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Lee J, Soares G, Doty C, Park J, Hovey J, Schrader A, Han HS. Versatile Prepolymer Platform for Controlled Tailoring of Quantum Dot Surface Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:15202-15214. [PMID: 38470982 PMCID: PMC11070902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) hold immense promise for bioimaging, yet technical challenges in surface engineering limit their wider scientific use. We introduce poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (PPFPA) as a user-friendly prepolymer platform for creating precisely controlled multidentate polymeric ligands for QD surface engineering, accessible to researchers without extensive synthetic expertise. PPFPA combines the benefits of both bottom-up and prepolymer approaches, offering minimal susceptibility to hydrolysis and side reactions for controlled chemical composition, along with simple synthetic procedures using commercially available reagents. Live cell imaging experiments highlighted a significant reduction in nonspecific binding when employing PPFPA, owing to its minimal hydrolysis, in contrast to ligands synthesized by using a conventional prepolymer prone to uncontrolled hydrolysis. This observation underscores the distinct advantage of our prepolymer system. Leveraging PPFPA, we synthesized biomolecule-conjugated QDs and performed QD-based immunofluorescence to detect a cytosolic protein. To effectively label cytosolic targets in such a dense and complex environment, probes must exhibit minimal nonspecific binding and be compact. As a result, QD-immunofluorescence has focused primarily on cell surface targets. By creating compact QD-F(ab')2, we sensitively detected alpha-tubulin with a ∼50-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to organic dye-based labeling. PPFPA represents a versatile and accessible platform for tailoring QD surfaces, offering a pathway to realize the full potential of colloidal QDs in various scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuYeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- School of Biological and Environmental Studies, Millikin University, 1184 W. Main Street, Decatur, Illinois 62522, United States
| | - Giselle Soares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Calvin Doty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joonhyuck Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Jack Hovey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alex Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hee-Sun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Sukhanova A, Bozrova S, Gerasimovich E, Baryshnikova M, Sokolova Z, Samokhvalov P, Guhrenz C, Gaponik N, Karaulov A, Nabiev I. Dependence of Quantum Dot Toxicity In Vitro on Their Size, Chemical Composition, and Surface Charge. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12162734. [PMID: 36014600 PMCID: PMC9416395 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots (QDs) are of great interest for researchers and have potential use in various applications in biomedicine, such as in vitro diagnostics, molecular tracking, in vivo imaging, and drug delivery. Systematic analysis of potential hazardous effects of QDs is necessary to ensure their safe use. In this study, we obtained water-soluble core/shell QDs differing in size, surface charge, and chemical composition of the core. All the synthesized QDs were modified with polyethylene glycol derivatives to obtain outer organic shells protecting them from degradation. The physical and chemical parameters were fully characterized. In vitro cytotoxicity of the QDs was estimated in both normal and tumor cell lines. We demonstrated that QDs with the smallest size had the highest in vitro cytotoxicity. The most toxic QDs were characterized by a low negative surface charge, while positively charged QDs were less cytotoxic, and QDs with a greater negative charge were the least toxic. In contrast, the chemical composition of the QD core did not noticeably affect the cytotoxicity in vitro. This study provides a better understanding of the influence of the QD parameters on their cytotoxicity and can be used to improve the design of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Svetlana Bozrova
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniia Gerasimovich
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Baryshnikova
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zinaida Sokolova
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Samokhvalov
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Chris Guhrenz
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nikolai Gaponik
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
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Impact of Tuning the Surface Charge Distribution on Colloidal Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity Investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061551. [PMID: 34208275 PMCID: PMC8230852 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the toxic effect in living organisms remains a major issue for the development of safe nanomedicines and exposure of researchers involved in the synthesis, handling and manipulation of nanoparticles. In this study, we demonstrate that Caenorhabditis elegans could represent an in vivo model alternative to superior mammalians for the collection of several physiological functionality parameters associated to both short-term and long-term effects of colloidally stable nanoparticles even in absence of microbial feeding, usually reported to be necessary to ensure appropriate intake. Contextually, we investigated the impact of surface charge on toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide coated with a wrapping polymeric envelop that confers them optimal colloidal stability. By finely tuning the functional group composition of this shallow polymer–obtaining totally anionic, partially pegylated, partially anionic and partially cationic, respectively–we showed that the ideal surface charge organization to optimize safety of colloidal nanoparticles is the one containing both cationic and anionic groups. Our results are in accordance with previous evidence that zwitterionic nanoparticles allow long circulation, favorable distribution in the tumor area and optimal tumor penetration and thus support the hypothesis that zwitterionic iron oxide nanoparticles could be an excellent solution for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications in nanooncology.
