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Wu J, Feng A, Liu C, Zhou W, Li K, Liu Y, Shi Y, Adu-Amankwaah J, Yu H, Pan X, Sun H. Genistein alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte autophagy and apoptosis via ERK/STAT3/c-Myc signaling pathway in rat model. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38818771 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a highly effective anti-neoplastic agent. Still, its utility in the clinic has been hindered by toxicities, including vomiting, hematopoietic suppression and nausea, with cardiotoxicity being the most serious side effect. Genistein (Gen) is a natural product with extensive biological effects, including anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and cardiovascular protection. This study evaluated whether Gen protected the heart from Dox-induced cardiotoxicity and explored the underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were categorized into control (Ctrl), genistein (Gen), doxorubicin (Dox), genistein 20 mg/kg/day + doxorubicin (Gen20 + Dox) and genistein 40 mg/kg/day + doxorubicin (Gen40 + Dox) groups. Six weeks after injection, immunohistochemistry (IHC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and clinical cardiac function analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of Dox on cardiac function and structural alterations. Furthermore, each heart histopathological lesions were given a score of 0-3 in compliance with the articles for statistical analysis. In addition, molecular and cellular response of H9c2 cells toward Dox were evaluated through western blotting, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), AO staining and calcein AM/PI assay. Dox (5 μM in vitro and 18 mg/kg in vivo) was used in this study. In vivo, low-dose Gen pretreatment protected the rat against Dox-induced cardiac dysfunction and pathological remodeling. Gen inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)'s phosphorylation, increased the protein levels of STAT3 and c-Myc, and decreased the autophagy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, can mimic the effect of Gen in protecting against Dox-induced cytotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. Molecular docking analysis showed that Gen forms a stable complex with ERK1/2. Gen protected the heart against Dox-induced cardiomyocyte autophagy and apoptosis through the ERK/STAT3/c-Myc signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ailu Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kexue Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Hongli Yu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuhua Pan
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Yang Y, Hang W, Li J, Liu T, Hu Y, Fang F, Yan D, McQuillan PM, Wang M, Hu Z. Effect of General Anesthetic Agents on Microglia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1308-1328. [PMID: 37962460 PMCID: PMC11081156 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of general anesthetic agents (GAAs) on microglia and their potential neurotoxicity have attracted the attention of neuroscientists. Microglia play important roles in the inflammatory process and in neuromodulation of the central nervous system. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a key mechanism of neurocognitive dysfunction during the perioperative period. Microglial activation by GAAs induces anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects in microglia, suggesting that GAAs play a dual role in the mechanism of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Understanding of the mechanisms by which GAAs regulate microglia may help to reduce the incidence of postoperative adverse effects. Here, we review the actions of GAAs on microglia and the consequent changes in microglial function. We summarize clinical and animal studies associating microglia with general anesthesia and describe how GAAs interact with neurons via microglia to further explore the mechanisms of action of GAAs in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wenxin Hang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Cell Biology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Fuquan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dandan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Patrick M. McQuillan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Lu W, Chen Z, Wen J. Flavonoids and ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation: Focus on the glial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115847. [PMID: 38016362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most cases worldwide, with high rate of morbidity and mortality. In the pathological process of ischemic stroke, neuroinflammation is an essential process that defines the functional prognosis. After stroke onset, microglia, astrocytes and the infiltrating immune cells contribute to a complicated neuroinflammation cascade and play the complicated roles in the pathophysiological variations of ischemic stroke. Both microglia and astrocytes undergo both morphological and functional changes, thereby deeply participate in the neuronal inflammation via releasing pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factors. Flavonoids are plant-specific secondary metabolites and can protect against cerebral ischemia injury via modulating the inflammatory responses. For instances, quercetin can inhibit the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in the cerebral nervous system (CNS). Apigenin and rutin can promote the polarization of microglia to anti-inflammatory genotype and then inhibit neuroinflammation. In this review, we focused on the dual roles of activated microglia and reactive astrocyte in the neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke and discussed the anti-neuroinflammation of some flavonoids. Importantly, we aimed to reveal the new strategies for alleviating the cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Mhalhel K, Sicari M, Pansera L, Chen J, Levanti M, Diotel N, Rastegar S, Germanà A, Montalbano G. Zebrafish: A Model Deciphering the