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Ung CY, Correia C, Li H, Adams CM, Westendorf JJ, Zhu S. Multiorgan locked-state model of chronic diseases and systems pharmacology opportunities. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103825. [PMID: 37967790 PMCID: PMC11109989 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
With increasing human life expectancy, the global medical burden of chronic diseases is growing. Hence, chronic diseases are a pressing health concern and will continue to be in decades to come. Chronic diseases often involve multiple malfunctioning organs in the body. An imminent question is how interorgan crosstalk contributes to the etiology of chronic diseases. We conceived the locked-state model (LoSM), which illustrates how interorgan communication can give rise to body-wide memory-like properties that 'lock' healthy or pathological conditions. Next, we propose cutting-edge systems biology and artificial intelligence strategies to decipher chronic multiorgan locked states. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications of the LoSM and assess the power of systems-based therapies to dismantle pathological multiorgan locked states while improving treatments for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Yong Ung
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cristina Correia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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2
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Cleuren A, Molema G. Organotypic heterogeneity in microvascular endothelial cell responses in sepsis-a molecular treasure trove and pharmacological Gordian knot. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1252021. [PMID: 38020105 PMCID: PMC10665520 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1252021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, it has become evident that endothelial cells (ECs) in the microvasculature play an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Studies on how ECs orchestrate leukocyte recruitment, control microvascular integrity and permeability, and regulate the haemostatic balance have provided a wealth of knowledge and potential molecular targets that could be considered for pharmacological intervention in sepsis. Yet, this information has not been translated into effective treatments. As MODS affects specific vascular beds, (organotypic) endothelial heterogeneity may be an important contributing factor to this lack of success. On the other hand, given the involvement of ECs in sepsis, this heterogeneity could also be leveraged for therapeutic gain to target specific sites of the vasculature given its full accessibility to drugs. In this review, we describe current knowledge that defines heterogeneity of organ-specific microvascular ECs at the molecular level and elaborate on studies that have reported EC responses across organ systems in sepsis patients and animal models of sepsis. We discuss hypothesis-driven, single-molecule studies that have formed the basis of our understanding of endothelial cell engagement in sepsis pathophysiology, and include recent studies employing high-throughput technologies. The latter deliver comprehensive data sets to describe molecular signatures for organotypic ECs that could lead to new hypotheses and form the foundation for rational pharmacological intervention and biomarker panel development. Particularly results from single cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics studies are eagerly awaited as they are expected to unveil the full spatiotemporal signature of EC responses to sepsis. With increasing awareness of the existence of distinct sepsis subphenotypes, and the need to develop new drug regimen and companion diagnostics, a better understanding of the molecular pathways exploited by ECs in sepsis pathophysiology will be a cornerstone to halt the detrimental processes that lead to MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Cleuren
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Grietje Molema
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Elek Z, Losoncz E, Fülep Z, Kovács-Nagy R, Bánlaki Z, Szlobodnyik G, Keszler G, Rónai Z. Persistent sepsis-induced transcriptomic signatures in signaling pathways of peripheral blood leukocytes: A pilot study. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:600-608. [PMID: 37673769 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated immune response to infections that frequently precipitates multiple organ dysfunction and death despite intensive supportive therapy. The aim of the present study was to identify sepsis-induced alterations in the signaling transcriptome of peripheral blood leukocytes that might shed light on the elusive transition from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses and underlie long-term post-sepsis immunosuppression. Peripheral blood leukocytes were collected from subjects (i) with systemic inflammation, (ii) with sepsis in the acute phase and (iii) 6 months after recovery from sepsis, corresponding to progressive stages of the disease. Transcriptomic analysis was performed with the QuantStudio 12K Flex OpenArray Human Signal Transduction Panel analyzing transcripts of 573 genes playing a significant role in signaling. Of them, 145 genes exhibited differential expression in sepsis as compared to systemic inflammation. Pathway analysis revealed enhanced expression levels of genes involved in primary immune responses (proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil and macrophage activation markers) and signatures characteristic of immunosuppression (increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and proapoptotic genes; diminished expression of T and B cell receptor dependent activating and survival pathways). Importantly, sepsis-induced expression patterns of 39 genes were not normalized by the end of the 6-month follow-up period, indicating expression aberrations persisting long after clinical recovery. Functional analysis of these transcripts revealed downregulation of the antiapoptotic Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways that might explain the post-sepsis immunosuppression commonly seen in sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Elek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Losoncz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary; Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fülep