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Horstmann C, Davenport V, Zhang M, Peters A, Kim K. Transcriptome Profile Alterations with Carbon Nanotubes, Quantum Dots, and Silver Nanoparticles: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060794. [PMID: 34070957 PMCID: PMC8224664 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized sequence-based research. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing has become the method of choice in studying the toxicity of chemical agents through observing and measuring changes in transcript levels. Engineered nanomaterial (ENM)-toxicity has become a major field of research and has adopted microarray and newer RNA-Seq methods. Recently, nanotechnology has become a promising tool in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases in humans. However, due to their high stability, they are likely capable of remaining in the body and environment for long periods of time. Their mechanisms of toxicity and long-lasting effects on our health is still poorly understood. This review explores the effects of three ENMs including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) by cross examining publications on transcriptomic changes induced by these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Victoria Davenport
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Alyse Peters
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Missouri State University, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (V.D.); (M.Z.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Weiss M, Fan J, Claudel M, Sonntag T, Didier P, Ronzani C, Lebeau L, Pons F. Density of surface charge is a more predictive factor of the toxicity of cationic carbon nanoparticles than zeta potential. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:5. [PMID: 33407567 PMCID: PMC7789233 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A positive surface charge has been largely associated with nanoparticle (NP) toxicity. However, by screening a carbon NP library in macrophages, we found that a cationic charge does not systematically translate into toxicity. To get deeper insight into this, we carried out a comprehensive study on 5 cationic carbon NPs (NP2 to NP6) exhibiting a similar zeta (ζ) potential value (from + 20.6 to + 26.9 mV) but displaying an increasing surface charge density (electrokinetic charge, Qek from 0.23 to 4.39 µmol/g). An anionic and non-cytotoxic NP (NP1, ζ-potential = - 38.5 mV) was used as control. RESULTS The 5 cationic NPs induced high (NP6 and NP5, Qek of 2.95 and 4.39 µmol/g, respectively), little (NP3 and NP4, Qek of 0.78 and 1.35 µmol/g, respectively) or no (NP2, Qek of 0.23 µmol/g) viability loss in THP-1-derived macrophages exposed for 24 h to escalating NP dose (3 to 200 µg/mL). A similar toxicity trend was observed in airway epithelial cells (A549 and Calu-3), with less viability loss than in THP-1 cells. NP3, NP5 and NP6 were taken up by THP-1 cells at 4 h, whereas NP1, NP2 and NP4 were not. Among the 6 NPs, only NP5 and NP6 with the highest surface charge density induced significant oxidative stress, IL-8 release, mitochondrial dysfunction and loss in lysosomal integrity in THP-1 cells. As well, in mice, NP5 and NP6 only induced airway inflammation. NP5 also increased allergen-induced immune response, airway inflammation and mucus production. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study clearly reveals that the surface charge density of a cationic carbon NP rather than the absolute value of its ζ-potential is a relevant descriptor of its in vitro and in vivo toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Weiss
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mickaël Claudel
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Sonntag
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7021, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carole Ronzani
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Luc Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Pons
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, 74 route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch, France.
