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Modern Herbal Nanogels: Formulation, Delivery Methods, and Applications. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020097. [PMID: 35200478 PMCID: PMC8872030 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the most recent advancements in nanogel production and drug delivery. Phytochemistry is a discipline of chemistry that studies herbal compounds. Herbal substances have aided in the development of innovative remedies for a wide range of illnesses. Several of these compounds are forbidden from being used in medications due to broad medical characteristics and pharmacokinetics. A variety of new technical approaches have been investigated to ameliorate herbal discoveries in the pharmaceutical sector. The article focuses on the historical data for herb-related nanogels that are used to treat a variety of disorders with great patient compliance, delivery rate, and efficacy. Stimulus-responsive nanogels such as temperature responsive and pH-responsive systems are also discussed. Nanogel formulations, which have been hailed as promising targets for drug delivery systems, have the ability to alter the profile of a drug, genotype, protein, peptide, oligosaccharide, or immunogenic substance, as well as its ability to cross biological barriers, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics, improving efficacy, safety, and patient cooperation.
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Wu MH, Lin CY, Hou CY, Sheu MT, Chang H. Micronized sacchachitin promotes satellite cell proliferation through TAK1-JNK-AP-1 signaling pathway predominantly by TLR2 activation. Chin Med 2020; 15:100. [PMID: 33514380 PMCID: PMC7510329 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma sp., such as Ganoderma tsugae (GT), play an important role in traditional Chinese medicine. Ganoderma sp. contains several constituents, including Sacacchin, which has recently drawn attention because it can not only enhance the repair of muscle damage but also strengthen the muscle enforcement. Although Ganoderma sp. have a therapeutic effect for neuromuscular disorders, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of micronized sacchachitin (mSC) on satellite cells (SCs), which are known as the muscle stem cells. METHODS The myogenic cells, included SCs (Pax7+) were isolated from tibialis anterior muscles of a healthy rat and were cultured in growth media with different mSC concentrations. For the evaluation of SC proliferation, these cultivated cells were immunostained with Pax7 and bromodeoxyuridine assessed simultaneously. The molecular signal pathway was further investigated by using Western blotting and signal pathway inhibitors. RESULTS Our data revealed that 200 µg/mL mSC had an optimal capability to significantly enhance the SC proliferation. Furthermore, this enhancement of SC proliferation was verified to be involved with activation of TAK1-JNK-AP-1 signaling pathway through TLR2, whose expression on SC surface was confirmed for the first time here. CONCLUSION Micronized sacchachitin extracted from GT was capable of promoting the proliferation of SC under a correct concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Yu Lin
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chun-Yin Hou
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, No. 87 Tongde Rd., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Thau Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Hsi Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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A Novel Composite Hydrogel Composed of Formic Acid-Decellularized Pepsin-Soluble Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel and Sacchachitin Hydrogel as Wound Dressing to Synergistically Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060538. [PMID: 32545186 PMCID: PMC7357096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel can create a favorable regenerative microenvironment and act as a promising dressing for accelerating the healing of diabetic wound. In this study, a simple and effective decellularization technique was developed and optimized to obtain acellular extracellular matrix (aECM) from porcine skin. It was found that decellularization at 30% formic acid for 72 h effectively decellularized porcine skin while retaining >75% collagen and ~37% GAG in the aECM with no presence of nuclei of cellular remnants. aECM hydrogel was fabricated by digesting aECM with pepsin in various acidic solutions (0.1 N HCl, glycolic acid (GA) and 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA)) and then treated with a pH-controlled neutralization and temperature-controlled gelation procedure. Based on physical characterizations, including SDS-PAGE, rheological analysis and SEM analysis, aECMHCl hydrogels fabricated at 25 mg/mL in 0.1 N HCl were selected. Four polymeric ECM-mimic hydrogels, including sacchachitin (SC), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS) and three composite hydrogels of combining SC either with aECMHCl,25 (aECMHCl/SC), HA (HA/SC) or CS (SC/CS) were prepared and evaluated for WS-1 cell viability and wound-healing effectiveness. Cell viability study confirmed that no hydrogel dressings possessed any toxicity at all concentrations examined and ECMHCl, HA and ECMHCl/SC at higher concentrations (>0.05%) induced statistically significant proliferation. Diabetic wound healing study and histological examinations revealed that ECMHCl/SC hydrogel was observed to synergistically accelerate wound healing and ultimately stimulated the growth of hair follicles and sweat glands in the healing wound indicating the wound had healed as functional tissues. The results support the great potential of this newly produced ECMHCl/SC composite hydrogel for healing and regeneration of diabetic wounds.
