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Nyamu GW, Shee MA, Kiende P, Muthiani BM, Nakazea RJ, Mwasowa NM, Odhiambo F, King'oo JM, Wigina RN. Causes of pre and post-donation deferrals among blood donors, at Kwale Satellite Blood Transfusion Center, Kwale County, Kenya, 2018-2022. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2197. [PMID: 39138457 PMCID: PMC11321081 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both pre-donation and post-donation deferrals pose challenges to blood safety and availability. This study delved into the deferral rates before donations and their underlying reasons, as, transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) leading to post-donation deferrals among potential blood donors at the Kwale Satellite Blood Transfusion Centre (KSBTC) in Kenya. METHODS We performed a retrospective electronic record review of pre- and post-donation deferrals among blood donors at KSBTC, 2018-2022. The pre-donations deferral rate and reasons for deferral were analyzed. Accepted donations were analyzed to determine the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and syphilis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and both crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Variables with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS A review was conducted on 12,633 blood donation records. Among these, individuals 2,729/12,633 (21.60%) were deferred from donating with the primary reason being low hemoglobin levels, constituting 51.86% of deferrals. Around 773/9,904 (7.80%) of blood units, were discarded due to at least one TTI. Among these, HBV accounted for 4.73%, HIV for 2.01%, HCV for 1.21%, and Syphilis for 0.59% of cases. The adjusted odds ratio for male donors were, (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.01-1.57), donors with none or primary education level (aOR = 1.4 95% CI 1.11-1.68), first-timer donors (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.01-1.44), and static strategy for blood collection (aOR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.12-1.63) were independently potentially associated with testing positive for at least one TTI. CONCLUSION The study indicates that TTIs continue to pose a risk to the safety of Kenya's bloodstock, with a notable prevalence of HBV infections. Male donors, individuals with limited education, first-time donors, and utilizing a fixed strategy for blood collection were identified as potential risk factors independently associated with TTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matano Ali Shee
- School of Applied and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P.O Box 90420,-80100, Mombasa, Kenya
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box: 30016-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Polly Kiende
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box: 30016-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Nyarambe Wigina
- School of Applied and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P.O Box 90420,-80100, Mombasa, Kenya
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Albshri M, Manikandan P, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Almehmadi MM, Alzabeedi K, Babalgaith M, Alghamdi M, Alharbi F, Alhazmi M. The Prevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases Among Blood Donors in the Central Blood Bank in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e48881. [PMID: 38106789 PMCID: PMC10724763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the health and demographic characteristics of blood donors in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and assess the prevalence and correlation of two markers related to hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B virus surface antibody (HBsAb). Materials and methods The study used a retrospective design and collected data from the Central Blood Bank in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, in 2022. The sample size was 7,875 blood donors. The study used various methods, such as serological testing, nucleic acid testing (NAT), and statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between different variables. Results The predominant age group was 29-39 years, accounting for 46.9% of the total donors. In terms of blood types, O+ve was the most common, representing 40.3% of the donors. The investigation into infectious markers revealed overall low levels of reactivity among donors. For HBsAg, a marker of active hepatitis B infection, only 0.36% of the units were reactive. Conversely, the anti-HBsAb, which indicates immunity to hepatitis B, was reactive in 6.83% of the units. The correlation analysis illuminated some critical relationships. The total number of units tested had a statistically significant, albeit weak, positive relationship with HBsAg reactivity, shown by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.030 and a p-value of 0.008. Conversely, the total number of units tested and anti-HBsAb reactivity showed a moderate negative correlation, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.437 and a p-value of less than 0.001. However, no significant correlation was identified between HBsAg and anti-HBsAb reactivity, indicating that active infection and immunity status might not be directly linked. Conclusion This extensive study provides in-depth insights into the sociodemographic characteristics of blood donors and the prevalence of key infectious markers within this population. It underlines the imperative of rigorous screening of blood units, particularly given the low immunity levels to hepatitis B identified. Also, the study showed the importance of screening blood units and vaccinating people against hepatitis B. It also suggested the need for more research on blood safety and infection-immunity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, SAU
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | - Mazen M Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | - Kamal Alzabeedi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Regional Laboratory, Makkah, SAU
| | - Mohamed Babalgaith
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
| | - Mosa Alghamdi
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
| | - Faris Alharbi
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
| | - Mohammed Alhazmi
- Central Blood Bank, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, Makkah, SAU
