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Didkowska A, Klich D, Anusz K, Wojciechowska M, Kloch M, Perlińska-Teresiak M, Bielecki W, Olech W. Determination of hematological and biochemical values blood parameters for European bison (Bison bonasus). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303457. [PMID: 38748744 PMCID: PMC11095690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematological and biochemical blood parameters are important tools for evaluating animals' health. They might be crucial in assessing the health of entire populations of wild animals, such as European bison (Bison bonasus). The aim of this study was to establish hematological and biochemical values for healthy European bison and to determine whether there were significant relations with age and sex. Blood samples were collected from 79 animals and tested according to generally accepted standards and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. Most of the age and gender-related correlations found in our study were predictable based on previous reports. Due to bone growth, juvenile animals have typically higher ALP and P concentrations relative to adults. Several age-related dependencies were surprising, like higher Na concentration in younger European bison. Determination of hematological and biochemical blood parameters of healthy European bison may significantly contribute to the further restitution of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Klich
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Wojciechowska
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kloch
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Perlińska-Teresiak
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bielecki
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Wang L, Wang F, Tuo Y, Wan H, Luo F. Clinical characteristics and predictors of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at different altitudes. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:127. [PMID: 37072815 PMCID: PMC10111800 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is closely associated with poor prognosis. However, studies on the predictors of PH in COPD patients are limited, especially in populations living at high altitude (HA). OBJECTIVES To investigate the differences in the clinical characteristics and predictors of patients with COPD/COPD and PH (COPD-PH) from low altitude (LA, 600 m) and HA (2200 m). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional survey of 228 COPD patients of Han nationality admitted to the respiratory department of Qinghai People's Hospital (N = 113) and West China Hospital of Sichuan University (N = 115) between March 2019 and June 2021. PH was defined as a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) > 36 mmHg measured using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). RESULTS The proportion of PH in COPD patients living at HA was higher than that in patients living at LA (60.2% vs. 31.3%). COPD-PH patients from HA showed significantly different in baseline characteristics, laboratory tests and pulmonary function test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the predictors of PH in COPD patients were different between the HA and LA groups. CONCLUSIONS The COPD patients living at HA had a higher proportion of PH than those living at LA. At LA, increased B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and direct bilirubin (DB) were predictors for PH in COPD patients. However, at HA, increased DB was a predictor of PH in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Faping Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yajun Tuo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Huajing Wan
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Scariot PPM, Papoti M, Polisel EEC, Orsi JB, Van Ginkel PR, Prolla TA, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Living high - training low model applied to C57BL/6J mice: Effects on physiological parameters related to aerobic fitness and acid-base balance. Life Sci 2023; 317:121443. [PMID: 36709910 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of data regarding the acclimation to high altitude (hypoxic environment) accompanied by training at low altitude (normoxic conditions), the so-called "living high-training low" (LHTL) model in rodents. We aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic training on C57BL/6J mice living in normoxic (NOR) or hypoxic (HYP) environments on several parameters, including critical velocity (CV), a parameter regarded as a measure of aerobic capacity, on monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in muscles and hypothalamus, as well as on hematological parameters and body temperature. In each environment, mice were divided into non-trained (N) and trained (T). Forty rodents were distributed into the following experimental groups (N-NOR; T-NOR; N-HYP and T-HYP). HYP groups were in a normobaric tent where oxygen-depleted air was pumped from a hypoxia generator set an inspired oxygen fraction [FiO2] of 14.5 %. The HYP-groups were kept (18 h per day) in a normobaric tent for consecutive 8-weeks. Training sessions were conducted in normoxic conditions ([FiO2] = 19.5 %), 5 times per week (40 min per session) at intensity equivalent to 80 % of CV. In summary, eight weeks of LHTL did not promote a greater improvement in the CV, protein expression of MCTs in different tissues when compared to the application of training alone. The LHTL model increased red blood cells count, but reduced hemoglobin per erythrocyte was found in mice exposed to LHTL. Although the LHTL did not have a major effect on thermographic records, exercise-induced hyperthermia (in the head) was attenuated in HYP groups when compared to NOR groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Bordon Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul R Van Ginkel
