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Li YL, Zhu XM, Liang H, Orvig C, Chen ZF. Recent Advances in Asialoglycoprotein Receptor and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Receptor-Mediated and/or pH-Responsive Hepatocellular Carcinoma- Targeted Drug Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1508-1534. [PMID: 32368967 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200505085756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) seriously affects human health, especially, it easily develops multi-drug resistance (MDR) which results in treatment failure. There is an urgent need to develop highly effective and low-toxicity therapeutic agents to treat HCC and to overcome its MDR. Targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) for cancer therapy, including nanoparticles, lipids, micelles and liposomes, have been studied for decades. Recently, more attention has been paid to multifunctional DDS containing various ligands such as polymer moieties, targeting moieties, and acid-labile linkages. The polymer moieties such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), chitosan (CTS), hyaluronic acid, pullulan, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) protect DDS from degradation. Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and glycyrrhetinic acid receptor (GAR) are most often used as the targeting moieties, which are overexpressed on hepatocytes. Acid-labile linkage, catering for the pH difference between tumor cells and normal tissue, has been utilized to release drugs at tumor tissue. OBJECTIVES This review provides a summary of the recent progress in ASGPR and GAR-mediated and/or pH-responsive HCC-targeted drug delivery. CONCLUSION The multifunctional DDS may prolong systemic circulation, continuously release drugs, increase the accumulation of drugs at the targeted site, enhance the anticancer effect, and reduce side effects both in vitro and in vivo. But it is rarely used to investigate MDR of HCC; therefore, it needs to be further studied before going into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Li
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chris Orvig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, China
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Amado JRR, Prada AL, Diaz JG, Souto RNP, Arranz JCE, de Souza TP. Development, larvicide activity, and toxicity in nontarget species of the Croton linearis Jacq essential oil nanoemulsion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9410-9423. [PMID: 31916152 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the essential oil (EO) from leaves of Croton linearis Jacq was extracted and characterized by GC/MS. The EO hydrophilic-lipophilic balance required (rHLB) for nanoemulsion (NE) development was determined by the Griffin' method. For evaluating the larvicidal effect against Aedes aegypti, the preparation process of NE was optimized, using a central composite design. It was also evaluated the possible toxic effect of NE in nontarget species. The leaves of C. linearis contain 1.50% of EO, enclosing 61 volatile compounds, mainly eucalyptol (26.66%). The best surfactant, oil:water ratio (4.5-5.0-91.5; % w:w:w), allows to achieve the optimal NE, using a stirring speed of 800 rpm, the addition rate of 0.5 ml/min, and a stirring time of 30 min. NE (with particle size = 163 nm) showed a larvicide effect (LC50 = 17.86 μg/mL) more potent than the whole EO (LC50 = 64.24 μg/mL). NE showed neither hemolytic effect nor cytotoxicity, and it was classified as a nontoxic product, according to the OECD class toxicity test (IC50 > 2000 mg/kg). This product arises in a new green bio-larvicide that could be used for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rafael Rodriguez Amado
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio, Japiim, Ramos 6200, Coroado,, Manaus, AM, CEP69077-000, Brazil.
