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Maurelli AM, De Leo V, Catucci L. Polydopamine-Modified Liposomes: Preparation and Recent Applications in the Biomedical Field. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24105-24120. [PMID: 38882106 PMCID: PMC11170693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) is a bioinspired polymer that has unique and desirable properties for emerging applications in the biomedical field, such as extraordinary adhesiveness, extreme ease of functionalization, great biocompatibility, large drug loading capacity, good mucopenetrability, strong photothermal capacity, and pH-responsive behavior. Liposomes are consolidated and attractive biomimetic nanocarriers widely used in the field of drug delivery for their biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as for their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic compounds, even simultaneously. In addition, liposomes can be decorated with appropriate functionalities for targeted delivery purposes. Thus, combining the interesting properties of PDA with those of liposomes allows us to obtain multifunctional nanocarriers with enhanced stability, biocompatibility, and functionality. In this review, a focus on the most recent developments of liposomes modified with PDA, either in the form of polymer layers trapping multiple vesicles or in the form of PDA-coated nanovesicles, is proposed. These innovative PDA coatings extend the application range of liposomes into the field of biomedical applications, thereby allowing for easier functionalization with targeting ligands, which endows them with active release capabilities and photothermal activity and generally improves their interaction with biological fluids. Therefore, hybrid liposome/PDA systems are proposed for surface-mediated drug delivery and for the development of nanocarriers intended for systemic and oral drug delivery, as well as for multifunctional nanocarriers for cancer therapy. The main synthetic strategies for the preparation of PDA-modified liposomes are also illustrated. Finally, future prospects for PDA-coated liposomes are discussed, including the suggestion of potential new applications, deeper evaluation of side effects, and better personalization of medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Maurelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Leo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF S.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Catucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF S.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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2
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Masoudi M, Taghdisi SM, Hashemitabar G, Abnous K. Targeted co-delivery of FOXM1 aptamer and DOX by nucleolin aptamer-functionalized pH-responsive biocompatible nanodelivery system to enhance therapeutic efficacy against breast cancer: in vitro and in vivo. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1535-1550. [PMID: 38161196 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Targeted nanodelivery systems offer a promising approach to cancer treatment, including the most common cancer in women, breast cancer. In this study, a targeted, pH-responsive, and biocompatible nanodelivery system based on nucleolin aptamer-functionalized biogenic titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP) was developed for targeted co-delivery of FOXM1 aptamer and doxorubicin (DOX) to improve breast cancer therapy. The developed targeted nanodelivery system exhibited almost spherical morphology with 124.89 ± 12.97 nm in diameter and zeta potential value of - 23.78 ± 3.66 mV. FOXM1 aptamer and DOX were loaded into the nanodelivery system with an efficiency of 100% and 97%, respectively. Moreover, the targeted nanodelivery system demonstrated excellent stability in serum and a pH-responsive sustained drug release profile over a period of 240 h following Higuchi kinetic and Fickian diffusion mechanism. The in vitro cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that the targeted nanodelivery system provided selective internalization and strong growth inhibition effects of about 45 and 51% against nucleolin-positive 4T1 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. It is noteworthy that these phenomena were not observed in nucleolin-negative cells (CHO). The preclinical studies revealed that a single-dose intravenous injection of the targeted nanodelivery system into 4T1-bearing mice inhibited tumor growth by 1.7- and 1.4-fold more efficiently than the free drug and the non-targeted nanodelivery system, respectively. Our results suggested that the developed innovative targeted pH-responsive biocompatible nanodelivery system could serve as a prospectively potential platform to improve breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Masoudi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemitabar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Sun T, Huang H, Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang H, Zhou G. Low-Temperature Deposited Amorphous Poly(aryl ether ketone) Hierarchically Porous Scaffolds with Strontium-Doped Mineralized Coating for Bone Defect Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400927. [PMID: 38717232 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for clinical bone grafting has increased. As a new solution for orthopedic implants, polyether ether ketone (PEEK, crystalline PAEK) has excellent comprehensive performance and is practically applied in the clinic. In this research, a noteworthy elevated scheme to enhance the performance of PEEK scaffolds is presented. The amorphous aggregated poly (aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) resin is prepared as the matrix material, which maintains