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Gao L, Zhang AP, Fu L, Li QW, Qin XM, Zhao J. Huangqin decoction attenuates spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain by modulating microglial M1/M2 polarization partially mediated by intestinal nicotinamide metabolism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155594. [PMID: 38614040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of neuropathic pain is progressively increasing over time. The activation of M1-type microglia plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of neuropathic pain. Huangqin Decoction (HQD) is traditionally used to alleviate dysentery and abdominal pain. However, it remains unclear whether HQD can effectively mitigate neuropathic pain and the underlying mechanisms. PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the impact of HQD on neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in mice, and to elucidate whether the analgesic effect of HQD is associated with microglia polarization. METHODS The analgesic effect of HQD on SNI mice was investigated through assessments of mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, cold pain threshold, and motor ability. We elucidated the molecular mechanisms of HQD in alleviating SNI-induced neuropathic pain by focusing on microglia polarization and intestinal metabolite abnormalities. The expression levels of markers associated with microglia polarization (Iba-1, CD68, CD206, iNOS) was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot, and the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α) were assessed by ELISA. UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics was utilized to identify differential metabolites in the intestines of SNI mice. We screened the differential metabolites related to microglial polarization by correlation analysis, subsequently nicotinamide was selected for validation in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that HQD (20 g/kg) significantly enhanced the mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, and cold pain threshold, and protected the injured DRG neurons of SNI mice. Moreover, HQD (20 g/kg) obviously suppressed the expression of microglia M1 polarization markers (Iba-1, CD68, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α), and promoted the expression of microglia M2 polarization markers (CD206, IL-10, IL-4) in the spinal cord of SNI mice. Additionally, HQD (20 g/kg) prominently ameliorated intestinal barrier damage by upregulating Claudin 1 and Occludin expression in the colon of SNI mice. Furthermore, HQD (20 g/kg) rectified 19 metabolite abnormalities in the intestine. Notably, nicotinamide (100 μM), an amide derivative with anti-inflammatory property, effectively suppresses microglia activation and polarization in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by downregulating IL-6 level and CD68 expression while upregulating IL-4 level and CD206 expression. CONCLUSION In summary, HQD alleviates neuropathic pain in SNI mice by regulating the activation and polarization of microglia, partially mediated through intestinal nicotinamide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Ai-Ping Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Lei Fu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qian-Wen Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK, London.
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Yang Y, Yang W, Zhang R, Wang Y. Peripheral Mechanism of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:815-830. [PMID: 37798428 PMCID: PMC11178734 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a type of ongoing or breakthrough pain caused by a primary bone tumor or bone metastasis. CIBP constitutes a specific pain state with distinct characteristics; however, it shares similarities with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. At present, although various therapies have been developed for this condition, complete relief from CIBP in patients with cancer is yet to be achieved. Hence, it is urgent to study the mechanism underlying CIBP to develop efficient analgesic drugs. Herein, we focused on the peripheral mechanism associated with the initiation of CIBP, which involves tissue injury in the bone and changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and dorsal root ganglion. The nerve-cancer and cancer-immunocyte cross-talk in the TME creates circumstances that promote tumor growth and metastasis, ultimately leading to CIBP. The peripheral mechanism of CIBP and current treatments as well as potential therapeutic targets are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruofan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Zhongshan-Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, 528437, China.
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Huang J, Chen J, Ma L, Zhu X, Wan L, Li X, Guo C. Analysis of Ionomic Profiles of Spinal Cords in a Rat Model with Bone Cancer Pain. J Pain Res 2024; 17:1531-1545. [PMID: 38682106 PMCID: PMC11055530 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s447282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ionomics is used to study levels of ionome in different states of organisms and their correlations. Bone cancer pain (BCP) severely reduces quality of life of patients or their lifespan. However, the relationship between BCP and ionome remains unclear. Methods The BCP rat model was constructed through inoculation of Walker 256 cells into the left tibia. Von Frey test, whole-cell patch-clamp recording and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technologies were conducted for measuring tactile hypersensitivity, the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) of neurons of spinal slices, and ionome of spinal cord samples, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore ionomic patterns of the spinal cord. Results The BCP rat model was successfully constructed through implantation of Walker 256 cells into the left tibia. The frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs of neurons in the spinal cord slices from the BCP model rats were notably greater than those in the sham control. In terms of ionomics, the spinal cord levels of two macroelements (Ca and S), four microelements (Fe, Mn, Li and Sr) and the toxic element Ti in the BCP group of rats were significantly increased by inoculation of Walker 256 cancer cells, compared to the sham control. In addition, the correlation patterns between the elements were greatly changed between the sham control and BCP groups. PCA showed that inoculation of Walker 256 cells into the tibia altered the overall ionomic profiles of the spinal cord. There was a significant separation trend between the two groups. Conclusion Taken together, inoculation of Walker 256 cells into the left tibia contributes to BCP, which could be closely correlated by some elements. The findings provided novel information on the relationship between the ionome and BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiugeng Chen