Impact of Flavonoids on Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020252. [PMID: 36672187 PMCID: PMC9856690 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, advances in biotechnology, biochemistry, and pharmacognosy have spotlighted flavonoids, polyphenolic secondary metabolites that have the ability to modulate many pathways involved in various biological mechanisms, including those involved in neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Moreover, flavonoids are known to impact the biological processes involved in developing neurodegenerative diseases, namely oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, several flavonoids could be used as adjuvants to prevent and counteract neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Zebrafish is an interesting model organism that can offer new opportunities to study the beneficial effects of flavonoids on neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, the high genome homology of 70% to humans, the brain organization largely similar to the human brain as well as the similar neuroanatomical and neurochemical processes, and the high neurogenic activity maintained in the adult brain makes zebrafish a valuable model for the study of human neurodegenerative diseases and deciphering the impact of flavonoids on those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Mhalhel
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Mirea Sicari
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Lidia Pansera
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Jincan Chen
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Levanti
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de la Réunion, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (G.M.); Tel.: +49-721-608-22507 (S.R.); +39-090-6766822 (G.M.)
| | - Antonino Germanà
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalbano
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (G.M.); Tel.: +49-721-608-22507 (S.R.); +39-090-6766822 (G.M.)
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An Update on Preclinical Research in Anesthetic-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primate and Rodent Models. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2023; 35:104-113. [PMID: 36745171 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jian R, He X. TIPE2 knockdown exacerbates isoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive impairment in mice by inducing activation of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220282. [PMID: 37069964 PMCID: PMC10105556 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Anesthetic exposure causes learning and memory impairment, the mechanisms of which remain unknown. It has been reported that tumor necrosis factor-α-inducer protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) is a newly discovered immune negative regulator that is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. This study aimed to examine the role of TIPE2 in isoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive decline (POCD). Methods An AAV empty vector and AAV shTIPE2 vector for the knockdown of TIPE2 were injected into the dorsal hippocampus of mice. Mice were continuously exposed to 1.5% isoflurane followed by abdominal exploration. Behavioral tests including the open field test and fear conditioning test were performed on the third and fourth day post-operation. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. The kits were used to detect the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Inflammatory cytokine levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway activities were detected by western blotting. Results TIPE2 expression increased after isoflurane anesthesia and surgery. TIPE2 deficiency aggravated cognitive impairment in mice and further caused apoptosis and oxidative stress in hippocampal neurons. TIPE2 deficiency induced microglial activation and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, TIPE2 deficiency promoted STAT3 and NF-κB signaling activation induced by isoflurane anesthesia and after surgery. Conclusion TIPE2 may play a neuroprotective role in POCD by regulating STAT3 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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Chen Y, Peng F, Xing Z, Chen J, Peng C, Li D. Beneficial effects of natural flavonoids on neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006434. [PMID: 36353622 PMCID: PMC9638012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the fundamental immune response against multiple factors in the central nervous system and is characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators, activated microglia and astrocytes, and the recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells to inflammatory sites, that contributes to the pathological process of related brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and stroke. Flavonoids, as a species of important natural compounds, have been widely revealed to alleviate neuroinflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, elevating the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and modulating the polarization of microglia and astrocyte, mainly via suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways, promoting Nrf2, AMPK, BDNF/CREB, Wnt/β-Catenin, PI3k/Akt signals and SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation. This review will provide the latest and comprehensive knowledge on the therapeutic benefits and mechanisms of natural flavonoids in neuroinflammation, and the natural flavonoids might be developed into food supplements or lead compounds for neuroinflammation-associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Peng, ; Dan Li,
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Peng, ; Dan Li,
