Antitumor Activity of α-Linolenic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugate Nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin Enhances Tumor Cellular Uptake and Accumulation of α-Linolenic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugate Nanoparticles

Improving nanomedicine uptake by tumor cells is key to achieving intracellular drug delivery. In this study, we found that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) can significantly promote the intracellular accumulation of nanoparticulated α-linolenic acid-paclitaxel conjugates (ALA-PTX NPs) via enhanced clathrin-mediated endocytosis and limited degradation in lysosomes. Our in vitro results indicated that MβCD not only reduced the plasma membrane cholesterol content and increased plasma membrane fluidity, leading to ALA-PTX NPs being more easily incorporated into the plasma membrane, further enhancing membrane fluidity and making the plasma membrane more susceptible to tensile deformation, forming intracellular vesicles to enhance ALA-PTX NP cellular uptake, but also destroyed lysosomes and then limited ALA-PTX NPs' degradation in lysosomes. In HepG2 tumor-bearing mice, MβCD was also able to enhance the antitumor activity of ALA-PTX NPs in vivo. Moreover, we found that MβCD specifically promoted PUFA-paclitaxel conjugate NP cellular uptake. The cellular uptake of PTX liposome which shares an endocytosis pathway with ALA-PTX NPs could be enhanced by MβCD combined with ALA or ALA-PTX NPs. Therefore, we suggested that MβCD combined with polyunsaturated fatty acid-conjugation would be an effective strategy for improving intracellular delivery of nanoparticulated chemotherapeutic drugs used for combination administration to enhance antitumor efficiency.

Harnessing Potential of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid with Nanotechnology for Enhanced Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Investigation into ALA-Based Liposomal PTX Delivery

Our hypothesis posited that incorporating alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) into liposomes containing Paclitaxel (PTX) could augment cellular uptake, decrease the therapeutic dosage, and alleviate PTX-related side effects. Our investigation encompassed characterization of the liposomal formulation, encompassing aspects like particle size, surface morphology, chemical structure, drug release kinetics, and stability. Compatibility studies were performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). By utilizing the Box-Behnken design (BBD), we developed ALA-based liposomes with satisfactory particle size and entrapment efficiency. It is noteworthy that ALA incorporation led to a slight increase in particle size but did not notably affect drug entrapment. In vitro drug release assessments unveiled a sustained release pattern, with ALA-PTX liposomes demonstrating release profiles comparable to PTX liposomes. Morphological examinations confirmed the spherical structure of the liposomes, indicating that substituting ALA with phosphatidylcholine did not alter the physicochemical properties. Cellular uptake investigations showcased enhanced uptake of ALA-based liposomes in contrast to PTX liposomes, likely attributed to the heightened fluidity conferred by ALA. Efficacy against MCF-7 cells demonstrated concentration-dependent reductions in cell viability, with ALA-PTX liposomes exhibiting the lowest IC50 value. Morphological analysis confirmed apoptotic changes in cells treated with all formulations, with ALA-PTX liposomes eliciting more pronounced changes, indicative of enhanced anticancer efficacy.

Synergic Role of Dietary Bioactive Compounds in Breast Cancer Chemoprevention and Combination Therapies

Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women. Chemotherapy is the gold standard for cancer treatment; however, severe side effects and tumor resistance are the major obstacles to chemotherapy success. Numerous dietary components and phytochemicals have been found to inhibit the molecular and signaling pathways associated with different stages of breast cancer development. In particular, this review is focused on the antitumor effects of PUFAs, dietary enzymes, and glucosinolates against breast cancer. The major databases were consulted to search in vitro and preclinical studies; only those with solid scientific evidence and reporting protective effects on breast cancer treatment were included. A consistent number of studies highlighted that dietary components and phytochemicals can have remarkable therapeutic effects as single agents or in combination with other anticancer agents, administered at different concentrations and via different routes of administration. These provide a natural strategy for chemoprevention, reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence, impair cell proliferation and viability, and induce apoptosis. Some of these bioactive compounds of dietary origin, however, show poor solubility and low bioavailability; hence, encapsulation in nanoformulations are promising tools able to increase clinical efficiency.