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Ayele B, Weldehanna D, Demsiss W. Serological Evidence and Associated Factors of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Among Waste Handlers: A Cross-Sectional Study from Northeastern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4881-4890. [PMID: 37525632 PMCID: PMC10387244 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s416409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified viral hepatitis, caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), as one of the main global public health issues. People who work in the collection of waste materials, from either household or medical environments, are at greatest risk. Objective To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with HBV and HCV among medical and domestic waste handlers in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2021 at selected healthcare facilities and municipal settings in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia. The sample size was determined using a double population proportion formula, and a simple random sampling technique was employed to select 70 individuals in the medical waste handlers (MWHs) group and 206 in the domestic waste handlers (DWHs) group. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each participant and tested for HBV and HCV using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23; the prevalence was computed, Fisher's exact test was used, and logistic regression was applied. Results A total of 276 study participants were enrolled and the overall seroprevalence of hepatitis virus was 5.1%. The seroprevalence of HBV infection among MWHs and DWHs was 8.6% and 1.9%, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of HCV infections among MWHs and DWHs was 4.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Medical waste handling, having a history of needle stick injury, and not using personal protective equipment were factors significantly associated with HBV infection. Conclusion The overall seroprevalence of viral hepatitis was high. The prevalence of HBV infection among MWHs was in line with the high endemicity classification of the WHO, and there was a significant difference in prevalence between DWHs and MWHs. Both groups of waste handlers should receive proper attention to protect them from HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beju Ayele
- Amhara Public Health Institute, Dessie Branch, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Weldehanna
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Amhara Region, 1145, Ethiopia
| | - Wondmagegn Demsiss
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Amhara Region, 1145, Ethiopia
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Mangala C, Fokam J, Maulot-Bangola D, Rebienot-Pellegrin O, Nkoa T. Genetic diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus of type 1 in Gabonese transfusional settings. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:191. [PMID: 36997860 PMCID: PMC10061732 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high endemicity of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) in sub-Saharan Africa is a real public health problem. To reduce the risk of HIV transmission through blood donation, the NBTC of Gabon has launched in recent years a reorganization of its blood transfusion system. This study aims to characterize the molecular strains of HIV-1 circulating in donors and to estimate the risk of viral transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period from August 2020 to August 2021 among 381 donors who had agreed to donate blood at the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC). Viral load was determined by Abbott Real-Time (Abbott m2000®, Abbott) and sequencing by the Sanger method (ABI 3500 Hitachi®). The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA X software. Data were checked, entered, and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 software, with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 381 donors were enrolled in the study. Among the 359 seronegative donors, five (5) seronegative donors were detected positive for HIV-1 using Real-Time PCR. The residual risk was 648 per 1,000,000 donations. The prevalence of residual infection was 1.4% [0,01; 0,03]. Sixteen (16) samples were sequenced. The strains obtained were CRF02_AG (50%), subtype A1 (18.8%), subtype G (12.5%), CRF45_cpx (12.5%) and subtype F2 (6.2%). Six sequences clustered with A1, G, CRF02_AG, and CRF45_cpx subtypes. CONCLUSION The residual risk of HIV-1 transmission by blood transfusion remains a concern in the Gabonese transfusional settings. A policy based on improving the current screening strategy would involve the implementation of the nucleic acid test (NAT) in order to optimize the safety of the donation by detecting the HIV-1 subtypes in circulation in the donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mangala
- Catholic University of Central Africa (CUCA), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Joseph Fokam
- Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CBIRC)), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Denis Maulot-Bangola
- Catholic University of Central Africa (CUCA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Thérèse Nkoa
- Catholic University of Central Africa (CUCA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Chen X, Liu Q, Sun P, Yuan S, Liao H, Zhang X. Prevalence of Syphilis Infections Among Volunteer Blood Donors in Jinan Blood Center, China: A 15-Year Retrospective Study. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6431-6440. [PMID: 36349217 PMCID: PMC9637336 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s386495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis infections among volunteer blood donors increased rapidly in recent years. It is important to analyze the demographics of seropositive donor groups and help to recruit donors from low-risk population. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the syphilis prevalence among volunteer blood donors in Jinan Blood Center and give direction to blood recruitment. METHODS AND MATERIALS A cross-sectional study was conducted among blood donors in Jinan, China. Socio-demographic data and blood donation testing data from January 2007 to December 2021 were extracted from the database of blood management software of Jinan Blood Center for analysis. All blood samples were screened by ELISA, and those anti-TP-positive samples were counted and analyzed by sex, age, educational background, occupation and blood donation times. Logistic regression was used to explore risk factors associated with syphilis infection. RESULTS Totally 700,757 blood samples were collected in the study during 2007 to 2021, 2290 cases were detected anti-TP positive with a positive rate of 0.33%. Female, 35-44 years old, with a lower education degree, farmers and first-time donors were the high-risk subgroups. CONCLUSION Consultation and identification of high-risk population groups should be improved. Measures should be taken to make the donor recruitment more professional and detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Chen