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Liu Y, Li X, Xiao S, Liu X, Chen X, Xia Q, Lei S, Li H, Zhong Z, Xiao K. The Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Leydig Cells and Male Reproductive Function in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9499-9514. [PMID: 33281445 PMCID: PMC7709869 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s276606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown great promise in various biomedical applications, but their effects on male reproductive function remain to be ascertained. The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake, cytotoxicity and testosterone production inhibition of AuNPs in mouse Leydig cells, as well as their accumulation in the testes of male mice and their effects on male reproductive function. Results AuNPs (5 nm) were able to be internalized into the endosomes/lysosomes of TM3 Leydig cells, induce the formation of autophagosomes, increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and disrupt the cell cycle in S phase, resulting in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Interestingly, AuNPs significantly reduced testosterone production in TM3 cells by inhibiting the expression of 17α-hydroxylase, an important enzyme in androgen synthesis. After repeated intravenous injection, AuNPs gradually accumulated and retained in the testes of male BALB/c mice in a dose-dependent manner. One week after withdrawal, the level of plasma testosterone in the 0.5 mg/kg AuNPs group was significantly reduced compared to that in the PBS control group, accompanied by the decreased expression of 17α-hydroxylase in the testes. In addition, AuNPs treatment significantly increased the rate of epididymal sperm malformation, but without affecting fertility. Conclusion Our results suggest that AuNPs can accumulate in the testes and reduce testosterone production in Leydig cells by down-regulating the expression of 17α-hydroxylase, thus affecting the quality of epididymal sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanming Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyue Xia
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Lei
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhong
- Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Model Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Dharmalingam P, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan B. Probing Cancer Metastasis at a Single-Cell Level with a Raman-Functionalized Anionic Probe. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1054-1066. [PMID: 31904972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary reason for cancer-related deaths, yet there is no technique capable of detecting it due to cancer pathogenesis. Current cancer diagnosis methods evaluate tumor samples as a whole/pooled sample process loses heterogeneous information in the metastasis state. Hence, it is not suitable for metastatic cancer detection. In order to gain complete information on metastasis, it is desirable to develop a nondestructive detection method that can evaluate metastatic cells with sensitivity down to single-cell resolution. Here we demonstrated self-functionalized anionic quantum probes for in vitro metastatic cancer detection at a single-cell concentration. We achieved this by incorporating a nondestructive SERS ability within the generated probes by integrating anionic surface species and NIR plasmon resonance. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that metastatic cancer cells were detected through their neoplastic transformations. With reliable diagnostic information at the single-cell sensitivity in an in vitro state, we successfully discriminated against cancer malignancy states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dharmalingam
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (I-BEST) , Partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Ontario M5B 1W8 , Canada
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Affiliate Scientist, Keenan Research Center , St. Michael's Hospital , 209 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario M5B 1T8 , Canada
| | - Bo Tan
- Affiliate Scientist, Keenan Research Center , St. Michael's Hospital , 209 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario M5B 1T8 , Canada
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Adeyemi SA, Choonara YE, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Marimuthu T, Kondiah PP, Pillay V. Folate-decorated, endostatin-loaded, nanoparticles for anti-proliferative chemotherapy in esophaegeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Horstmann C, Kim DS, Campbell C, Kim K. Transcriptome Profile Alteration with Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide Quantum Dots in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110653. [PMID: 31731522 PMCID: PMC6920935 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) are becoming more prevalent in products used in our daily lives, such as TVs and laptops, due to their unique and tunable optical properties. The possibility of using QDs as fluorescent probes in applications, such as medical imaging, has been a topic of interest for some time, but their potential toxicity and long-term effects on the environment are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of yellow CdSe/ZnS-QDs on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We utilized growth assays, RNA-seq, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays, and cell wall stability experiments to investigate the potential toxic effects of CdSe/ZnS-QDs. We found CdSe/ZnS-QDs had no negative effects on cell viability; however, cell wall-compromised cells showed more sensitivity in the presence of 10 µg/mL CdSe/ZnS-QDs compared to non-treated cells. In CdSe/ZnS-treated and non-treated cells, no significant change in superoxide was detected, but according to our transcriptomic analysis, thousands of genes in CdSe/ZnS-treated cells became differentially expressed. Four significantly differentiated genes found, including FAF1, SDA1, DAN1, and TIR1, were validated by consistent results with RT-qPCR assays. Our transcriptome analysis led us to conclude that exposure of CdSe/ZnS-QDs on yeast significantly affected genes implicated in multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniel S Kim