high mechanical strength and can be processed through the solution. So, the tissue engineering scaffolds with multilevel pores can be printed by low-temperature deposited manufacturing (LDM) to improve biologically inert scaffolds with smooth surfaces. Also, the feature of PAEK's solution processing is profitable to uniformly add the functional components for bone repair. Ultimately, A system of orthopedic implantable PAEK material based on intermolecular interactions, surface topology, and surface modification is established. The specific steps include synthesizing PAEK that contain polar carboxyl structures, preparing bioinks and fabricating scaffolds by LDM, preparation of scaffolds with strontium-doped mineralized coatings, evaluation of their osteogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, and investigation on the effect and mechanism of scaffolds in promoting osteogenic differentiation. This work provides an upgraded system of PAEK implantable materials for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Huagui Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Honghua Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
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4
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Chen YH, Liu IJ, Lin TC, Tsai MC, Hu SH, Hsu TC, Wu YT, Tzang BS, Chiang WH. PEGylated chitosan-coated nanophotosensitizers for effective cancer treatment by photothermal-photodynamic therapy combined with glutathione depletion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131359. [PMID: 38580018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the poor photostability and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic small-molecule photosensitizers, and the intracellular glutathione (GSH)-mediated singlet oxygen scavenging largely decline the antitumor efficacy of PTT and PDT. Herein, a versatile nanophotosensitizer (NPS) system is developed by ingenious incorporation of indocyanine green (ICG) into the PEGylated chitosan (PEG-CS)-coated polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles via multiple π-π stacking, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The PEG-CS-covered NPS showed prominent colloidal and photothermal stability as well as high PCE (ca 62.8 %). Meanwhile, the Michael addition between NPS and GSH can consume GSH, thus reducing the GSH-induced singlet oxygen scavenging. After being internalized by CT26 cells, the NPS under near-infrared laser irradiation produced massive singlet oxygen with the aid of thermo-enhanced intracellular GSH depletion to elicit mitochondrial damage and lipid peroxide formation, thus leading to ferroptosis and apoptosis. Importantly, the combined PTT and PDT delivered by NPS effectively inhibited CT26 tumor growth in vivo by light-activated intense hyperthermia and redox homeostasis disturbance. Overall, this work presents a new tactic of boosting antitumor potency of ICG-mediated phototherapy by PEG-CS-covered NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsiu Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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5
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Yazdan M, Naghib SM, Mozafari MR. Liposomal Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Breast Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Progresses. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:896-915. [PMID: 38529608 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206293653240322041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease on a global scale, with a 30% incidence rate among women and a 14% mortality rate. Developing countries bear a disproportionate share of the disease burden, while countries with greater technological advancements exhibit a higher incidence. A mere 7% of women under the age of 40 are diagnosed with breast cancer, and the prevalence of this ailment is significantly diminished among those aged 35 and younger. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical intervention comprise the treatment protocol. However, the ongoing quest for a definitive cure for breast cancer continues. The propensity for cancer stem cells to metastasize and resistance to treatment constitute their Achilles' heel. The advancement of drug delivery techniques that target cancer cells specifically holds significant promise in terms of facilitating timely detection and effective intervention. Novel approaches to pharmaceutical delivery, including nanostructures and liposomes, may bring about substantial changes in the way breast cancer is managed. These systems offer a multitude of advantages, such as heightened bioavailability, enhanced solubility, targeted tumor destruction, and diminished adverse effects. The application of nano-drug delivery systems to administer anti-breast cancer medications is a significant subject of research. This article delves into the domain of breast cancer, conventional treatment methods, the incorporation of nanotechnology into managerial tactics, and strategic approaches aimed at tackling the disease at its core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Yazdan
