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Ren R, Wang H, Xu Y, Wu J, Ma D, Guan W. FOXS1 acts as an oncogene and induces EMT through FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway by upregulating HILPDA in prostate cancer. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23698. [PMID: 38780613 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a widespread global health concern characterized by elevated rates of occurrence, and there is a need for novel therapeutic targets to enhance patient outcomes. FOXS1 is closely linked to different cancers, but its function in PCa is still unknown. The expression of FOXS1, its prognostic role, clinical significance in PCa, and the potential mechanism by which FOXS1 affects PCa progression were investigated through bioinformatics analysis utilizing public data. The levels of FOXS1 and HILPDA were evaluated in clinical PCa samples using various methods, such as western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR. To examine the function and molecular mechanisms of FOXS1 in PCa, a combination of experimental techniques including CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound-healing assay, Transwell assay, and Co-IP assay were employed. The FOXS1 expression levels were significantly raised in PCa, correlating strongly with tumor aggressiveness and an unfavorable prognosis. Regulating FOXS1 expression, whether upregulating or downregulating it, correspondingly enhanced or inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion capabilities of PCa cells. Mechanistically, we detected a direct interaction between FOXS1 and HILPDA, resulting in the pathway activation of FAK/PI3K/AKT and facilitation EMT in PCa cells. FOXS1 collaborates with HILPDA to initiate EMT, thereby facilitating the PCa progression through the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huang Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Bates EA, Kipp ZA, Lee WH, Martinez GJ, Weaver L, Becker KN, Pauss SN, Creeden JF, Anspach GB, Helsley RN, Xu M, Bruno MEC, Starr ME, Hinds TD. FOXS1 is increased in liver fibrosis and regulates TGFβ responsiveness and proliferation pathways in human hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105691. [PMID: 38280429 PMCID: PMC10878791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis commences with liver injury stimulating transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), causing scarring and irreversible damage. TGFβ induces expression of the transcription factor Forkhead box S1 (FOXS1) in hepatocytes and may have a role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, no studies have determined how it affects HSCs. We analyzed human livers with cirrhosis, HCC, and a murine fibrosis model and found that FOXS1 expression is significantly higher in fibrotic livers but not in HCC. Next, we treated human LX2 HSC cells with TGFβ to activate fibrotic pathways, and FOXS1 mRNA was significantly increased. To study TGFβ-FOXS1 signaling, we developed human LX2 FOXS1 CRISPR KO and scrambled control HSCs. To determine differentially expressed gene transcripts controlled by TGFβ-FOXS1, we performed RNA-seq in the FOXS1 KO and control cells and over 400 gene responses were attenuated in the FOXS1 KO HSCs with TGFβ-activation. To validate the RNA-seq findings, we used our state-of-the-art PamGene PamStation kinase activity technology that measures hundreds of signaling pathways nonselectively in real time. Using our RNA-seq data, kinase activity data, and descriptive measurements, we found that FOXS1 controls pathways mediating TGFβ responsiveness, protein translation, and proliferation. Our study is the first to identify that FOXS1 may serve as a biomarker for liver fibrosis and HSC activation, which may help with early detection of hepatic fibrosis or treatment options for end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn A Bates
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wang-Hsin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lauren Weaver
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathryn N Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sally N Pauss
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Justin F Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Garrett B Anspach
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Maria E C Bruno
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marlene E Starr
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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3
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Lootens T, Roman BI, Stevens CV, De Wever O, Raedt R. Glioblastoma-Associated Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Partners in Crime? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2285. [PMID: 38396962 PMCID: PMC10889514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (TA-MSCs) have been recognized as attractive therapeutic targets in several cancer types, due to their ability to enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis and their contribution to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In glioblastoma (GB), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to be recruited to the tumor site, where they differentiate into glioblastoma-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (GA-MSCs) under the influence of tumor cells and the TME. GA-MSCs are reported to exert important protumoral functions, such as promoting tumor growth and invasion, increasing angiogenesis, stimulating glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) proliferation and stemness, mediating resistance to therapy and contributing to an immunosuppressive TME. Moreover, they could act as precursor cells for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which have recently been identified in GB. In this review, we provide an overview of the different functions exerted by GA-MSCs and CAFs and the current knowledge on the relationship between these cell types. Increasing our understanding of the interactions and signaling pathways in relevant models might contribute to future regimens targeting GA-MSCs and GB-associated CAFs to inhibit tumor growth and render the TME less immunosuppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lootens
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Bart I. Roman
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
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Annadurai Y, Easwaran M, Sundar S, Thangamani L, Meyyazhagan A, Malaisamy A, Natarajan J, Piramanayagam S. SPP1, a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for lung cancer: functional insights through computational studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1336-1351. [PMID: 37096999 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2199871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
NIH reported 128 different types of cancer of which lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality. Globally, it is estimated that on average one in every seventeen hospitalized patients was deceased. There are plenty of studies that have been reported on lung cancer draggability and therapeutics, but yet a protein that plays a central specific to cure the disease remains unclear. So, this study is designed to identify the possible therapeutic targets and biomarkers that can be used for the potential treatment of lung cancers. In order to identify differentially expressed genes, 39 microarray datasets of lung cancer patients were obtained from various demographic regions of the GEO database available at NCBI. After annotating statistically, 6229 up-regulated genes and 10324 down-regulated genes were found. Out of 17 up-regulated genes and significant genes, we selected SPP1 (osteopontin) through virtual screening studies. We found functional interactions with the other cancer-associated genes such as VEGF, FGA, JUN, EGFR, and TGFB1. For the virtual screening studies,198 biological compounds were retrieved from the ACNPD database and docked with SPP1 protein (PDBID: 3DSF). In the results, two highly potential compounds secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (-12.9 kcal/mol), and Hesperidin (-12.0 kcal/mol) showed the highest binding affinity. The stability of the complex was accessed by 100 ns simulation in an SPC water model. From the functional insights obtained through these computational studies, we report that SPP1 could be a potential biomarker and successive therapeutic protein target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Annadurai