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xieyi Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Xie H, Lu F, Li X, Wang E, Mo J, Liang W. Silencing of secreted phosphoprotein 1 attenuates sciatic nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain: Regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1132. [PMID: 38415922 PMCID: PMC10836034 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic pathological pain that affects the quality of life and is a huge medical burden for affected patients. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) on NP. METHODS We established a chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model, knocked down SPP1 via an intrathecal injection, and/or activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment. Pain behaviors, including paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), paw withdrawal latency (PWL), lifting number, and frequency, were assessed. After sacrificing rats, the L4-L5 dorsal root ganglion was collected. Then, SPP1 levels were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-10, epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were determined using qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of ERK pathway factors were determined via western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that CCI decreased PWT and PWL, increased the lifting number and frequency, and upregulated SPP1 levels. The loss of SPP1 reversed these CCI-induced effects. Additionally, CCI upregulated IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, EGF, and VEGF levels, downregulated TGF-β levels, and activated the ERK pathway, while silencing of SPP1 abrogated these CCI-induced effects. Moreover, IGF-1 treatment reversed the effects of SPP1 loss. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that silencing SPP1 attenuates NP via inactivation of the ERK pathway, suggesting that SPP1 may be a promising target for NP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Xie
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou CityJiangxi ProvinceChina
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou CityJiangxi ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou CityJiangxi ProvinceChina
| | - Enfu Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou CityJiangxi ProvinceChina
| | - Jiao Mo
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou CityJiangxi ProvinceChina
| | - Weidong Liang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou CityJiangxi ProvinceChina
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Gao L, Zhao JX, Qin XM, Zhao J. The ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain by suppression of P2X3 receptor. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116762. [PMID: 37301308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) is a perennial herb with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, which is traditionally used to treat inflammation of respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, abdominal cramps, bacterial and viral infections. Clinically, it is often used to treat inflammatory-related diseases. Research has shown that the ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SGE) has anti-inflammatory effect, and its main components baicalin and baicalein have analgesic effects. However, the mechanism of SGE in relieving inflammatory pain has not been deeply studied. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of SGE on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain rats, and to investigate whether its effect on relieving inflammatory pain is associated with regulation of P2X3 receptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analgesic effects of SGE on CFA-induced inflammatory pain rats were evaluated by measuring mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, and motor coordination ability. The mechanisms of SGE in relieving inflammatory pain were explored by detecting inflammatory factors levels, NF-κB, COX-2 and P2X3 expression, and were further verified by addition of P2X3 receptor agonist (α, β me-ATP). RESULTS Our results revealed that SGE can notably increase the mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold of CFA-induced inflammatory pain rats, and markedly alleviate the pathological damage in DRG. SGE could suppress the release of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and restrain the expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and P2X3. Moreover, α, β me-ATP further exacerbated the inflammatory pain of CFA-induced rats, while SGE could markedly raise the pain thresholds and relieve inflammatory pain. SGE could attenuate the pathological damage, inhibit P2X3 expression, inhibit the elevation of inflammatory factors caused by α, β me-ATP. SGE can also inhibit NF-κB and ERK1/2 activation caused by α, β me-ATP, and inhibit the mRNA expression of P2X3, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in DRG of rats induced by CFA coupled with α, β me-ATP. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our research indicated that SGE could alleviate CFA-induced inflammatory pain by suppression of P2X3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Jin-Xia Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK, London.
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β-Elemene Improves Morphine Tolerance in Bone Cancer Pain via N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor 2B Subunit-Mediated μ-Opioid Receptor. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9897669. [PMID: 36164617 PMCID: PMC9509249 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9897669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Improving morphine tolerance (MT) is an urgent problem in the clinical treatment of bone cancer pain. Considering that β-Elemene is widely used in the treatment of cancer pain, we explored the effects and mechanism of β-Elemene in preventing MT of bone cancer pain. Method Bone cancer pain and chronic MT rat model was established by injecting MADB106 cells and morphine (10 mg/kg). SH-SY5Y cells were treated with morphine (10 μg/mL) for 48 h to establish a cell model. The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats were detected by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests, respectively. The protein expressions of μ-opioid receptor (MOPR), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), phosphorylated-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII), and CaMKII were detected by western blot. The viability of SH-SY5Y cells was determined by the cell counting kit-8 assay. cAMP content in SH-SY5Y cells was measured by a LANCE cAMP kit. Result Animal experiments showed that MT strengthened over time, while increased β-Elemene dosage alleviated MT. The viability of SH-SY5Y cells was down-regulated by high-dose β-Elemene. In the rat and cell models, long-term morphine treatment decreased the expression of MOPR and increased the cAMP and NR2B expressions and p-CaMKII/CaMKII, while β-Elemene and siNR2B counteracted the effects of morphine treatment. In addition, siNR2B reversed the effects of β-Elemene on related protein expressions and cAMP content in the cell model. Conclusion β-Elemene improved MT in bone cancer pain through the regulation of NR2B-mediated MOPR.
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