Efficient assembly and anti-tumor evaluation of novel polycyclic [1,2-a]-fused indoles

Structurally diverse cyclopenta[4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles heterocycles were smoothly constructed in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) with excellent diastereoselectivities (>19:1 dr) through a novel and facile strategy based on BF3-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation/Aldol/Dehydrative cyclization cascade reaction. The anti-proliferative activity of these newly synthesized polycyclic indoles was screened, and all the functionalized reductive derivatives exhibited favorable anti-tumor activity. Notably, compound 4ae displayed the remarkable inhibitory activity against MCF-7 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 4.62 μM and 7.71 μM, respectively. Mechanistically, the representative compound 4ae could effectively induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in crediting to up-regulate the relative expression of apoptotic protein BAX/Bcl-2, subsequently activate Pro-caspase 9 and cleave PARP, simultaneously block the cell cycle through down- and up-regulate the expression of cyclin B1 and p53, respectively. Moreover, compound 4ae also exhibited promising antineoplastic efficacy in subcutaneous MCF-7 xenograft mice which manifest significant shrunken tumors conspicuous nuclear apoptotic signal and minimal systemic toxicity. This strategy not only established a novel and efficient method for the assembly of structurally complex indole heterocycles, but also provided a series of compounds possessing attractive anti-cancer activity, which holds immense potential for future biomedical applications.

Steady-State Delivery and Chemical Modification of Food Nutrients to Improve Cancer Intervention Ability

Cancer is a crucial global health problem, and prevention is an important strategy to reduce the burden of the disease. Daily diet is the key modifiable risk factor for cancer, and an increasing body of evidence suggests that specific nutrients in foods may have a preventive effect against cancer. This review summarizes the current evidence on the role of nutrients from foods in cancer intervention. It discusses the potential mechanisms of action of various dietary components, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The findings of epidemiological and clinical studies on their association with cancer risk are highlighted. The foods are rich in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and ω-3 fatty acids, which have been proven to have anticancer properties. The effects of steady-state delivery and chemical modification of these food's bioactive components on anticancer and intervention are summarized. Future research should focus on identifying the specific bioactive compounds in foods responsible for their intervention effects and exploring the potential synergistic effects of combining different nutrients in foods. Dietary interventions that incorporate multiple nutrients and whole foods may hold promise for reducing the risk of cancer and improving overall health.

Integrating Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Precision Screening of Anticancer Peptides: A Novel Approach for Efficient Drug Discovery

The rapid and effective identification of anticancer peptides (ACPs) by computer technology provides a new perspective for cancer treatment. In the identification process of ACPs, accurate sequence encoding and effective classification models are crucial for predicting their biological activity. Traditional machine learning methods have been widely applied in sequence analysis, but deep learning provides a new approach to capture sequence complexity. In this study, a two-stage ACPs classification model was innovatively proposed. Three novel coding strategies were explored; two mainstream Natural Language Processing (NLP) models and 11 machine learning models were fused to identify ACPs, which significantly improved the prediction accuracy of ACPs. We analyzed the correlation between peptide chain amino acids and evaluated the relevant performance of the model by the ROC curve and t-SNE dimensionality reduction technique. The results indicated that the deep learning and machine learning fusion models of M3E-base and KNeighborsDist models, especially when considering the semantic information on amino acid sequences, achieved the highest average accuracy (AvgAcc) of 0.939, with an AUC value as high as 0.97. Then, in vitro cell experiments were used to verify that the two ACPs predicted by the model had antitumor efficacy. This study provides a convenient and effective method for screening ACPs. With further optimization and testing, these strategies have the potential to play an important role in drug discovery and design.