| | - Ariadna Lafourcade Prada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM 02, S/N - Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Jesus Garcia Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Raimundo Nonato Picanço Souto
- Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM 02, S/N - Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar Escalona Arranz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Tatiane Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio, Japiim, Ramos 6200, Coroado,, Manaus, AM, CEP69077-000, Brazil
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Zhou T, Tang X, Zhang W, Feng J, Wu W. Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of 10-hydroxycamptothecin liposomes modified with stearyl glycyrrhetinate. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:673-679. [PMID: 31266376 PMCID: PMC6610527 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1636422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) liposomes surface modified with stearyl glycyrrhetinate (SG) were prepared by the film dispersion method. Characterization of the liposomes, including drug release in vitro, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution, was done. HCPT in plasma and tissues was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compared with the conventional HCPT-liposomes and commercially available hydroxycamptothecin injection (HCPT Inject), pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that SG-HCPT-liposomes had better bioavailability. Regarding tissue distribution, the concentration of HCPT loaded by SG modified liposomes in the liver was higher than other tissues and the risk to the kidney was lower than HCPT-liposomes and HCPT Inject. These results support the hypothesis that the HCPT-liposomes modified with SG show enhanced liver-targeting through the glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) receptor to be an efficient drug carrier, which may help to improve therapeutic methods for hepatic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- a School of Pharmacy , Guilin Medical University , Guilin , P.R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- b School of Public Health , Guilin Medical University , Guilin , P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Guilin Medical University , Guilin , P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- c School of Pharmacy , Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- a School of Pharmacy , Guilin Medical University , Guilin , P.R. China
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Yin F, Wang X, Hu Y, Xie H, Liu X, Qin L, Zhang J, Zhou D, Shahidi F. Evaluation of Absorption and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Tyrosol Acyl Esters in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1248-1256. [PMID: 31927921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipophenols are regarded as an emerging source of functional food ingredients. However, little is known about their in vivo digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Thus, the pharmacokinetic characteristics in rat and the gut microbial degradation of tyrosol acyl esters (TYr-Es) with fatty acids of C12:0, C18:0, and C18:2 were investigated for the first time. Major metabolites including tyrosol sulfate and tyrosol glucuronide, rather than the parent compounds, were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of TYr-Es. The increased plasma half-life (T1/2) and mean residence time demonstrated that TYr-Es display a longer duration of action in vivo than TYr, potentially leading to higher oral bioavailability. TYr-Es could be hydrolyzed by the gut microbiota to free TYr, which may result in the appearance of the second absorption peak in pharmacokinetic profiles. Therefore, TYr-Es exhibit improved bioavailability compared to that of TYr because of their prolonged duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawen Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkai Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , Newfoundland A1B 3X9 , Canada
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Mechanism and Improved Dissolution of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Solid Dispersion by Alkalizers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010082. [PMID: 31968604 PMCID: PMC7022421 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to increase the dissolution of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) by preparing ternary solid dispersion (TSD) systems containing alkalizers, and to explore the modulating mechanism of alkalizers in solid dispersion systems. GA TSDs were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) with Kollidon® VA64 as the carrier and L-arginine/meglumine as the alkalizers. The in vitro release of the TSD was investigated with a dissolution test, and the dissociation constant (pKa) was used to describe the ionization degree of the drug in different pH buffers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a molecular model were used for solid-state characterizations and to study the dissolution mechanism of the TSDs. It was evident that the dissolution of GA significantly increased as a result of the TSD compared to the pure drug and binary solid dispersion. SEM, DSC, and XPRD data showed that GA transformed into an amorphous form in TSD. As illustrated by FTIR, Raman, XPS, and molecular docking, high binding energy ion-pair complexes formed between GA and the alkalizers during the process of HME. These can destroy the H-bond between GA molecules. Further, intermolecular H-bonds formed between the alkalizers and Kollidon® VA64, which can increase the wettability of the drug. Our results will significantly improve the solubility and dissolution of GA. In addition, the lower pKa value of TSD indicates that higher ionization is beneficial to the dissolution of the drug. This study should facilitate further developments of TSDs containing alkalizers to improve the dissolution of weakly acidic drugs and gain a richer understanding of the mechanism of dissolution.