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Réka Kovács-Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánlaki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szlobodnyik
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Keszler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Rónai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Liu P, Xiao Z, Lu X, Zhang X, Huang J, Li C. Fasudil and SR1001 synergistically protect against sepsis-associated pancreatic injury by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK pathway and Th17/IL-17 response. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20118. [PMID: 37809525 PMCID: PMC10559842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a dysregulated host response to infection that can result in organ dysfunction and high mortality, which needs more effective treatment urgently. Pancreas is one of the most vulnerable organs in sepsis, resulting in sepsis-associated pancreatic injury, which is a fatal complication of sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combination of fasudil and SR1001 on sepsis-associated pancreatic injury and to explore the underlying mechanisms. The model of sepsis-associated pancreatic injury was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Pancreatic injury was evaluated by HE staining, histopathological scores and amylase activity. The frequency of Th17 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum IL-17 level was determined by ELISA. Protein levels of RORγt, p-STAT3, GEF-H1, RhoA and ROCK1 were determined by Western blot. The apoptosis of pancreatic cells was examined by TUNEL analysis and Hoechst33342/PI staining. Compared to the sham group, the model group showed significant pathological injury including edema, hyperemia, vacuolization and necrosis. After treatment with fasudil, model mice showed an obvious reduction of Th17 cells and IL-17. SR1001 significantly reduced the expressions of GEF-H1, RhoA and ROCK1 in the model mice. The combination treatment with fasudil and SR1001 significantly inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells, expressions of IL-17, GEF-H1, RhoA and ROCK1, which were more effective than each mono-treatment. In addition, our data revealed a remarkable decrease of apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells culturing with fasudil or SR1001, which was further inhibited by their combination culture. Lipopolysaccharide remarkably upregulated the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro, which could be significantly downregulated by fasudil or SR1001, and further downregulated by their combination treatment. Taken together, the combination of fasudil with SR1001 has a synergistic effect on protecting against sepsis-associated pancreatic injury in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Liu
- Department of Emergency, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Department of Emergency, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiulan Lu
- Department of Emergency, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jiaotian Huang
- Department of Emergency, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, PR China
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Schactler SA, Scheuerman SJ, Lius A, Altemeier WA, An D, Matula TJ, Mikula M, Kulecka M, Denisenko O, Mar D, Bomsztyk K. CryoGrid-PIXUL-RNA: high throughput RNA isolation platform for tissue transcript analysis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:446. [PMID: 37553584 PMCID: PMC10408117 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease molecular complexity requires high throughput workflows to map disease pathways through analysis of vast tissue repositories. Great progress has been made in tissue multiomics analytical technologies. To match the high throughput of these advanced analytical platforms, we have previously developed a multipurpose 96-well microplate sonicator, PIXUL, that can be used in multiple workflows to extract analytes from cultured cells and tissue fragments for various downstream molecular assays. And yet, the sample preparation devices, such as PIXUL, along with the downstream multiomics analytical capabilities have not been fully exploited to interrogate tissues because storing and sampling of such biospecimens remain, in comparison, inefficient. RESULTS To mitigate this tissue interrogation bottleneck, we have developed a low-cost user-friendly system, CryoGrid, to catalog, cryostore and sample tissue fragments. TRIzol is widely used to isolate RNA but it is labor-intensive, hazardous, requires fume-hoods, and is an expensive reagent. Columns are also commonly used to extract RNA but they involve many steps, are prone to human errors, and are also expensive. Both TRIzol and column protocols use test tubes. We developed a microplate PIXUL-based TRIzol-free and column-free RNA isolation protocol that uses a buffer containing proteinase K (PK buffer). We have integrated the CryoGrid system with PIXUL-based PK buffer, TRIzol, and PureLink column methods to isolate RNA for gene-specific qPCR and genome-wide transcript analyses. CryoGrid-PIXUL, when integrated with either PK buffer, TRIzol or PureLink column RNA isolation protocols, yielded similar transcript profiles in frozen organs (brain, heart, kidney and liver) from a mouse model of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS RNA isolation using the CryoGrid-PIXUL system combined with the 96-well microplate PK buffer method offers an inexpensive user-friendly high throughput workflow to study transcriptional responses in tissues in health and disease as well as in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Schactler
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephen J Scheuerman
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andrea Lius
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - William A Altemeier
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dowon An
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Thomas J Matula
- Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Matchstick Technologies, Inc, Kirkland, WA, 98033, USA
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oleg Denisenko
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Mar
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Matchstick Technologies, Inc, Kirkland, WA, 98033, USA.