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Marcos Pasero H, García Tejedor A, Giménez-Bastida JA, Laparra Llopis JM. Modifiable Innate Biology within the Gut–Brain Axis for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092098. [PMID: 36140198 PMCID: PMC9495985 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prototypical inflammation-associated loss of cognitive function, with approximately 90% of the AD burden associated with invading myeloid cells controlling the function of the resident microglia. This indicates that the immune microenvironment has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Multiple peripheral stimuli, conditioned by complex and varied interactions between signals that stem at the intestinal level and neuroimmune processes, are involved in the progression and severity of AD. Conceivably, the targeting of critical innate immune signals and cells is achievable, influencing immune and metabolic health within the gut–brain axis. Considerable progress has been made, modulating many different metabolic and immune alterations that can drive AD development. However, non-pharmacological strategies targeting immunometabolic processes affecting neuroinflammation in AD treatment remain general and, at this point, are applied to all patients regardless of disease features. Despite these possibilities, improved knowledge of the relative contribution of the different innate immune cells and molecules comprising the chronically inflamed brain network to AD pathogenesis, and elucidation of the network hierarchy, are needed for planning potent preventive and/or therapeutic interventions. Moreover, an integrative perspective addressing transdisciplinary fields can significantly contribute to molecular pathological epidemiology, improving the health and quality of life of AD patients. This review is intended to gather modifiable immunometabolic processes based on their importance in the prevention and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Marcos Pasero
- Bioactivity and Nutritional Immunology Group (BIOINUT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Pintor Sorolla 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Aurora García Tejedor
- Bioactivity and Nutritional Immunology Group (BIOINUT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Pintor Sorolla 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food), Ctra Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(0)-9-1787-8100
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Peng L, Liu S, Xu J, Xie W, Fang X, Xia T, Gu X. Metformin alleviates prolonged isoflurane inhalation induced cognitive decline via reducing neuroinflammation in adult mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108903. [PMID: 35709590 PMCID: PMC9190296 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread use of volatile anesthetic agents in the prolonged sedation for COVID-19 pneumonia and ARDS, there is an urgent need to investigate the effects and treatments of lengthy low-concentration inhaled anesthetics exposure on cognitive function in adults. Previous studies showed that general anesthetics dose- and exposure length-dependently induced neuroinflammatory response and cognitive decline in neonatal and aging animals. The anti-diabetes drug metformin has anti-neuroinflammation effects by modulating microglial polarization and inhibiting astrocyte activation. In this study, we demonstrated that the inhalation of 1.3% isoflurane (a sub-minimal alveolar concentration, sub-MAC) for 6 h impaired recognition of novel objects from Day 1 to Day3 in adult mice. Prolonged sub-MAC isoflurane exposure also triggered typically reactive microglia and A1-like astrocytes in the hippocampus of adult mice on Day 3 after anesthesia. In addition, prolonged isoflurane inhalation switched microglia into a proinflammatory M1 phenotype characterized by elevated CD68 and iNOS as well as decreased arginase-1 and IL-10. Metformin pretreatment before anesthesia enhanced cognitive performance in the novel object test. The positive cellular modifications promoted by metformin pretreatment included the inhibition of reactive microglia and A1-like astrocytes and the polarization of microglia into M2 phenotype in the hippocampus of adult mice. In conclusion, prolonged sub-MAC isoflurane exposure triggered significant hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in adult mice which can be alleviated by metformin pretreatment via inhibiting reactive microglia and A1-like astrocytes and promoting microglia polarization toward anti-inflammatory phenotype in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiyan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenjia Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianjiao Xia
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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Cong L, Xie X, Liu S, Xiang L, Fu X. Genistein promotes M1 macrophage apoptosis and reduces inflammatory response by disrupting miR-21/TIPE2 pathway. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:934-945. [PMID: 35903524 PMCID: PMC9315303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of mortality, and vascular injury, a common pathological basis of cardiovascular disease, is deeply correlated with macrophage apoptosis and inflammatory response. Genistein, a type of phytoestrogen, exerts cardiovascular protective activities, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were treated with genistein, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor, and/or protein kinase B (AKT) agonist to determine the role of genistein in apoptosis and inflammation in LPS-stimulated cells. Simultaneously, high fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice were administered genistein to evaluate the function of genistein on LPS-induced cardiovascular injury mouse model. Here, we demonstrated that LPS obviously increased apoptosis resistance and inflammatory response of macrophages by promoting miR-21 expression, and miR-21 downregulated tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) expression by targeting the coding region. Genistein reduced miR-21 expression by inhibiting NF-κB, then blocked toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway and AKT phosphorylation dependent on TIPE2, resulting in inhibition of LPS. Our research suggests that miR-21/TIPE2 pathway is involved in M1 macrophage apoptosis and inflammatory response, and genistein inhibits the progression of LPS-induced cardiovascular injury at the epigenetic level via regulating the promoter region of Vmp1 by NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cong