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Zayed Mohamed N, Aly HF, moneim El-Mezayen HA, El-Salamony HE. Effect of co-administration of Bee honey and some chemotherapeutic drugs on dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:875-888. [PMID: 31516840 PMCID: PMC6727247 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative and complimentary usage of the natural compound has raised hopes of finding curative options for liver hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, the curative effect of bee honey against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (50 mg/kg) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (2 mg/Kg)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in male rats in the presence or absence of some chemotherapeutic drugs, Cisplatin (Cis), Cyclophosphamide (CY) and 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that treatment with DEN/CCl4 caused oxidative stress as assigned by the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and fall in glutathione (GSH) content. Meantime detraction in the antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was observed. Also, the results showed induction of inflammation as reflected by an increase in the levels of both α- fetoprotein and α- fucosidase in the liver. This was accompanied by changes in the hepatic function biomarkers which characterized by the increased levels of transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-Glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and decrease in total protein content in the serum. In conclusion, the combination of the selected drugs and bee honey may be an effective chemo- preventive and therapeutic strategy for treating DEN and CCl4-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Zayed Mohamed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan Farouk Aly
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Hadeer E. El-Salamony
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
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7
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Yin F, Hu X, Zhou D, Ma X, Tian X, Huo X, Rakariyatham K, Shahidi F, Zhu B. Hydrolysis and Transport Characteristics of Tyrosol Acyl Esters in Rat Intestine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12521-12526. [PMID: 30403136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipophenols such as palmitoyl esters of green-tea polyphenols (GTP) have been allowed for use as food additives for oxidation control. However, their digestive absorption remains unexplored. In this paper, the hydrolysis and transport characteristics of tyrosol acyl esters (TYr-Es) with various fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2) were evaluated using the everted-rat-gut-sac model for the first time. HPLC-UV measurements demonstrated that TYr-Es were hydrolyzed to TYr, which contributed significantly to TYr transport across the sacs. The hydrolysis and transport rates correlated negatively with the chain lengths of their lipid moieties but showed a positive correlation with the degree of unsaturation. In general, all TYr-Es exhibited sustained-release behavior; therefore, the production of TYr-Es may serve as a useful way to prolong the duration of action and further improve the bioactivities of TYr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawen Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopei Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kanyasiri Rakariyatham
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL A1B 3X9 , Canada
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
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Lv Y, Li J, Chen H, Bai Y, Zhang L. Glycyrrhetinic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles as hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted drug carrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4361-4370. [PMID: 28652738 PMCID: PMC5476610 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s135626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a glycyrrhetinic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN-GA) was prepared for active tumor targeting. MSN-GA exhibited satisfactory loading capacity for insoluble drugs, uniform size distribution, and specific tumor cell targeting. Glycyrrhetinic acid, a hepatocellular carcinoma-targeting group, was covalently decorated on the surface of MSN via an amido bond. The successful synthesis of MSN-GA was validated by the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential measurement. TEM images revealed the spherical morphology and uniform size distribution of the naked MSN and MSN-GA. Curcumin (CUR), an insoluble model drug, was loaded into MSN-GA (denoted as MSN-GA-CUR) with a high-loading capacity (8.78%±1.24%). The results of the in vitro cellular experiment demonstrated that MSN-GA-CUR significantly enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular uptake toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells via a specific GA receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism. The results of this study provide a promising nanoplatform for the targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Lv
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huali Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangke Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Shurin M, Shvedova AA. Current understanding of interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 299:78-89. [PMID: 26739622 PMCID: PMC4811709 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of drugs, antigens, and imaging agents benefits from using nanotechnology-based carriers. The successful translation of nanoformulations to the clinic involves thorough assessment of their safety profiles, which, among other end-points, includes evaluation of immunotoxicity. The past decade of research focusing on nanoparticle interaction with the immune system has been fruitful in terms of understanding the basics of nanoparticle immunocompatibility, developing a bioanalytical infrastructure to screen for nanoparticle-mediated immune reactions, beginning to uncover the mechanisms of nanoparticle immunotoxicity, and utilizing current knowledge about the