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Hadi SMH, Majeed S, Ghafil FA, Altoraihi K, Hadi NR. Xanthohumol ameliorates cardiac injury induced by sepsis in a mice model: role of toll-like receptor 4. J Med Life 2023; 16:1105-1110. [PMID: 37900069 PMCID: PMC10600665 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a life-threatening condition arising from infection, often results in multi-organ failure, including cardiac dysfunction. This study investigated Xanthohumol, a natural compound, and its potential mechanism of action to enhance heart function following sepsis. A total of twenty-four adult male Swiss albino mice were allocated randomly to one of four equal groups (n=6): sham, CLP, vehicle Xanthohumol the same amount of DMSO injected IP 10 minutes before the CLP, and Xanthohumol group (0.4 mg/kg of Xanthohumol administered IP before the CLP process). Toll-like receptor 4, pro-inflammatory mediators, anti-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress indicators, apoptosis markers, and serum cardiac damage biomarkers were measured in the cardiac tissue using ELISA. Data with normal distribution were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA tests (p<0.05). In comparison to the sham group, the sepsis group had significantly higher levels of TLR-4, IL-6, TNF-α, MIF, F2-isoprostane, caspase-3, cTn-I, and CK-MB, while the pre-treated group with Xanthohumol had significantly lower levels (p<0.05) of these markers than the sepsis group. Bcl-2 showed no significant difference in Xanthohumol pre-treated group relative to the sepsis group, while IL-10 was significantly elevated. Xanthohumol dramatically reduced cardiac tissue injury (p<0.05) relative to the CLP group. By blocking the downstream signal transduction pathways of TLR-4 and NF-kB, Xanthohumol was shown to lessen cardiac damage in male mice during CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Majeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Fadhaa Abdulameer Ghafil
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Kaswer Altoraihi
- Medical College, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Najah Rayish Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
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7
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Hadi SMH, Majeed S, Ghafil FA, Altoraihi K, Hadi NR. Effect of Sulforaphane on cardiac injury induced by sepsis in a mouse model: Role of toll-like receptor 4. J Med Life 2023; 16:1120-1126. [PMID: 37900081 PMCID: PMC10600659 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As sepsis is associated with a 50% increase in mortality, sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy has become a critical topic. A multidisciplinary approach is required for the diagnosis and treatment of septic cardiomyopathy. This study looked at Sulforaphane, a natural product that aims to evaluate cardiac function after sepsis, and its likely mechanism of action. Twenty-four adult male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n=6): sham, CLP, vehicle Sulforaphane (the same amount of DMSO injected IP one hour before the CLP), and Sulforaphane group (one hour before the CLP, a 5mg/kg dose of Sulforaphane was injected). Cardiac tissue levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), pro-inflammatory mediators, anti-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis markers, and serum cardiac damage biomarkers were assessed using ELISA. Statistical analyses, including t-tests and ANOVA tests, were performed with a significance level of 0.05 for normally distributed data. Compared to the sham group, the sepsis group had significantly elevated levels of TLR-4, IL-6, TNF-α, MIF, F2-isoprostane, caspase-3, cTn-I, and CK-MB (p<0.05). In contrast, the Sulforaphane pre-treated group demonstrated significantly lower levels of these markers (p<0.05). Additionally, Bcl-2 levels were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the Sulforaphane group. Sulforaphane administration also significantly attenuated cardiac tissue injury (p<0.05). The findings suggest that Sulforaphane can decrease heart damage in male mice during CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis by suppressing TLR-4/NF-kB downstream signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Majeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Fadhaa Abdulameer Ghafil
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Kaswer Altoraihi
- Medical College, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Najah Rayish Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
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8
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Ung CY, Correia C, Billadeau DD, Zhu S, Li H. Manifold epigenetics: A conceptual model that guides engineering strategies to improve whole-body regenerative health. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1122422. [PMID: 36866271 PMCID: PMC9971008 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising advances in regenerative medicine, there is a critical need for improved therapies. For example, delaying aging and improving healthspan is an imminent societal challenge. Our ability to identify biological cues as well as communications between cells and organs are keys to enhance regenerative health and improve patient care. Epigenetics represents one of the major biological mechanisms involving in tissue regeneration, and therefore can be viewed as a systemic (body-wide) control. However, how epigenetic regulations concertedly lead to the development of biological memories at the whole-body level remains unclear. Here, we review the evolving definitions of epigenetics and identify missing links. We then propose our Manifold Epigenetic Model (MEMo) as a conceptual framework to explain how epigenetic memory arises and discuss what strategies can be applied to manipulate the body-wide memory. In summary we provide a conceptual roadmap for the development of new engineering approaches to improve regenerative health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Yong Ung