Influence of unsaturated fatty acids on the antitumor activity of polymeric conjugates grafted with cabazitaxel against prostate cancer

Cabazitaxel (CTX) is a medication used for treating metastatic prostate cancer. However, its effectiveness is majorly limited by its poor water solubility and lack of tumor targeting. In this study, three unsaturated fatty acids, GLA, ALA and DHA, were separately connected with CTX and then covalently attached to bifunctionalized dextran through a linker to produce three dual drug conjugates named dextran-GLA-CTX, dextran-ALA-CTX and dextran-DHA-CTX. The three conjugates displayed enhanced solubility of CTX in water and improved antitumor effects compared to the conventional CTX formulation. The results also confirmed that dextran-GLA-CTX exhibited the strongest antitumor activity, while dextran-DHA-CTX displayed less efficacy, as evaluated through xenografted nude mice bearing PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells. Additionally, dextran-GLA-CTX showed greater inhibition of tumor growth than dextran-CTX. Moreover, the dextran-GLA-CTX conjugate was found to prolong the half-life of CTX in plasma and selectively accumulate in tumors. This study revealed that unsaturated fatty acids can enhance the antitumor activity of dextran-based conjugates grafted with CTX.

Disulfide Bond-Based SN38 Prodrug Nanoassemblies with High Drug Loading and Reduction-Triggered Drug Release for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy

Purpose

Chemotherapy is a significant and effective therapeutic strategy that is frequently utilized in the treatment of cancer. Small molecular prodrug-based nanoassemblies (SMPDNAs) combine the benefits of both prodrugs and nanomedicine into a single nanoassembly with high drug loading, increased stability, and improved biocompatibility.

Methods

In this study, a disulfide bond inserted 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) prodrug was rationally designed and then used to prepare nanoassemblies (SNSS NAs) that were selectively activated by rich glutathione (GSH) in the tumor site. The characterization of SNSS NAs and the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of their antitumor effect on a pancreatic cancer model were performed.

Results

In vitro findings demonstrated that SNSS NAs exhibited GSH-induced SN38 release and cytotoxicity. SNSS NAs have demonstrated a passive targeting effect on tumor tissues, a superior antitumor effect compared to irinotecan (CPT-11), and satisfactory biocompatibility with double dosage treatment.

Conclusion

The SNSS NAs developed in this study provide a new method for the preparation of SN38-based nano-delivery systems with improved antitumor effect and biosafety.

Antitumor Activity of the Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Doxorubicin Complex In Vitro and In Vivo

Various metal oxide nanomaterials have been widely used as carriers to prepare pH-sensitive nanomedicines to respond to the acidic tumor microenvironment promoting antitumor efficiency. Herein, we used zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as metal oxide nanomaterial coated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMHP) and doxorubicin (DOX) complex (LMHP-DOX) to prepare ZnO-LD NPs for controllable pH-triggered DOX release on the targeted site. Our results indicated that the released DOX from ZnO-LD NPs was pH-sensitive. The oxygen produced by ZnO-LD NPs in H₂O₂ solution was observed in in vitro experiment. The ZnO-LD NPs entered into both PC-3M and 4T1 tumor cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis pathway. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by ZnO-LD NPs could significantly increase the caspase 3/7 level, leading to tumor cell apoptosis. The in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity was confirmed in PC-3M and 4T1 cell lines or tumor-bearing mice models. The in vivo and in vitro tumor images via second-order nonlinearity of ZnO-LD NPs indicated that ZnO-LD NPs could penetrate deep into the tumor tissues. Therefore, the ZnO-LD NPs developed in our study could provide an efficient approach for the preparation of pH-sensitive nano delivery systems suitable for tumor therapy and imaging.

Nutraceutical-Based Nanoformulations for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Different strategies have been investigated for a more satisfactory treatment of advanced breast cancer, including the adjuvant use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These nutritional compounds have been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities, the capacity to affect transduction pathways/receptors involved in cell growth and to reprogram tumor microenvironment. Omega-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations designed for drug delivery in breast cancer were shown to potentiate the effects of enclosed drugs, enhance drug delivery to target sites, and minimize drug-induced side effects. We have critically analyzed here the results of the most recent studies investigating the effects of omega-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations in breast cancer. The anti-neoplastic efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs has also been convincingly demonstrated by using preclinical in vivo models of ovarian cancer. The results obtained are critically analyzed here and seem to provide a sufficient rationale to move to still lacking interventional clinical trials, as well as to evaluate possible advantages of enclosing omega-3 PUFAs to drug-delivery nanosystems for ovarian cancer. Future perspectives in this area are also provided.