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesh Easwaran
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobana Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lokesh Thangamani
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Translation Medicine and Surgery, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arunkumar Malaisamy
- Transcription Regulation Group, International centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Text Mining Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmughavel Piramanayagam
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Bi X, Zheng D, Cai J, Xu D, Chen L, Xu Z, Cao M, Li P, Shen Y, Wang H, Zheng W, Wu D, Zheng S, Li K. Pan-cancer analyses reveal multi-omic signatures and clinical implementations of the forkhead-box gene family. Cancer Med 2023; 12:17428-17444. [PMID: 37401400 PMCID: PMC10501247 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead box (FOX) proteins belong to one of the largest transcription factor families and play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of cancer. Prior research has linked several FOX genes, such as FOXA1 and FOXM1, to the crucial process of carcinogenesis. However, the overall picture of FOX gene family across human cancers is far from clear. METHODS To investigate the broad molecular signatures of the FOX gene family, we conducted study on multi-omics data (including genomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics) from over 11,000 patients with 33 different types of human cancers. RESULTS Pan-cancer analysis reveals that FOX gene mutations were found in 17.4% of tumor patients with a substantial cancer type-dependent pattern. Additionally, high expression heterogeneity of FOX genes across cancer types was discovered, which can be partially attributed to the genomic or epigenomic alteration. Co-expression network analysis reveals that FOX genes may exert functions by regulating the expression of both their own and target genes. For a clinical standpoint, we provided 103 FOX gene-drug target-drug predictions and found FOX gene expression have potential survival predictive value. All of the results have been included in the FOX2Cancer database, which is freely accessible at http://hainmu-biobigdata.com/FOX2Cancer. CONCLUSION Our findings may provide a better understanding of roles FOX genes played in the development of tumors, and help to offer new avenues for uncovering tumorigenesis and unprecedented therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Bi
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Dehua Zheng
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Jiale Cai
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Dahua Xu
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Liyang Chen
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Zhizhou Xu
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Meng Cao
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Peihu Li
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Yutong Shen
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Hong Wang
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Wuping Zheng
- Department of Breast Thoracic TumorThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Deng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Women and Children's Medical CenterHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Kongning Li
- Cancer Institute of The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of Biomedical Information and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of EducationHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
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Deichaite I, Sears TJ, Sutton L, Rebibo D, Morgan K, Nelson T, Rose B, Tamayo P, Ferrara N, Asimakopoulos F, Carter H. Differential regulation of TNFα and IL-6 expression contributes to immune evasion in prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2022; 20:527. [PMID: 36371231 PMCID: PMC9652804 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the inflammatory milieu in prostate cancer progression is not well understood. Differences in inflammatory signaling between localized and metastatic disease may point to opportunities for early intervention. METHODS We modeled PCa disease progression by analyzing RNA-seq of localized vs. metastatic patient samples, followed by CIBERSORTx to assess their immune cell populations. The VHA CDW registry of PCa patients was analyzed for anti-TNF clinical outcomes. RESULTS We observed statistically significant opposing patterns of IL-6 and TNFα expression between localized and metastatic disease. IL-6 was robustly expressed in localized disease and downregulated in metastatic disease. The reverse was observed with TNFα expression. Metastatic disease was also characterized by downregulation of adhesion molecule E-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase ADAMTS-4 and a shift to M2 macrophages whereas localized disease demonstrated a preponderance of M1 macrophages. Treatment with anti-TNF agents was associated with earlier stage disease at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data points to clearly different inflammatory contexts between localized and metastatic prostate cancer. Primary localized disease demonstrates local inflammation and adaptive immunity, whereas metastases are characterized by immune cold microenvironments and a shift towards resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. Therapies that interfere with these inflammatory networks may offer opportunities for early intervention in monotherapy or in combination with immunotherapies and anti-angiogenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Deichaite
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Timothy J Sears
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leisa Sutton
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Rebibo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kylie Morgan
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Nelson
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brent Rose
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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A novel inflammatory response-related signature predicts the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma and the effect of antitumor drugs. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:263. [PMID: 35982458 PMCID: PMC9389732 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a skin cancer that is highly metastatic and aggressive, with a dismal prognosis. This is the first study to use inflammatory response-related genes to build a model and evaluate their predictive significance in CM. This study used public databases to download CM patients' mRNA expression profiles and clinical data to create multigene prognostic markers in the UCSC cohort. We compared overall survival (OS) between high- and low-risk groups using the Kaplan-Meier curve and determined independent predictors using Cox analysis. We also used enrichment analysis to assess immune cell infiltration fraction and immune pathway-related activity using KEGG enrichment analysis. Furthermore, we detected prognostic genes' mRNA and protein expression in CM and normal skin tissues using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we developed a 5-gene predictive model that showed that patients in the high-risk group had a considerably shorter OS than those in the low-risk group. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve proved the model's predictive ability. We also conducted a drug sensitivity analysis and discovered that the expression levels of prognostic genes were substantially linked with cancer cell sensitivity to antitumor medicines. The findings show that the model we developed, which consists of five inflammatory response-related genes, can be used to forecast the prognosis and immunological state of CM, giving personalized and precision medicine a new goal and direction.
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