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Lin HL, Wu TH, Ho HO, Chao FC, Wu MH, Liu DZ, Chen LC, Sheu MT. TEMPO-Oxidized Sacchachitin Nanofibers (TOSCNFs) Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for Management of Dry Eye Syndrome. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1721-1730. [PMID: 32210562 PMCID: PMC7075345 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s239274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, the combination of TEMPO-oxidized sacchachitin nanofibers (TOSCNFs) with chitosan-activated platelet-rich plasma (cPRP) was evaluated for remedying dry eye syndrome (DES). Methods TOSCNFs, designated T050SC, were generated. T050SC combined with chitosan-activated (cPRP) was formulated as eye drops for application for severe DES. To evaluate the effects of cPRP and TOSCNFs on the repair of corneal injury, in vitro studies were conducted using Statens Seruminstitut rabbit corneal (SIRC) epithelial cells for cell proliferation and cell migration assays, and a severe DES animal model using rabbits was established with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) treatment for the evaluation. Results Results showed that the optimal eye formulation contained PRP activated by 350 μg/mL of the low-molecular-weight chitosan group (L3) combined with 300 μg/mL TO50SC (L3+T050SC). In the WST-1 cell-proliferation assay, L3 and L3+TO50SC significantly increased Statens SIRC cell proliferation after 24 hrs of incubation. In the SIRC cell migration assay, the L3+TO50SC group showed a wound-healing efficiency of 89% after 24-hr treatment. After 5 days of treatment, Schirmer’s test results did not simulate the dry eye animal model. Typical cornea appearance and eye fluorescein staining results showed that the L3 group had the best effect on improving cornea haze and epithelial damage. Conclusion This study has determined that TOSCNFs effectively promoted the healing effect on severe cases of corneal damage, and also might enhance the clinical application and medical potential of PRP in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Huan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiu-O Ho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fang-Ching Chao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ling-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Thau Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Jones M, Kujundzic M, John S, Bismarck A. Crab vs. Mushroom: A Review of Crustacean and Fungal Chitin in Wound Treatment. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E64. [PMID: 31963764 PMCID: PMC7024172 DOI: 10.3390/md18010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and its derivative chitosan are popular constituents in wound-treatment technologies due to their nanoscale fibrous morphology and attractive biomedical properties that accelerate healing and reduce scarring. These abundant natural polymers found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls affect almost every phase of the healing process, acting as hemostatic and antibacterial agents that also support cell proliferation and attachment. However, key differences exist in the structure, properties, processing, and associated polymers of fungal and arthropod chitin, affecting their respective application to wound treatment. High purity crustacean-derived chitin and chitosan have been widely investigated for wound-treatment applications, with research incorporating chemically modified chitosan derivatives and advanced nanocomposite dressings utilizing biocompatible additives, such as natural polysaccharides, mineral clays, and metal nanoparticles used to achieve excellent mechanical and biomedical properties. Conversely, fungi-derived chitin is covalently decorated with -glucan and has received less research interest despite its mass production potential, simple extraction process, variations in chitin and associated polymer content, and the established healing properties of fungal exopolysaccharides. This review investigates the proven biomedical properties of both fungal- and crustacean-derived chitin and chitosan, their healing mechanisms, and their potential to advance modern wound-treatment methods through further research and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Jones
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora East Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Marina Kujundzic
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabu John
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora East Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Suarato G, Bertorelli R, Athanassiou A. Borrowing From Nature: Biopolymers and Biocomposites as Smart Wound Care Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:137. [PMID: 30333972 PMCID: PMC6176001 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound repair is a complex and tightly regulated physiological process, involving the activation of various cell types throughout each subsequent step (homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling). Any impairment within the correct sequence of the healing events could lead to chronic wounds, with potential effects on the patience quality of life, and consequent fallouts on the wound care management. Nature itself can be of inspiration for the development of fully biodegradable materials, presenting enhanced bioactive potentialities, and sustainability. Naturally-derived biopolymers are nowadays considered smart materials. They provide a versatile and tunable platform to design the appropriate extracellular matrix able to support tissue regeneration, while contrasting the onset of adverse events. In the past decades, fabrication of bioactive materials based on natural polymers, either of protein derivation or polysaccharide-based, has been extensively exploited to tackle wound-healing related problematics. However, in today's World the exclusive use of such materials is becoming an urgent challenge, to meet the demand of environmentally sustainable technologies to support our future needs, including applications in the fields of healthcare and wound management. In the following, we will briefly introduce the main physico-chemical and biological properties of some protein-based biopolymers and some naturally-derived polysaccharides. Moreover, we will present some of the recent technological processing and green fabrication approaches of novel composite materials based on these biopolymers, with particular attention on their applications in the skin tissue repair field. Lastly, we will highlight promising future perspectives for the development of a new generation of environmentally-friendly, naturally-derived, smart wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- In vivo Pharmacology Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- In vivo Pharmacology Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Bellare A, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Fisher R, Glowacki J. Development of tensile strength methodology for murine skin wound healing. MethodsX 2018; 5:337-344. [PMID: 30050753 PMCID: PMC6058076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a methodology was evaluated and improved to quickly measure the tensile strength of murine skin in a biomechanical assay for an incisional wound healing model. The aim was to streamline and enhance the wound model, skin specimen preparation, and tensile test so that large numbers of fresh tissue could be tested reliably and rapidly. Linear incisions of 25-mm length were made in the dorsal skin of mice along the spine and metallic staples were used to close the wound. After 20 days, the mice were sacrificed, and a square-shaped section of skin containing the linear incision was excised. Two metallic punches were fabricated and used to punch 15-mm long strips of skin of 2 mm width whose length was orthogonal to the direction of incision. The tensiometer configuration was modified to expedite tensile measurements on fresh skin, and load-to-failure was measured for each strip of skin from the cephalad to the caudal region. We evaluated sources of error in the animal model and the testing protocol and developed procedures to maximize speed and reproducibility in tensile strength measurements. This report provides guidance for efficient and reproducible tensile strength measurement of large numbers of skin specimens from freshly sacrificed animals. Tattoo placement to identify the two ends of the healing incisional wound assisted in decreasing error in the position and orientation of tensile strips. Custom-made punches to prepare skin strips for tensile testing helped conduct tensile tests of fresh tissue rapidly. Alteration of the manual grips of the tensile tester enabled specimens to be gripped rapidly to significantly accelerate testing for each skin strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Bellare
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renee Fisher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie Glowacki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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