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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Samaja M, Ottolenghi S. The Oxygen Cascade from Atmosphere to Mitochondria as a Tool to Understand the (Mal)adaptation to Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043670. [PMID: 36835089 PMCID: PMC9960749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a life-threatening challenge for about 1% of the world population, as well as a contributor to high morbidity and mortality scores in patients affected by various cardiopulmonary, hematological, and circulatory diseases. However, the adaptation to hypoxia represents a failure for a relevant portion of the cases as the pathways of potential adaptation often conflict with well-being and generate diseases that in certain areas of the world still afflict up to one-third of the populations living at altitude. To help understand the mechanisms of adaptation and maladaptation, this review examines the various steps of the oxygen cascade from the atmosphere to the mitochondria distinguishing the patterns related to physiological (i.e., due to altitude) and pathological (i.e., due to a pre-existing disease) hypoxia. The aim is to assess the ability of humans to adapt to hypoxia in a multidisciplinary approach that correlates the function of genes, molecules, and cells with the physiologic and pathological outcomes. We conclude that, in most cases, it is not hypoxia by itself that generates diseases, but rather the attempts to adapt to the hypoxia condition. This underlies the paradigm shift that when adaptation to hypoxia becomes excessive, it translates into maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Samaja
- MAGI GROUP, San Felice del Benaco, 25010 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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De S, Rai D, Tamang S, Sherpa RD, Subba S, Lepcha DT, Govindaraj P, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Tamang R. Signatures of high altitude adaptation in Tibeto-Burman tribes of the Darjeeling Hill Region. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23858. [PMID: 36591954 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The long-term isolation, endogamy practices, and environmental adaptations have shaped the enormous human diversity in India. The genetic and morphological variations in mainland Indians are well studied. However, the data on the Indian Himalayan populations are scattered. Thus, the present study attempts to understand variations in the selected parameter among four Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic tribal populations from the Darjeeling Hill Region (DHR) in the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot region of India. METHODS A total of 178 healthy male individuals (Lepcha 98, Sherpa 31, Bhutia 27, and Tibetans 22) living at an altitudinal range of 1467-2258 m above the sea level were studied for the 10 parameters namely, weight (kg), height (cm), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2 ) systolic and diastolic pressure (mm of Hg), pulse rate (per minute), saturation of peripheral oxygen (SPO2 ) (%), hemoglobin (g/dl), hematocrit (HCT) (%), and blood glucose (mg/dl). The data was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression methods. RESULTS Our analysis revealed comparatively lower hemoglobin and HCT levels, and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the Sherpas followed by the Tibetans. This may be reflecting the persistence of high-altitude adaptation signatures even in lowlands. Interestingly, the Tibetans differed significantly from other populations in terms of their higher body weight, height, and BMI. CONCLUSION Thus, our study showed the persistence of high altitude signatures in Tibetans and Sherpa inhabited the DHR. Additionally, we also observed significant differences in the anthropometric and physiological parameters among the Tibeto-Burman populations of the DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptaparni De
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Divya Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Shishir Tamang
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Soni Subba
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh Tamang
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Sumbalová Z, Kucharská J, Rausová Z, Palacka P, Kovalčíková E, Takácsová T, Mojto V, Navas P, Lopéz-Lluch G, Gvozdjáková A. Reduced platelet mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in patients with post COVID-19 syndrome are regenerated after spa rehabilitation and targeted ubiquinol therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1016352. [PMID: 36339707 PMCID: PMC9634579 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1016352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
European Association of Spa Rehabilitation recommend spa rehabilitation for patients with post COVID-19 syndrome (post C-19). We studied effects of special mountain spa rehabilitation program and its combination with ubiquinol (reduced form of coenzyme Q10-CoQ10) supplementation on pulmonary function, clinical symptoms, endogenous CoQ10 levels, and platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics of patients with post C-19. 36 patients with post C-19 enrolled for rehabilitation in mountain spa resort and 15 healthy volunteers representing the control group were included in this study. 14 patients with post C-19 (MR group) were on mountain spa rehabilitation lasting 16-18 days, 22 patients (MRQ group) were supplemented with ubiquinol (2 × 100 mg/day) during the rehabilitation and additional 12-14 days at home. Clinical symptoms and functional capacity of the lungs were determined in the patients before and after the spa rehabilitation program. Platelet bioenergetics by high-resolution respirometry, plasma TBARS concentration, and CoQ10 concentration in blood, plasma and platelets were evaluated before and after the spa rehabilitation program, and in 8 patients of MRQ group also after additional 12-14 days of CoQ10 supplementation. Pulmonary function and clinical symptoms improved after the rehabilitation program in both groups, 51.8% of symptoms disappeared in the MR group and 62.8% in the MRQ group. Platelet mitochondrial Complex I (CI)-linked oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and electron transfer (ET) capacity were markedly reduced in both groups of patients. After the rehabilitation program the improvement of these parameters was significant in the MRQ group and moderate in the MR group. CI-linked OXPHOS and ET capacity increased further after additional 12-14 days of CoQ10 supplementation. CoQ10 concentration in platelets, blood and plasma markedly raised after the spa rehabilitation with ubiquinol supplementation, not in non-supplemented group. In the MRQ group all parameters of platelet mitochondrial respiration correlated with CoQ10 concentration in platelets, and the increase in CI-linked OXPHOS and ET capacity correlated with the increase of CoQ10 concentration in platelets. Our data show a significant role of supplemented ubiquinol in accelerating the recovery of mitochondrial health in patients with post C-19. Mountain spa rehabilitation with coenzyme Q10 supplementation could be recommended to patients with post C-19. This study was registered as a clinical trial: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05178225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Sumbalová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Kucharská