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Liping Xiang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaohua Fu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Li XW, Wu P, Yao J, Zhang K, Jin GY. Genistein Protects against Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation via TLR4-Mediated Microglial Polarization. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:4790344. [PMID: 35498148 PMCID: PMC9054478 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4790344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was designed to study the effect of genistein on spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Methods We established SCI mouse model, and genistein was administered for treatment. We used the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) exercise rating scale to evaluate exercise recovery, and the detection of spinal cord edema was done using the wet/dry weight method. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining, and inflammation was evaluated by measuring inflammatory factors by an ELISA kit. The expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers was determined using flow cytometry, and the expression of proteins was detected using immunoblotting. Results Genistein treatment not only improved the BBB score but also reduced spinal cord edema in SCI mice. Genistein treatment reduced apoptosis by increasing Bcl2 protein expression and decreasing Bax and caspase 3 protein expression. It also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) in the SCI area of SCI mice. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that genistein treatment significantly decreased the ratio of M1 macrophages (CD45+/Gr-1-/CD11b+/iNOS+) and increased the ratio of M2 macrophages (CD45+/Gr-1-/CD11b+/Arginase 1+) in the SCI area of SCI mice on the 28th day after being treated with genistein. We also found that genistein treatment significantly decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6 protein in the SCI area of SCI mice on 28th day after being treated with genistein. Conclusion Our findings suggested that genistein exerted neuroprotective action by inhibiting neuroinflammation by promoting the activation of M2 macrophages, and its underlying mechanisms might be related to the inhibition of the TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Gen-Yang Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
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Biswas M, Das A, Basu S. Flavonoids: The Innocuous Agents Offering Protection Against Alzheimer's Disease Through Modulation Of Proinflammatory And Apoptotic Pathways. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:769-789. [PMID: 35352661 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220330011645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beginning from mild cognitive impairment in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia sets in with the progress of the disease. The pathological changes in the brain begin fifteen to twenty years before AD related dementia develops. Presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are considered the hallmarks of AD brain. Chronic inflammation resulting from the disruption of equilibrium between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory signalling emerges as another important feature of AD and also other neurodegenerative diseases. Substantial studies demonstrate that this sustained immune response in the brain is associated with neuronal loss, along with facilitation and aggravation of Aβ and NFT pathologies. Although it is well accepted that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have both detrimental and beneficial influences on the brain tissues, the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in the onset and progress of the neurodegenerative process in AD is becoming increasingly recognized. The cause of neuronal loss, although, is known to be apoptosis, the mechanism of promotion of neuronal death remains undisclosed. OBJECTIVE Controlling the activation of the resident immune cells and/or the excessive production of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant factors could be effective as therapeutics. Among the phytonutrients, the neuroprotective role of flavonoids is beyond doubt. This review is an exploration of literature on the role of flavonoids in these aspects. CONCLUSION Flavonoids are not only effective in ameliorating the adverse consequences of oxidative stress but also impede the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease by modulating affected signalling pathways and boosting signalling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 7000019, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritrajoy Das
- Department of Microbiology, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 7000019, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumalee Basu
- Department of Microbiology, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 7000019, West Bengal, India
