1
|
Pereira TLB, Ang E, Aayisha, Naidu KNC, Chan YH, Shorey S. Ontological coaching among nursing undergraduates: a pilot randomized controlled (OCEAN) trial. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2024; 29:2379109. [PMID: 39033532 PMCID: PMC11262227 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2024.2379109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
To develop and assess the preliminary effectiveness of Ontological Coaching Intervention for nursing undergraduates. Design: A pilot randomized controlled trial with a two-group pre-test and post-test followed by process-evaluation qualitative interviews. An Ontological Coaching Intervention was developed through an integration of prior literature and the collective the research team's experience, consisting of 4-6 sessions over 6-months, each lasting 30-60 minutes. Sessions encompassed exploring ontological coaching concepts, empowering nursing undergraduates to choose topics, and tailoring sessions to individual needs. Sixty undergraduates were recruited; ten were excluded for not completing the baseline questionnaires. Twenty-one nursing undergraduates were randomly assigned to the intervention group and twenty-nine undergraduates to the control group (standard academic support only). Primary (psychological well-being) and secondary (social support quantity and satisfaction, goal-setting, resilience) outcomes were measured at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months. Semi-structured interviews captured post-intervention experiences. Between-group analyses revealed a significant difference in goal-setting scores at 3-months (U = 325.5, p = 0.013), favoring the intervention group (median = 70.50, IQR = 64.25, 76.75). At 6-months, a significant difference in social support satisfaction scores (U = 114.5, p = 0.028) was found between the intervention (median = 33.00, IQR = 29.50, 35.25) and control (median = 30.00, IQR = 30.00, 35.00) groups. However, no significant between-group differences were noted in other outcome measures. Significant within-group differences were found in goal-setting scores at 3- and 6-months in the intervention group and social support quantity scores at 3- and 6-months in the control group. However, no significant within-group differences were noted in other outcome measures. Three themes were identified: Enhanced Holistic Development, Keys to Successful Coaching, and Future Directions for Successful Coaching. There is urgent need to advance research on Ontological Coaching Intervention, particularly, enhancing study rigor, broadening examinations to diverse healthcare student populations and cultural contexts, and addressing identified limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Lanz-Brian Pereira
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emily Ang
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aayisha
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuhanesan N. C. Naidu
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ain NU, Ali A, Sitwat A. Differences in social support, emotion invalidation, psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation in maritally adjusted and maladjusted women in Pakistan: A matched pairs design. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 52:929-949. [PMID: 39102313 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to find out differences of social support, perceived emotion invalidation, psychological needs, and use of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in maritally adjusted and maladjusted after controlling for age, education, employment status, and depressive symptomatology. The cross-sectional study uses a matched pairs design. The sample was divided into two groups; maritally adjusted and maladjusted women (n = 40 pairs) on basis of scores obtained on revised-dyadic adjustment scale. Forty maritally adjusted women were matched with 40 maritally maladjusted women according to age, education, and employment status. Social support questionnaire, perceived invalidation of emotion scale, basic psychological need satisfaction frustration scale, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and center for epidemiologic studies depression scale were administered. One-way ANCOVA revealed that maritally maladjusted women had lower level of social support [mean difference; -5.65(-9.97, -1.33), p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.08] and more emotional invalidation [mean difference; 15.36(13.08, 17.65), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.71] compared to maritally adjusted women after controlling for the effect of depressive symptomatology. Maritally maladjusted women had more need frustration [mean difference; 10.75(7.59, 13.92), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.38] compared to maritally adjusted women. However, maritally adjusted women had more need satisfaction [mean difference; 13.36(9.67, 17.05), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.41] compared to maritally maladjusted women. Maritally adjusted women used more adaptive CER strategies (acceptance, refocus on planning and putting into perspective) [mean difference; 4.66(2.36, 6.95), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.18] compared to maritally maladjusted women whereas, maritally maladjusted women used more maladaptive strategies (self-blame, catastrophizing and blaming others) [mean difference; 4.66(2.77, 6.54), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.25] compared to maritally adjusted women. Maladjusted women had less social support and more emotional invalidation of emotions and psychological needs frustration. They used more maladaptive strategies to manage their negative emotions in comparison to maritally adjusted women. Identification of these cognitive emotion regulation strategies will help clinicians and counselors to devise psychological intervention targeting the use of adaptive strategies to minimize the negative mental health consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ul Ain
- Department of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital (UCHS-CH), University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Ali
- Department of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital (UCHS-CH), University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Sitwat
- Center for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lähdepuro A, Räikkönen K, Pham H, Thompson-Felix T, Eid RS, O'Connor TG, Glover V, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Wolford E, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, O'Donnell KJ. Maternal social support during and after pregnancy and child cognitive ability: examining timing effects in two cohorts. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1661-1670. [PMID: 38087866 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal anxiety, depression, and stress during and after pregnancy are negatively associated with child cognitive development. However, the contribution of positive maternal experiences, such as social support, to child cognitive development has received less attention. Furthermore, how maternal experience of social support during specific developmental periods impacts child cognitive development is largely unknown. METHODS Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 5784) and the Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction study (PREDO; n = 420), we investigated the associations between maternal perceived social support during and after pregnancy and child's general cognitive ability at 8 years of age, assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Bayesian relevant life course modeling was used to investigate timing effects of maternal social support on child cognitive ability. RESULTS In both cohorts, higher maternal perceived social support during pregnancy was associated with higher performance on the WISC, independent of sociodemographic factors and concurrent maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. In ALSPAC, pregnancy emerged as a sensitive period for the effects of perceived social support on child cognitive ability, with a stronger effect of social support during pregnancy than after pregnancy on child cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, supported from two prospective longitudinal cohorts, suggest a distinct role of maternal perceived social support during pregnancy for cognitive development in children. Our study suggests that interventions aimed at increasing maternal social support during pregnancy may be an important strategy for promoting maternal and child well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lähdepuro
