA receptors. Nevirapine causes wakefulness (shortening of sleep) possibly via antagonism of GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Uchogu Ahmadu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Health, P.M.B 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ejigah Victor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fidelis Solomon Ameh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Health, P.M.B 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
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Gupta Y, Maciorowski D, Zak SE, Jones KA, Kathayat RS, Azizi SA, Mathur R, Pearce CM, Ilc DJ, Husein H, Herbert AS, Bharti A, Rathi B, Durvasula R, Becker DP, Dickinson BC, Dye JM, Kempaiah P. Bisindolylmaleimide IX: A novel anti-SARS-CoV2 agent targeting viral main protease 3CLpro demonstrated by virtual screening pipeline and in-vitro validation assays. Methods 2021; 195:57-71. [PMID: 33453392 PMCID: PMC7807167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 consists of several enzymes with essential functions within its proteome. Here, we focused on repurposing approved and investigational drugs/compounds. We targeted seven proteins with enzymatic activities known to be essential at different stages of the viral cycle including PLpro, 3CLpro, RdRP, Helicase, ExoN, NendoU, and 2'-O-MT. For virtual screening, energy minimization of a crystal structure of the modeled protein was carried out using the Protein Preparation Wizard (Schrodinger LLC 2020-1). Following active site selection based on data mining and COACH predictions, we performed a high-throughput virtual screen of drugs and investigational molecules (n = 5903). The screening was performed against viral targets using three sequential docking modes (i.e., HTVS, SP, and XP). Virtual screening identified ∼290 potential inhibitors based on the criteria of energy, docking parameters, ligand, and binding site strain and score. Drugs specific to each target protein were further analyzed for binding free energy perturbation by molecular mechanics (prime MM-GBSA) and pruning the hits to the top 32 candidates. The top lead from each target pool was further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation using the Desmond module. The resulting top eight hits were tested for their SARS-CoV-2 anti-viral activity in-vitro. Among these, a known inhibitor of protein kinase C isoforms, Bisindolylmaleimide IX (BIM IX), was found to be a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. Further, target validation through enzymatic assays confirmed 3CLpro to be the target. This is the first study that has showcased BIM IX as a COVID-19 inhibitor thereby validating our pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Gupta
- Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Samantha E Zak
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA; The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Krysten A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rahul S Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew S Herbert
- The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Ajay Bharti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA; The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
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Massumi S, Ahmadi E, Akbari A, Gholivand MB. Highly sensitive and selective sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer for voltammetric determination of Nevirapine in biological samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Radeva N, Krimmer SG, Stieler M, Fu K, Wang X, Ehrmann FR, Metz A, Huschmann FU, Weiss MS, Mueller U, Schiebel J, Heine A, Klebe G. Experimental Active-Site Mapping by Fragments: Hot Spots Remote from the Catalytic Center of Endothiapepsin. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7561-75. [PMID: 27463859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Successful optimization of a given lead scaffold requires thorough binding-site mapping of the target protein particular in regions remote from the catalytic center where high conservation across protein families is given. We screened a 361-entry fragment library for binding to the aspartic protease endothiapepsin by crystallography. This enzyme is frequently used as a surrogate for the design of renin and β-secretase inhibitors. A hit rate of 20% was achieved, providing 71 crystal structures. Here, we discuss 45 binding poses of fragments accommodated in pockets remote from the catalytic dyad. Three major hot spots are discovered in remote binding areas: Asp81, Asp119, and Phe291. Compared to the dyad binders, bulkier fragments occupy these regions. Many of the discovered fragments suggest an optimization concept on how to grow them into larger ligands occupying adjacent binding pockets that will possibly endow them with the desired selectivity for one given member of a protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedyalka Radeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan G Krimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Stieler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kan Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frederik R Ehrmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Metz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska U Huschmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred S Weiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Mueller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , Fotongatan 2, 225 94 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes Schiebel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Raju A, Reddy AJ, Satheesh J, Jithan AV. Preparation and characterisation of nevirapine oral nanosuspensions. Indian J Pharm Sci 2014; 76:62-71. [PMID: 24799740 PMCID: PMC4007257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare and characterise nevirapine nanosuspensions so as to improve the dissolution rate of nevirapine. Nevirapine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of immunodeficiency virus type-1 and it is poorly water-soluble antiretroviral drug. The low solubility of nevirapine can lead to decreased and variable oral bioavailability. Nanosuspension can overcome the oral bioavailability problem of nevirapine. Nevirapine nanosuspensions were prepared using nanoedge method. The suspensions were stabilised using surfactants Lutrol F 127 or Poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The nanosuspension was characterised for particle size, polydispersibility index, crystalline state, particle morphology, in vitro drug release and pharmacokinetics in rats after oral administration. The results support the claim for the preparation of nanosuspensions with enhanced solubility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Mother Teresa College of Pharmacy, NFC Nagar, RR Dist-501 301, India
| | - A. Jagdeesh Reddy
- New Drug Discovery Department, Hetero Drugs Limited (R and D), Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 018, India
| | - J. Satheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Mother Teresa College of Pharmacy, NFC Nagar, RR Dist-501 301, India
| | - A. V. Jithan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Mother Teresa College of Pharmacy, NFC Nagar, RR Dist-501 301, India,Address for correspondence: E-mail:
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