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cristina Correia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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9
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Piechna K, Żołyniak A, Jabłońska E, Noyszewska-Kania M, Szydłowski M, Żerek B, Kulecka M, Rumieńczyk I, Mikula M, Juszczyński P. Activity and rational combinations of a novel, engineered chimeric, TRAIL-based ligand in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1048741. [PMID: 36387080 PMCID: PMC9659889 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1048741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) exhibits selective proapoptotic activity in multiple tumor types, while sparing normal cells. This selectivity makes TRAIL an attractive therapeutic candidate. However, despite encouraging activity in preclinical models, clinical trials with TRAIL mimetics/death receptor agonists demonstrated insufficient activity, largely due to emerging resistance to these agents. Herein, we investigated the cytotoxic activity of a novel, TRAIL-based chimeric protein AD-O51.4 combining TRAIL and VEGFA-derived peptide sequences, in hematological malignancies. We characterize key molecular mechanisms leading to resistance and propose rational pharmacological combinations sensitizing cells to AD-O51.4. Methods Sensitivity of DLBCL, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, (cHL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to AD-O51.4 was assessed in vitro with MTS assay and apoptosis tests (Annexin V/PI staining). Markers of apoptosis were assessed using immunoblotting, flow cytometry or fluorogenic caspase cleavage assays. Resistant cell lines were obtained by incubation with increasing doses of AD-O51.4. Transcriptomic analyses were performed by RNA sequencing. Sensitizing effects of selected pathway modulators (BCL2, dynamin and HDAC inhibitors) were assessed using MTS/apoptosis assays. Results AD-O51.4 exhibited low-nanomolar cytotoxic activity in DLBCL cells, but not in other lymphoid or AML cell lines. AD-O51.4 induced death-receptor (DR) mediated, caspase-dependent apoptosis in sensitive DLBCL cells, but not in primary resistant cells. The presence of DRs and caspase 8 in cancer cells was crucial for AD-O51.4-induced apoptosis. To understand the potential mechanisms of resistance in an unbiased way, we engineered AD-O51.4-resistant cells and evaluated resistance-associated transcriptomic changes. Resistant cells exhibited changes in the expression of multiple genes and pathways associated with apoptosis, endocytosis and HDAC-dependent epigenetic reprogramming, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies of sensitization to AD-O51.4. In subsequent analyses, we demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors, BCL2 inhibitors and endocytosis/dynamin inhibitors sensitized primary resistant DLBCL cells to AD-O51.4. Conclusions Taken together, we identified rational pharmacologic strategies sensitizing cells to AD-O51.4, including BCL2, histone deacetylase inhibitors and dynamin modulators. Since AD-O51.4 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetics and an acceptable safety profile, its further clinical development is warranted. Identification of resistance mechanisms in a clinical setting might indicate a personalized pharmacological approach to override the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Piechna
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Żołyniak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Noyszewska-Kania
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydłowski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Żerek
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Rumieńczyk
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Juszczyński
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Przemysław Juszczyński,
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10
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Ye J, Li M, Li Q, Jia Z, Hu X, Zhao G, Zhi S, Hong G, Lu Z. Activation of STIM1/Orai1‑mediated SOCE in sepsis‑induced myocardial depression. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:259. [PMID: 35713214 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced Ca2+ homeostasis serves an essential role in the occurrence and development of septic myocardial injury. However, the mechanism of Ca2+ homeostasis in septic myocardial depression is poorly understood due to the complexity of Ca2+ transporters in excitable cells. It was therefore hypothesized that cardiac dysfunction, myocardial injury and cardiac apoptosis in septic myocardial depression are associated with elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations caused by stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)/Orai calcium release‑activated calcium modulator 1 (Orai1)‑mediated store‑operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). A septic myocardial depression model was established using the cecal ligation and puncture operation (CLP) in mice and was simulated in H9C2 cells via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Cardiac function, myocardial injury, cardiac apoptosis and the expression levels of Bax, Bcl‑2, STIM1 and Orai1 were quantified in vivo at 6, 12 and 24 h. Changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, SOCE and the distribution of STIM1 were assessed in vitro within 6 h. The morphological changes of heart tissue were observed by hematoxylin‑eosin staining. Myocardial cellular apoptosis was determined by TUNEL method. The expression of Bax, Bcl‑2, STIM1 and Orai1 were visualized by western blot. Cytosolic calcium concentration and SOCE were evaluated by confocal microscopy. The results demonstrated that cardiac contractile function was significantly reduced at 6 h and morphological changes in cardiac tissues, as well as the myocardial apoptosis rate, were markedly increased at 6, 12 and 24 h following CLP. mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax/Bcl‑2 were significantly enhanced at 6 and 12 h and glycosylation of Orai1 in the myocardium of septic mice was significantly increased at 6 h following CLP. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration, SOCE, was significantly increased at 1‑2 h and the clustering and distribution of STIM1 were markedly changed in H9C2 cells at 1 and 2 h. These findings suggested that myocardial dysfunction, cardiac injury and myocardial depression may be related to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration resulting from STIM1/Orai1‑mediated SOCE, which may provide a potential method to alleviate septic myocardial depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ye
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Mengfang Li
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Li
- Ultrasound Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Jia
- Ultrasound Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyi Hu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoce Zhi
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Cros C, Margier M, Cannelle H, Charmetant J, Hulo N, Laganier L, Grozio A, Canault M. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Administration Triggers Macrophages Reprogramming and Alleviates Inflammation During Sepsis Induced by Experimental Peritonitis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:895028. [PMID: 35832733 PMCID: PMC9271973 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.895028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritonitis and subsequent sepsis lead to high morbidity and mortality in response to uncontrolled systemic inflammation primarily mediated by macrophages. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an important regulator of oxidative stress and immunoinflammatory responses. However, the effects of NAD+ replenishment during inflammatory activation are still poorly defined. Hence, we investigated whether the administration of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN), a natural biosynthetic precursor of NAD+, could modulate the macrophage phenotype and thereby ameliorate the dysregulated inflammatory response during sepsis. For this purpose, C57BL6 mice were subjected to the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to provoke sepsis or were injected with thioglycolate to induce sterile peritonitis with recruitment and differentiation of macrophages into the inflamed peritoneal cavity. β-NMN was administered for 4 days after CLP and for 3 days post thioglycolate treatment where peritoneal macrophages were subsequently analyzed. In the CLP model, administration of β-NMN decreased bacterial load in blood and reduced clinical signs of distress and mortality during sepsis. These results were supported by transcriptomic analysis of hearts and lungs 24 h post CLP-induction, which revealed that β-NMN downregulated genes controlling the immuno-inflammatory response and upregulated genes involved in bioenergetic metabolism, mitochondria, and autophagy. In the thioglycolate model, a significant increase in the proportion of CD206 macrophages, marker of anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, was detected on peritoneal exudate macrophages from β-NMN-administered mice. Transcriptomic signature of these macrophages after bacterial stimulation confirmed that β-NMN administration limited the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and induced the expression of specific markers of M2 type macrophages. Furthermore, our data show that β-NMN treatment significantly impacts NAD + metabolism. This shift in the macrophage phenotype and metabolism was accompanied by a reduction in phagolysosome acidification and secretion of inflammatory mediators in macrophages from β-NMN-treated mice suggesting a reduced pro-inflammatory activation. In conclusion, administration of β-NMN prevented clinical deterioration and improved survival during sepsis. These effects relied on shifts in the metabolism of organs that face up an increased energy requirement caused by bacterial infection and in innate immunity response, including reprogramming of macrophages from a highly inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving profile.