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Rausová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Palacka
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Oncology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Viliam Mojto
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Lopéz-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Gvozdjáková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Guo Y, Liu X, Zihao Z, Zhang Q, Shi Z, Zhang N. Blood routine reference value range should be adjusted according to regional and ethnic characteristics. Front Public Health 2022; 10:934101. [PMID: 35968454 PMCID: PMC9372343 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.934101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To further understand the influence of regional and ethnic factors on blood routine indicators. Methods The routine blood test (RBT) results of 617 healthy men aged 18–45 years old of the Li, Tibet, and Han nationalities living in the city of Sanya, Hainan Province (200 m), the city of Xining, Qinghai Province (2,300 m), and Maduo County of Qinghai Province (4,300 m) for a long time were studied. Eight indexes, such as the red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and platelet (PLT) counts, were compared and analyzed. Results With an increase in altitude, the RBT index values and change trends of the different ethnic groups were different. When the altitude increased by 2,000 m, the RBC and Hb increased by 6.6 and 8.1%, respectively, and the PLT decreased by 16.8%. However, the RBC, Hb, and PLT of the Tibetan subjects decreased by 7.4, 5.1, and 3.0%, respectively. In the same region, there were also significant differences in the RBT index values among the ethnic groups. The RBC increased, Hb decreased, and PLT did not change in the Li nationality in Sanya compared with the Han nationality. The RBC, Hb, and PLT of Tibetans in the Xining area were significantly higher than those of the Han population. Referring to the current RBT reference value range in China, the abnormal rates of the various RBT index values of the enrolled population were high. By utilizing Hb as an example, 27.7% of the Li nationality in Sanya was low, 67.0% of the Tibetan nationality in Xining was high, and 89.4% of the Maduo Han nationality was high. The PLT was lower in the Sanya Li nationality (13.8%) and the Maduo Han nationality (88.3%). Conclusion Regional and ethnic factors have a significant impact on the RBT, and the current range of normal values of the RBT in China needs to be revised and adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Graduate school, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Zhang Zihao
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ge er mu People's Hospital, Ge er mu, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
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Basak N, Thangaraj K. High-altitude adaptation: Role of genetic and epigenetic factors. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fan C, Sun R, Nie M, Wang M, Yao Z, Feng Q, Xu W, Yuan R, Gao Z, Cheng Q, Wang J. The Cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents in Tibet at altitudes over 3,500 meters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256258. [PMID: 34411164 PMCID: PMC8375997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the core element of health-related physical fitness evaluation. High pressure and low oxygen in Tibet (over 3,500 m above sea level) may negatively impact the residents' CRF. The 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT) is the most popular field-based assessment and estimate of CRF in children and adolescents worldwide. However, normative CRF data for the children and adolescents residing in China's plateau region are unavailable, which prevents comparability among those living at high-altitudes around the world. PURPOSE To measure the CRF of Chinese children and adolescents aged 9-18 years living in Tibet at altitudes exceeding 3,500 m, and to identify correlations between this metric and demographic characteristics (age, sex, and ethnicity). These data were then compared with those generated in the lowland (Shanghai, China) and various global regions. METHODS 20mSRT performance (number of completed laps) and predicted peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were used as indicators of CRF. We measured the CRF of 1,717 healthy children and adolescents aged 9-18 years living in Tibet. The CRF data from school-age subjects in Shanghai (2,437 boys and 2,396 girls) and worldwide (1,142,026 students from 50 countries/regions in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America, and Oceania) were collated from published papers. RESULTS The average CRF of the participants from Tibet was 39.8 mL/kg/min. The male subjects (n = 876; 41.1 ± 4.42 mL/kg/min) had a higher average CRF than their female counterparts (n = 841; 37.8 ± 5.40 mL/kg/min). CRF decreased with age in both sexes at statistical significance (F = 1249.9, p for trend 0.05). The indigenous Tibetans (n = 1289; 40.1 ± 3.71 mL/kg/min) had a significant higher average CRF than those of Han descent (n = 394; 38.9 ± 4.70 mL/kg/min) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents aged 7-18 years residing above 3,500 m in Tibet displayed lower CRF traits compared with their counterparts from the plains area and other high altitude places. CRF varied according to age, sex, and ethnic group. Given the importance of CRF in children and adolescents, effective intervention strategies should be implemented to improve CRF in children and adolescents on the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Fan
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Ruizhe Sun
- Physical Fitness Research Center, Tibet Institute of Sport Science, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Mingjian Nie
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Wang
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Physical Fitness Research Center, Tibet Institute of Sport Science, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Runzi Yuan
- College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongfang Gao
- College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Qiaorui Cheng
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- National Physical Fitness Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
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