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hung Pham
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Rand S Eid
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Wynne Center for Family Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychology/Welfare Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Wolford
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bengtson L, Aubuchon-Endsley N, Meotti S, Lynch S. Trauma History Questionnaire: validation with novel samples of incarcerated women and perinatal women. Women Health 2024; 64:380-391. [PMID: 38649698 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2024.2344503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Trauma exposure is associated with numerous negative outcomes, many of which are amplified within at-risk populations. Two under-researched and at-risk populations, incarcerated women and perinatal women, both report high rates of trauma, psychopathology, and PTSD compared to the general population. One common measure of trauma exposure in various populations, including incarcerated women and perinatal women, is the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ). However, no known studies have validated the THQ within these two unique, understudied populations. Using data from two studies of incarcerated women and one study of perinatal women, researchers explored indices of THQ construct, predictive, and convergent validity. The study also included between-sample comparisons, highlighting differences in trauma incidence between the included samples. Analyses supported statistically significant relations between THQ scores and Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (SVAWS), depressive symptoms, PTSD, and psychological distress. Prenatal women's THQ scores were also predictive of later postpartum depressive symptoms. Significantly higher THQ scores were found within the incarcerated samples compared to the perinatal sample. The study results provide further information about trauma within incarcerated and perinatal populations, as well as increase understanding of the utility of trauma assessments within these vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Bengtson
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | | | - Sara Meotti
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Shannon Lynch
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guariglia P, Palmiero M, Giannini AM, Piccardi L. The Key Role of Empathy in the Relationship between Age and Social Support. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2464. [PMID: 37685497 PMCID: PMC10487866 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11172464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging involves several changes depending on genetic and behavioral factors, such as lifestyle and the number and quality of social relationships, which in turn can be influenced by empathy. Here, the change in the perceived social support across the lifespan as a function of empathy was investigated, considering the mediating role of empathy after controlling for gender and education. In total, 441 people (18-91 years old) filled in the Italian short version of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-12), the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ6), as well as the Empathy Questionnaire (EQ), and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET). The mediation analyses with ISEL-12 showed that age and the EQ fully mediated the relationship between age and appraisal, belonging, and tangible scores. Further, the EQ fully mediated only the relationship between age and SSQ6-People. These results showed that empathic skills are key in the relationships between age and social support. This suggests that empathy can trigger social support and, ultimately, well-being if stimulated across the lifespan, especially from a young age; this would help to form the socio-emotional competence across the years as a sort of cushion that can be useful in the older to fulfill active aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Guariglia
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00158 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00158 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.P.)
- San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sabina C, Perez-Figueroa D, Reyes L, Campaña Medina E, Pereira de Souza E, Markovits L, Oña Jacho AC, Rojas Bohorquez GK. Evaluation of Integrative Community Therapy with Domestic Violence Survivors in Quito, Ecuador. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085492. [PMID: 37107774 PMCID: PMC10138899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrative community therapy (ICT) is a methodology used in the public health arena to deal with problems facing communities such as depression, substance abuse, and stress. This approach is unique as it builds on critical pedagogy, cultural anthropology, communication, resilience, and systems theory. Additionally, creative arts therapies point to the utility of music as a therapeutic tool. This study employed ICT and a music workshop with domestic violence survivors in Quito, Ecuador, via a pre-post comparison group design. A total of 87 women completed the six-week study-49 in the intervention group and 38 in the comparison group. Measures were taken on self-esteem, general health, resilience, dating violence attitudes, and social support. Additionally, the intervention group answered open-ended questions about their experience, and some participated in a focus group (n = 21). The quantitative results indicated that there was improvement in the domains of general health, self-esteem, and social support for the intervention group compared to the comparison group. Themes from the qualitative responses indicated changes in the relationship with the aggressor, psychological and emotional changes, changes in feelings of social support, and changes for the future. The study found promising results for this approach with domestic violence survivors, possibly leading to a community-grounded, non-hierarchical, culturally-responsive intervention for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sabina
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Diego Perez-Figueroa
- Psychology and Behavioral Science Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Laurent Reyes