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - M R Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Lu Y, Chen L, Wu Z, Zhou P, Dai J, Li J, Wen Q, Fan Y, Zeng F, Chen Y, Fu S. Self-driven bioactive hybrids co-deliver doxorubicin and indocyanine green nanoparticles for chemo/photothermal therapy of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115846. [PMID: 37944443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by insidious onset, rapid progression, easy recurrence, and metastasis. Conventional monotherapies are usually ineffective due to insufficient drug delivery. Therefore, the combination of multimodal therapy with tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive nanoplatforms is increasingly being considered for the targeted treatment of breast cancer. We synthesized bioactive hybrid nanoparticles for synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. Briefly, doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded nanoparticles (DI) of average particle size 113.58 ± 2.14 nm were synthesized, and their surface were modified with polydopamine (PDA) and attached to the anaerobic probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis (Bif). The bioactive Bif@DIP hybrid showed good photothermal conversion efficiency of about 38.04%. In addition, the self-driving ability of Bif allowed targeted delivery of the PDA-coated DI nanoparticles (DIP) to the hypoxic regions of the tumor. The low pH and high GSH levels in the TME stimulated the controlled release of DOX and ICG from the Bif@DIP hybrid, which then triggered apoptosis of tumor cells and induced immunogenic cell death (ICD), resulting in effective and sustained anti-tumor effect with minimum systemic toxicity. Thus, the self-driven Bif@DIP hybrid is a promising nanodrug for the targeted chemotherapy and photothermal therapy against solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Zhouxue Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Qian Wen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Fancai Zeng
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Shaozhi Fu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China.
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7
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Jin X, Ou Z, Zhang G, Shi R, Yang J, Liu W, Luo G, Deng J, Wang W. A CO-mediated photothermal therapy to kill drug-resistant bacteria and minimize thermal injury for infected diabetic wound healing. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6236-6251. [PMID: 37531204 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00774j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing proportion of drug-resistant bacteria, photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising alternative to antibiotic treatment for infected diabetic skin ulcers. However, the inevitable thermal damage to the tissues restricts its clinical practice. Carbon monoxide (CO), as a bioactive gas molecule, can selectively inhibit bacterial growth and promote tissue regeneration, which may be coordinated with PTT for drug-resistant bacteria killing and tissue protection. Herein, a CO-mediated PTT agent (CO@mPDA) was engineered by loading manganese carbonyl groups into mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) nanoparticles via coordination interactions between the metal center and a catechol group. Compared to the traditional PTT, the CO-mediated PTT increases the inhibition ratio of the drug-resistant bacteria both in vitro and in diabetic wound beds by selectively inhibiting the co-chaperone of the heat shock protein 90 kDa (Hsp90), and lowers the heat resistance of the bacteria rather than the mammalian tissues. Meanwhile, the tissue-protective proteins, such as Hsp90 and vimentin (Vim), are upregulated via the WNT and PI3K-Akt pathways to reduce thermal injury, especially with a laser with a high-power density. The CO-mediated PTT unified the bacterial killing with tissue protection, which offers a promising concept to improve PTT efficiency and minimize the side-effects of PTT when treating infected skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin, University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zelin Ou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Rong Shi
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jumin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin, University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin, University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China.
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Tiwari H, Rai N, Singh S, Gupta P, Verma A, Singh AK, Kajal, Salvi P, Singh SK, Gautam V. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Preclinical Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:760. [PMID: 37508788 PMCID: PMC10376516 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-oncology is a branch of biomedical research and engineering that focuses on using nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials are extensively employed in the field of oncology because of their minute size and ultra-specificity. A wide range of nanocarriers, such as dendrimers, micelles, PEGylated liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles are used to facilitate the efficient transport of anti-cancer drugs at the target tumor site. Real-time labeling and monitoring of cancer cells using quantum dots is essential for determining the level of therapy needed for treatment. The drug is targeted to the tumor site either by passive or active means. Passive targeting makes use of the tumor microenvironment and enhanced permeability and retention effect, while active targeting involves the use of ligand-coated nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is being used to diagnose the early stage of cancer by detecting cancer-specific biomarkers using tumor imaging. The implication of nanotechnology in cancer therapy employs photoinduced nanosensitizers, reverse multidrug resistance, and enabling efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA molecules for therapeutic applications. However, despite recent advancements in nano-oncology, there is a need to delve deeper into the domain of designing and applying nanoparticles for improved cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Swati Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kajal
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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