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Yan X, Zhang YL, Han X, Li PB, Guo SB, Li HH. Time Series Transcriptomic Analysis by RNA Sequencing Reveals a Key Role of PI3K in Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Injury in Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:903164. [PMID: 35721566 PMCID: PMC9198581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.903164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic cardiomyopathy is the main complication and cause of death of severe sepsis with limited therapeutic strategy. However, the molecular mechanism of sepsis-induced cardiac injury remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the pathogenesis of septic cardiomyopathy induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice (8-10 weeks old) were subjected to CLP with 21-gauge needles for 24, 48, and 72 h. Myocardial function was assessed by echocardiography. The pathological changes of the heart were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunohistochemical staining. Time series RNA sequencing was utilized to investigate the gene expression profiles. CLP surgery resulted in a significant decrease of animal survival rate and left ventricle contractile function, and an increase in cardiac dilation and infiltration of proinflammatory cells including Mac-2+ macrophages in a time-dependent manner. RNA sequencing identified 5,607 DEGs in septic myocardium at 24, 48, and 72 h after CLP operation. Moreover, gene ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly associated with the biological processes, including cell adhesion, immune system process, inflammatory response, and positive regulation of cell migration. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that Staphylococcus aureus infection, osteoclast differentiation, leishmaniasis, and ECM-receptor interaction were significantly altered in septic hearts. Notably, Pik3r1 and Pik3r5 were localized in the center of the gene co-expression network, and were markedly upregulated in CLP-induced septic myocardium. Further, blocking PI3Kγ by the specific inhibitor CZC24832 significantly protected against sepsis-induced cardiac impairment. The present study uncovers the gene expression signatures of CLP-induced myocardial injury and sheds light on the role of Pik3r5 in septic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Pang-Bo Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Bin Guo
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing, China
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Rumienczyk I, Kulecka M, Statkiewicz M, Ostrowski J, Mikula M. Oncology Drug Repurposing for Sepsis Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040921. [PMID: 35453671 PMCID: PMC9030585 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis involves life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite three decades of efforts and multiple clinical trials, no treatment, except antibiotics and supportive care, has been approved for this devastating syndrome. Simultaneously, numerous preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of oncology-indicated drugs in ameliorating sepsis. Here we focus on cataloging these efforts with both oncology-approved and under-development drugs that have been repositioned to treat bacterial-induced sepsis models. In this context, we also envision the exciting prospect for further standard and oncology drug combination testing that could ultimately improve clinical outcomes in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rumienczyk
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Statkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-546-26-55
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Shimada A, Murata M, Aoyagi S, Asano H, Obara A, Hasegawa-Ishii S. Delayed microglial activation associated with the resolution of neuroinflammation in a mouse model of sublethal endotoxemia-induced systemic inflammation. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1380-1390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kopczynski M, Rumienczyk I, Kulecka M, Statkiewicz M, Pysniak K, Sandowska-Markiewicz Z, Wojcik-Trechcinska U, Goryca K, Pyziak K, Majewska E, Masiejczyk M, Wojcik-Jaszczynska K, Rzymski T, Bomsztyk K, Ostrowski J, Mikula M. Selective Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) Inhibition by the SCH772984 Compound Attenuates In Vitro and In Vivo Inflammatory Responses and Prolongs Survival in Murine Sepsis Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910204. [PMID: 34638546 PMCID: PMC8508766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care units worldwide. Current treatments of sepsis are largely supportive and clinical trials using specific pharmacotherapy for sepsis have failed to improve outcomes. Here, we used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cell line and AlphaLisa assay for TNFa as a readout to perform a supervised drug repurposing screen for sepsis treatment with compounds targeting epigenetic enzymes, including kinases. We identified the SCH772984 compound, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor, as an effective blocker of TNFa production in vitro. RNA-Seq of the SCH772984-treated RAW264.7 cells at 1, 4, and 24 h time points of LPS challenge followed by functional annotation of differentially expressed genes highlighted the suppression of cellular pathways related to the immune system. SCH772984 treatment improved survival in the LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse models of sepsis, and reduced plasma levels of Ccl2/Mcp1. Functional analyses of RNA-seq datasets for kidney, lung, liver, and heart tissues from SCH772984-treated animals collected at 6 h and 12 h post-CLP revealed a significant downregulation of pathways related to the immune response and platelets activation but upregulation of the extracellular matrix organization and retinoic acid signaling pathways. Thus, this study defined transcriptome signatures of SCH772984 action in vitro and in vivo, an agent that has the potential to improve sepsis outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kopczynski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Izabela Rumienczyk
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Statkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Kazimiera Pysniak
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Zuzanna Sandowska-Markiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Urszula Wojcik-Trechcinska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Goryca
- Genomics Core Facility, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Pyziak
- Biology R&D, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., 30-394 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (E.M.); (M.M.); (K.W.-J.); (T.R.)
| | - Eliza Majewska
- Biology R&D, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., 30-394 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (E.M.); (M.M.); (K.W.-J.); (T.R.)
| | - Magdalena Masiejczyk
- Biology R&D, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., 30-394 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (E.M.); (M.M.); (K.W.-J.); (T.R.)
| | | | - Tomasz Rzymski
- Biology R&D, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., 30-394 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (E.M.); (M.M.); (K.W.-J.); (T.R.)
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- UW Medicine South Lake Union, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (K.P.); (Z.S.-M.); (U.W.-T.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-546-26-55
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