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Qin Y, Li G, Jin Y, Yao Q, Li R, Li X, Wang H. Long Non-Coding RNA maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) regulates isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by targeting miR-7-5p. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:453-462. [PMID: 35164634 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2042881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in cognitive dysfunction induced by isoflurane (ISO). Morrier water maze analysis was performed to evaluate the cognitive function of rats. Modified modified neurological severity score (mNSS) scores were assessed for neurological damage. The levels of MEG3 in hippocampal tissues of rats and hippocampal neuron cell lines HT22 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry assay. Indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and commercial assay kits. Relationship between MEG3 and microRNA (miR)-7-5p was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. MEG3 was increased in hippocampal tissues and HT22 after ISO treatment (P < 0.05). MEG3 downregulation alleviated the increase in neurological severity score and cognitive dysfunction caused by ISO treatment (P < 0.05). In vitro, MEG3 downregulation alleviates the decrease in cell activity and increased apoptosis induced by ISO. What's more, MEG3 reduction eliminated activation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress promoted by ISO treatment in rats and HT22 (P < 0.05). MEG3 was confirmed to specifically bind to miR-7-5p. Inhibition of miR-7-5p eliminated the alleviating effects of MEG3 downregulation on cognitive dysfunction caused by ISO treatment. Decreased MEG3 alleviates cognitive dysfunction caused by ISO by targeting miR-7-5p and play a neuroprotective effect. We present a strategy for MEG3 as a potential target for brain protection during anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Child Health Care of Zaozhuang, No.25 Wenhua Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 706 Taishan Street, Taishan District, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Yanwu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Qun Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, No. 41 Longtou Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Child Health Care of Zaozhuang, No.25 Wenhua Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, No. 41 Longtou Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, No. 41 Longtou Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
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Wang Q, Ma M, Yu H, Yu H, Zhang S, Li R. Mirtazapine prevents cell activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress against isoflurane exposure in microglia. Bioengineered 2022; 13:521-530. [PMID: 34964706 PMCID: PMC8805817 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirtazapine is an antidepressant drug that has been proven to possess a cognitive enhancer efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the potential protective effects of mirtazapine on BV2 microglia in response to isoflurane exposure. Our results show that mirtazapine attenuated isoflurane-induced expression of microglia-specific protein Iba1 in BV2 microglia. Mirtazapine prevented isoflurane-induced production of the pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 by inhibiting the activation of the nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in BV2 microglia. The increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and elevated expression level of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in isoflurane-induced BV2 microglia were mitigated by mirtazapine. Isoflurane exposure reduced triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) expression in BV2 microglia, which was restored by mirtazapine. Moreover, silencing of TREM2 abolished the inhibitory effects of mirtazapine on ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) expression and inflammation in BV2 microglia. From these results, we could infer that mirtazapine exerted a protective effect on BV2 microglia against isoflurane exposure-caused microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress via inducing TREM2 activation. Hence, mirtazapine might be a potential intervention strategy to prevent isoflurane exposure-caused cognitive dysfunction in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Meina Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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Hu R, He Y, Chen Z. Maprotiline ameliorates isoflurane-induced microglial activation via regulating triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Bioengineered 2021; 12:12332-12344. [PMID: 34895041 PMCID: PMC8810129 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity has attracted much interest. Recent studies suggest that isoflurane causes microglial activation, resulting in an inflammatory response and microglial insult. Maprotiline is a novel drug that has been licensed as an antidepressant with considerable anti-inflammatory activity. However, it is still unknown whether maprotiline possesses a protective effect against isoflurane-induced microglial insult. Here, we found that maprotiline ameliorated isoflurane-caused reduction in BV2 microglial cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Maprotiline mitigated isoflurane-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Isoflurane-induced expression and production of inflammatory markers including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were decreased in maprotiline-treated cells. Maprotiline inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of Iba1, a marker of microglial activation, in isoflurane-induced BV2 cells. Maprotiline treatment restored isoflurane-induced reduction of TREM2 in BV2 microglial cells. In addition, the knockdown of TREM2 abolished the beneficial effects of maprotiline against isoflurane. Collectively, maprotiline exerted protective effects against isoflurane-caused oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell injury via regulating TREM2. These findings show that maprotiline prevented the isoflurane-induced microglial activation, indicating that maprotiline might be used as an optimal therapeutic agent for preventing the isoflurane-caused neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China
| | - Yongguan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefectrue, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain, wuhanxinzhou District People's Hospital, Wuhan, China
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Chen W, He Z, Jiang M. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Neuroprotection Effect of Thiopental Sodium on Isoflurane-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2021.611.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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