- School of Social Welfare, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bunik M, Jimenez-Zambrano A, Solano M, Beaty BL, Juarez-Colunga E, Zhang X, Moore SL, Bull S, Leiferman JA. Mother's Milk Messaging™: trial evaluation of app and texting for breastfeeding support. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:660. [PMID: 36002798 PMCID: PMC9400217 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New mothers experience BF challenges but have limited evidence-based technology-enabled support. OBJECTIVES 1) Determine if using the Mother's Milk Messaging™ app improved aspects of breastfeeding and breastfeeding rates and 2) Describe engagement as well as themes from the qualitative feedback on the app. METHOD Randomized Controlled Trial National sample of primiparous, singleton mothers recruited online and then randomized using stratification by language into three arms: 1) BF text messages plus app; 2) BF text messages, app and physician-moderated private Facebook (FB) group; 3) Attention control group who received injury prevention texts. Exclusive breastfeeding rates as primary outcome and knowledge/attitude, confidence, and social support as secondary outcomes. We determined engagement through analysis of app usage metrics. We conducted and content-coded interviews with participants to learn more about app usage and BF experience. Due to the nature of the intervention participants could not be blinded. RESULTS There were a total of 346 participants in the trial, with 227 in the Intervention (n = 154 group 1 and n = 156 group 2) and 119 in the control group. Because of minimal Facebook activity, the two intervention groups 1 and 2 were combined. There were no differences in breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. (NS). Women in the intervention arm reported significantly higher confidence with breastfeeding and perceived social support to the control group (p < .05). Greater than 80% registered the app and those that engaged with the app had higher scores with time. Mothers appreciated receiving text messages and videos with reliable information. No harm was reported in this study. CONCLUSION MMM increased confidence with breastfeeding and with gathering social supports. Exclusively BF was high in all participants. Mothers perceived it as useful and dependable especially the texting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bunik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Ave B032, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Andrea Jimenez-Zambrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael Solano
- Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Ave B032, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brenda L Beaty
- Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Juarez-Colunga
- Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan L Moore
- Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sheana Bull
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenn A Leiferman
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laurent HK, Sbrilli M, Dawson D, Finnegan M, Ramdas-Neal D. Disentangling levels of mother-infant neuroendocrine attunement and longitudinal relations with maternal risk and protective factors. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:88-97. [PMID: 32476146 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientific understanding of mother-infant HPA axis attunement has been limited by discrepant methods for assessing attunement that often conflate different levels of association. We sought to refine the conceptualization of attunement by investigating whether mother-infant cortisol attunement exists as coupling of response trajectories within an acute stress episode, separate from shared developmental patterns and/or overall dyadic similarity in cortisol levels, and whether the degree of attunement depends on within- or between-dyad differences in maternal risk and protective factors. We examined these questions using a longitudinal study with mother/infant salivary cortisol during dyadic stressors at 6, 12, and 18 months postnatal. A three-level hierarchical linear model showed that sample-wide associations between mother and infant cortisol were not significant at any level, suggesting normative lack of attunement; however, there was significant variability in degree of attunement across dyads. Concurrent levels of family resources and social support satisfaction predicted lower mother-infant cortisol attunement within the session, and overall (mean) parenting stress predicted the opposite. Follow-up analyses showed this was typically due to an increase in infants' (but not their mothers') within-session cortisol response slopes with increasing support and decreasing stress. Implications for the role of mother-infant cortisol attunement in intergenerational stress transmission are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidemarie K Laurent
- University of Oregon Psychology, Champaign, IL, USA.,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Psychology, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Marissa Sbrilli
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Psychology, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Danyelle Dawson
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Psychology, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Megan Finnegan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Psychology, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Friedman LE, Gelaye B, Sanchez SE, Williams MA. Association of social support and antepartum depression among pregnant women. J Affect Disord 2020; 264:201-205. [PMID: 32056751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few investigators have evaluated the association between early pregnancy social support and depression; however, increased social support may improve mental health during pregnancy. Our objective is to examine whether in early pregnancy there is an association between social support and maternal depression among women in Peru. METHODS 2,062 pregnant women participated in structured interviews. Early pregnancy social support was measured using the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ-6). We evaluated the number of individuals that participants could turn to in different situations (Social Support Number Score; SSQN) and their satisfaction with support received (Social Support Satisfaction Score; SSQS). Median SSQN and SSQS characterized participants according to high and low levels of support. SSQN family vs. non-family support were also evaluated separately. Antepartum depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS 39.6% of women reported high SSQN and 45.5% reported high SSQS. Approximately 25% had antepartum depression. Women with high SSQN had 22% lower odds of antepartum depression (OR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.63-0.97). Similarly, women with high SSQS scores had 45% lower odds of antepartum depression (OR = 0.55; 95%CI: 0.45-0.68). Women with high SSQN non-family scores had 30% lower odds antepartum depression compared to those with low SSQN non-family scores (OR = 0.70; 95%CI: 0.57-0.86). The association between SSQN family scores and antepartum depression did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Increased social support may improve maternal mental health during pregnancy and this association should be assessed in longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Friedman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru; Asociación Civil PROESA, Lima, Peru
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|