- Kickapoo High School, 3710 South Jefferson Ave, Springfield, MO 65807, USA;
| | - Chelsea Campbell
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (C.H.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
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Future Applications of MXenes in Biotechnology, Nanomedicine, and Sensors. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 38:264-279. [PMID: 31635894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have seen significant developments in the chemistry and potential biological applications of 2D materials. This review focuses on recent advances in the biotechnological and biomedical applications of MXenes, which are 2D carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides of transition metals. Nanomaterials based on MXenes can be used as therapeutics for anticancer treatment, in photothermal therapy as drug delivery platforms, or as nanodrugs without any additional modification. Furthermore, we discuss the potential use of these materials in biosensing and bioimaging, including magnetic resonance and photoacoustic imaging techniques. Finally, we present the most significant examples of the use of MXenes as efficient agents for environmental and antimicrobial treatments, as well as a brief discussion of their future prospects and challenges.
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Nguyen KC, Zhang Y, Todd J, Kittle K, Patry D, Caldwell D, Lalande M, Smith S, Parks D, Navarro M, Massarsky A, Moon TW, Willmore WG, Tayabali AF. Biodistribution and Systemic Effects in Mice Following Intravenous Administration of Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dot Nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1491-1503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy C. Nguyen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Julie Todd
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Kevin Kittle
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Dominique Patry
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Don Caldwell
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Michelle Lalande
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Scott Smith
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Douglas Parks
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Martha Navarro
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Andrey Massarsky
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics and the Collaborative Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, 75 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Thomas W. Moon
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics and the Collaborative Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, 75 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Azam F. Tayabali
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1S 5B6
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Levy M, Chowdhury PP, Nagpal P. Quantum dot therapeutics: a new class of radical therapies. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:48. [PMID: 31160923 PMCID: PMC6542014 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional therapeutics and vaccines represent the bedrock of modern medicine, where isolated biochemical molecules or designed proteins have led to success in treating and preventing diseases. However, several adaptive pathogens, such as multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbugs, and rapidly evolving diseases, such as cancer, can evade such molecules very effectively. This poses an important problem since the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistance among microbes is one of the most pressing public health crises of our time-one that could claim more than 10 million lives and 100 trillion dollars annually by 2050. Several non-traditional antibiotics are now being developed that can survive in the face of adaptive drug resistance. One such versatile strategy is redox perturbation using quantum dot (QD) therapeutics. While redox molecules are nominally used by cells for intracellular signaling and other functions, specific generation of such species exogenously, using an electromagnetic stimulus (light, sound, magnetic field), can specifically kill the cells most vulnerable to such species. For example, recently QD therapeutics have shown tremendous promise by specifically generating superoxide intracellularly (using light as a trigger) to selectively eliminate a wide range of MDR pathogens. While the efficacy of such QD therapeutics was shown using in vitro studies, several apparent contradictions exist regarding QD safety and potential for clinical applications. In this review, we outline the design rules for creating specific QD therapies for redox perturbation; summarize the parameters for choosing appropriate materials, size, and capping ligands to ensure their facile clearance; and highlight a potential path forward towards developing this new class of radical QD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Levy