- Department of Blood Quality Control, Jinan Blood Center, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of General Management, Jinan Blood Center, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Jinan Blood Center, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Yuan
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Jinan Blood Center, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Liao
- Department of Blood Screening Laboratory, Jinan Blood Center, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Vice Director of Jinan Blood Center, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Hashemi E, Waheed U, Saba N, Wazeer A. First Report from Afghanistan on the Prevalence of Blood-Borne Infections: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Multicentre Study for an Epidemiological Assessment. J Blood Med 2022; 13:45-50. [PMID: 35027857 PMCID: PMC8752068 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s344180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transfusion of blood and blood components has a significant role in healthcare services. However, it remains a possible risk factor for blood-borne infections. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of serological markers of common blood-borne infections among the blood donor population of Afghanistan. Methodology This was a cross-sectional study based on retrospectively collected data over a period of six years from 284 blood centres across 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Every blood donor’s sample was tested by rapid immunoassays for the serological markers of blood-borne infections namely hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1/2 (anti-HIV1/2), and anti-Treponema pallidum (anti-TP). Results All blood donors during the study period were males. The majority of blood donations were from the family replacement category 56.93% (n = 544,568). The overall pooled prevalence of blood-borne infections was 4.36% with a comparatively higher percentage in family replacement donors 4.88%. The seropositivity for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV1/2, and anti-TP was 2.95%, 0.81%, 0.04%, and 0.54%, respectively. Conclusion Complete reliance on voluntary blood donors and screening with quality assured highly sensitive assay is recommended to ensure blood safety in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayatullah Hashemi
- Afghan National Blood Safety and Transfusion Service, General Directorate of Curative Medicine, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- Afghan National Blood Safety and Transfusion Service, General Directorate of Curative Medicine, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Noore Saba
- Peshawar Regional Blood Centre, Provincial Ministry of Health, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Akhlaaq Wazeer
- Mirpur Regional Blood Centre, State Ministry of Health, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
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Wang M, Yu SH, Han ZZ. The utility of grey zone testing in improving blood safety. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:9771-9777. [PMID: 34540108 PMCID: PMC8430061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Transfusion-transmitted infections threaten blood safety. The management of samples with weak reactivity is confusing. Our study aimed to investigate the utility of grey zone (GZ) testing in the screening of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS Chemiluminescence assays (CLA) were used for the blood screening. For each infectious marker, two CLA kits were used, but for each sample, only one kit was used for each infectious marker. An S/CO ≥ 8.0 was considered reactive, and an S/CO < 0.8 was considered non-reactive. A 0.8 ≤ S/CO < 1.0 was set as GZ1, a 1.0, ≤ S/CO < 4.0 was set as GZ2, and a 4.0 ≤ S/CO < 8.0 was set as GZ3. The samples located at different GZs were separately verified using nucleic acid testing (NAT). RESULTS 22,081 patients requiring blood transfusions were included in this study. The cohort had an average age of 32.6 ± 10.6 years old. HBV test kit B (0.41% reactivity and 0.58% GZ rate) was more sensitive than kit A (0.28% reactivity and 0.43% GZ rate). HCV test kit A (0.29% reactivity and 0.57% GZ rate) was more sensitive than kit B (0.27% reactivity and 0.31% GZ rate). HIV test kit A (0.10% reactivity and 0.20% GZ rate) was more sensitive than kit B (0.08% reactivity and 0.11% GZ rate). All the samples in GZ1 were negative for NAT. HBV test kit A has negativities of 20.00% and 4.35% in GZ2 and GZ3, respectively, while HBV test kit B has negativities of 36.84% and 35.48% in GZ2 and GZ3, respectively. HCV test kit A has negativities of 100.00% and 66.67% in GZ2 and GZ3, respectively, while HCV test kit B has negativities of 72.73% and 27.78% in GZ2 and GZ3, respectively. HIV test kit A has negativities of 100.00% and 88.24% in GZ2 and GZ3, respectively, while HCV test kit B has negativities of 100.00% and 50.00% in GZ2 and GZ3, respectively. CONCLUSION The GZ is useful in blood screening for HBV, HCV, and HIV. A test kit with a high sensitivity has a low specificity. Different test kits should be set with different GZs based on their sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Blood Transfusion Department, Hanchuan People's Hospital Hanchuan 431600, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Blood Transfusion Department, Hanchuan People's Hospital Hanchuan 431600, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zong-Zheng Han
- Blood Transfusion Department, Hanchuan People's Hospital Hanchuan 431600, Hubei Province, China
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