structure-activity relationship between nanoparticles' physicochemical properties and their effects on the immune system to guide safe drug delivery. In the present review, we focus on the most prominent pieces of the nanoparticle-immune system puzzle and discuss the achievements, disappointments, and lessons learned over the past 15years of research on the immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Dobrovolskaia MA. Pre-clinical immunotoxicity studies of nanotechnology-formulated drugs: Challenges, considerations and strategy. J Control Release 2015; 220:571-83. [PMID: 26348388 PMCID: PMC4688153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assorted challenges in physicochemical characterization, sterilization, depyrogenation, and in the assessment of pharmacology, safety, and efficacy profiles accompany pre-clinical development of nanotechnology-formulated drugs. Some of these challenges are not unique to nanotechnology and are common in the development of other pharmaceutical products. However, nanoparticle-formulated drugs are biochemically sophisticated, which causes their translation into the clinic to be particularly complex. An understanding of both the immune compatibility of nanoformulations and their effects on hematological parameters is now recognized as an important step in the (pre)clinical development of nanomedicines. An evaluation of nanoparticle immunotoxicity is usually performed as a part of a traditional toxicological assessment; however, it often requires additional in vitro and in vivo specialized immuno- and hematotoxicity tests. Herein, I review literature examples and share the experience with the NCI Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory assay cascade used in the early (discovery-level) phase of pre-clinical development to summarize common challenges in the immunotoxicological assessment of nanomaterials, highlight considerations and discuss solutions to overcome problems that commonly slow or halt the translation of nanoparticle-formulated drugs toward clinical trials. Special attention will be paid to the grand-challenge related to detection, quantification and removal of endotoxin from nanoformulations, and practical considerations related to this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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Ortiz R, Cabeza L, Arias JL, Melguizo C, Álvarez PJ, Vélez C, Clares B, Áranega A, Prados J. Poly(butylcyanoacrylate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanoparticles Loaded with 5-Fluorouracil Increase the Cytotoxic Effect of the Drug in Experimental Colon Cancer. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:918-29. [PMID: 25894746 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of 5-fluorouracil, one of the drugs of choice in colon cancer therapy, is limited by a nonuniform oral absorption, a short plasma half-life, and by the development of drug resistances by malignant cells. We hypothesized that the formulation of biodegradable nanocarriers for the efficient delivery of this antitumor drug may improve its therapeutic effect against advanced or recurrent colon cancer. Hence, we have engineered two 5-fluorouracil-loaded nanoparticulate systems based on the biodegradable polymers poly(butylcyanoacrylate) and poly(ε-caprolactone). Drug incorporation to the nanosystems was accomplished by entrapment (encapsulation/dispersion) within the polymeric network during nanoparticle synthesis, i.e., by anionic polymerization of the monomer and interfacial polymer disposition, respectively. Main factors determining 5-fluorouracil incorporation within the polymeric nanomatrices were investigated. These nanocarriers were characterized by high drug entrapment efficiencies and sustained drug-release profiles. In vitro studies using human and murine colon cancer cell lines demonstrated that both types of nanocarriers significantly increased the antiproliferative effect of the encapsulated drug. In addition, both nanoformulations produced in vivo an intense tumor growth inhibition and increased the mice survival rate, being the greater tumor volume reduction obtained when using the poly(ε-caprolactone)-based formulation. These results suggest that these nanocarriers may improve the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil and could be used against advanced or recurrent colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ortiz
- Department of Health Science, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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Cuestas ML, Oubiña JR, Mathet VL. Hepatocellular carcinoma and multidrug resistance: Past, present and new challenges for therapy improvement. World J Pharmacol 2015; 4:96-116. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v4.i1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent form of liver cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. The main risk factor worldwide for this type of malignancy is chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. Advances in early detection and treatment have improved life expectancy of patients with HCC. However, this disorder remains as a disease with poor prognosis. In fact, epidemiological studies have revealed that there is an 8-mo median survival rate in patients, approximately 20% of whom survive one year while only 5% remain alive after three years. Additionally, HCC is particularly difficult to treat because of its high recurrence rate, and its resistance to conventional chemotherapy is due, among other mechanisms, to several members of the ATP-Binding Cassette protein family involved in drug transport being overexpressed. Fortunately, there is evidence that these patients may benefit from alternative molecular-targeted therapies. This manuscript intends to provide further insight into the etiology and molecular mechanisms related to HCC development and the latest therapeutic approaches to treat this malignancy. The development of effective delivery systems of antitumor drugs able to target the liver parenchyma is also assessed. Finally, the prospects in the development of more efficient drug therapies to overcome multidrug resistance are also examined.
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