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Partha P. Chowdhury
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
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Li S, Chen L, Wang G, Xu L, Hou S, Chen Z, Xu X, Wang X, Liu F, Du YZ. Anti-ICAM-1 antibody-modified nanostructured lipid carriers: a pulmonary vascular endothelium-targeted device for acute lung injury therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:105. [PMID: 30594254 PMCID: PMC6311082 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome without effective treatment. Targeting delivery of glucocorticoid to lung shows potential efficacy for ALI based on their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, breaking through their clinical application limitation due to systemic side effects. This work was aimed to establish lung-targeted dexamethasone (DEX) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with opposite surface charge and investigate their therapeutic effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. RESULTS The diameter of anionic anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (anti-ICAM-1) antibody-conjugated DEX-loaded NLCs (ICAM/DEX/NLCs) and the cationic ones with octadecylamine (ODA) modification (ICAM/DEX/ODA-NLCs) was about 249.9 and 235.9 nm. The zeta potential of ICAM/DEX/NLCs and ICAM/DEX/ODA-NLCs was about - 30.3 and 37.4 mV, respectively. Relative to the non-targeted control and ICAM/DEX/ODA-NLCs, ICAM/DEX/NLCs exhibited higher in vitro cellular uptake in LPS-activated human vascular endothelial cell line EAhy926 after CAM-mediated endocytosis, and stronger in vivo pulmonary distribution in the ALI model mice. In vivo i.v. administration of ICAM/DEX/NLCs significantly attenuated pulmonary inflammatory cells infiltration, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 in ALI mice. H&E stain also revealed positive histological improvements by ICAM/DEX/NLCs. CONCLUSIONS ICAM/DEX/NLCs may represent a potential pulmonary endothelium targeted device, which facilitate translation of DEX into clinical ALI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Guokang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lexing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fuhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Li C, Zhang P, Hao Y, He D, Shen Y, Lu R. Expression and significance of quantum dots in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5997-6002. [PMID: 30333871 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical application and utility of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in tracing RAW 264.7 macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells and QDs at various concentrations were co-cultured for 24 h, and the fluorescence intensity of the macrophages was determined at various time points. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β] were determined, and cellular assays were performed to investigate the activation, proliferation and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells. The QDs were engulfed by the macrophages, and the fluorescence intensity of RAW 264.7 cells increased with increasing concentration and time. The IL-1β mRNA level increased significantly at 50 µg/ml QDs, and that of TNF-α increased significantly at 100 µg/ml QDs. Accelerated proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells was observed at 50 and 100 µg/ml QDs; however, no increase in apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells was observed in co-culture. CdSe/ZnS QDs may be used as tracers due to the fluorescence intensity of RAW 264.7 cells increasing with increasing QD concentration and time, resulting in the activation of macrophages and significant increases in proliferation at 50 and 100 µg/ml QDs compared with in the absence of QDs. The change in QD concentration was not significantly associated with the proliferation and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Laboratory Center, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
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SiO 2 nanoparticles modulate the electrical activity of neuroendocrine cells without exerting genomic effects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2760. [PMID: 29426889 PMCID: PMC5807366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered silica nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing interest in several applications, and particularly in the field of nanomedicine, thanks to the high biocompatibility of this material. For their optimal and controlled use, the understanding of the mechanisms elicited by their interaction with the biological target is a prerequisite, especially when dealing with cells particularly vulnerable to environmental stimuli like neurons. Here we have combined different electrophysiological approaches (both at the single cell and at the population level) with a genomic screening in order to analyze, in GT1-7 neuroendocrine cells, the impact of SiO2 NPs (50 ± 3 nm in diameter) on electrical activity and gene expression, providing a detailed analysis of the impact of a nanoparticle on neuronal excitability. We find that 20 µg mL−1 NPs induce depolarization of the membrane potential, with a modulation of the firing of action potentials. Recordings of electrical activity with multielectrode arrays provide further evidence that the NPs evoke a temporary increase in firing frequency, without affecting the functional behavior on a time scale of hours. Finally, NPs incubation up to 24 hours does not induce any change in gene expression.
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Saulite L, Pleiko K, Popena I, Dapkute D, Rotomskis R, Riekstina U. Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9. [PMID: 29515946 PMCID: PMC5815277 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We created a 3D cell co-culture model by combining nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MD-231 and primary breast cancer cell line MCF7 to explore the transfer of quantum dots (QDs) to cancer cells. First, the optimal conditions for high-content QD loading in MSCs were established. Then, QD uptake in breast cancer cells was assessed after 24 h in a 3D co-culture with nanoengineered MSCs. We found that incubation of MSCs with QDs in a serum-free medium provided the best accumulation results. It was found that 24 h post-labelling QDs were eliminated from MSCs. Our results demonstrate that breast cancer cells efficiently uptake QDs that are released from nanoengineered MSCs in a 3D co-culture. Moreover, the uptake is considerably enhanced in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells compared with MCF7 primary breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest that nanoengineered MSCs could serve as a vehicle for targeted drug delivery to metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Saulite
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Pleiko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ineta Popena
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dominyka Dapkute
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio Street 3b, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ricardas Rotomskis
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio Street 3b, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 9, corp. 3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Una Riekstina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
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18
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Li MM, Cao J, Yang JC, Shen YJ, Cai XL, Chen YW, Qu CY, Zhang Y, Shen F, Xu LM. Effects of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide-conjugated quantum dots-induced photodynamic therapy on pancreatic carcinoma in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2769-2779. [PMID: 28435257 PMCID: PMC5388266 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s130799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) conjugated with integrin antagonist arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides (QDs-RGD) are novel nanomaterials with a unique optical property: a high molar extinction coefficient. Previously, we have shown that QDs-RGD demonstrate a photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect as new photosensitizers for the pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990 in vitro. Here, we investigate the application of QDs-RGD in mice bearing pancreatic tumors using PDT. To ensure that more photosensitizers accumulated in tumors, QDs-RGD were injected intratumorally. After selection of an adequate dosage for injection from analyses of biodistribution images captured by an IVIS system, PDT was initiated. Three groups were created according to different PDT procedures. In group 1, mice were injected with QDs-RGD intratumorally, and an optical fiber connected to a laser light was inserted directly into the tumor. Irradiation was sustained for 20 min with a laser light (630 nm) at 100 mW/cm2. In group 2, the laser optical fiber was placed around, and not inserted into, tumors. In group 3, PDT was conducted as in group 1 but without injection of QDs-RGD. After 28 days of observation, tumors on the back of mice in group 1 grew slowly (V/V0 =3.24±0.70) compared with the control groups, whose tumors grew quickly, and the mean V/V0 reached 6.08±0.50 (group 2) and 7.25±0.82 (group 3). Histology of tumor tissues showed more necrotic tissues, more inflammatory cells, and less vascular tissue in the PDT group than those in the control groups. These results suggest that QDs-RGD-mediated PDT, with illumination using an optical fiber inserted directly into the tumor, can inhibit the growth of SW1990 tumors with high efficiency in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Chun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ying Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Zou J, Pyykkö I, Hyttinen J. Inner ear barriers to nanomedicine-augmented drug delivery and imaging. J Otol 2016; 11:165-177. [PMID: 29937826 PMCID: PMC6002620 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several challenges to inner ear drug delivery and imaging due to the existence of tight biological barriers to the target structure and the dense bone surrounding it. Advances in imaging and nanomedicine may provide knowledge for overcoming the existing limitations to both the diagnosis and treatment of inner ear diseases. Novel techniques have improved the efficacy of drug delivery and targeting to the inner ear, as well as the quality and accuracy of imaging this structure. In this review, we will describe the pathways and biological barriers of the inner ear regarding drug delivery, the beneficial applications and limitations of the imaging techniques available for inner ear research, the behavior of engineered nanomaterials in inner ear applications, and future perspectives for nanomedicine-based inner ear imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Hearing and Balance Research Unit, Field of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilmari Pyykkö
- Hearing and Balance Research Unit, Field of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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