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Liu H, Qu D, Cao Y, Li H, Wu X, Zhu Y, Tao J, Li Y, Cao C. TAT-Modified Martentoxin Displays Intravenous Antiseizure Activities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:205-214. [PMID: 38112732 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease of brain dysfunction, which arises from imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory activities in neural circuits. Previously, we reported that peptide Martentoxin (MarTX), from scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch, displayed antiseizure activities by specifically inhibiting BK(α + β4) channel currents. Injection of MarTX into the hippocampal region of mice significantly alleviated convulsive seizures. However, intravenous injection of MarTX had no antiepileptic efficacy due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To address this, here, we designed cell-penetrating peptide TAT-modified MarTX, in which the linker containing three glycines was put between TAT and the N-terminus of MarTX (forming MTX-N-TAT) or between TAT and the C-terminus of MarTX (forming MTX-C-TAT), respectively. We prepared them in a large amount through Escherichia coli overexpression system and then probed their antiseizure activities. Our results indicated that intravenous injection of MTX-C-TAT showed significant therapeutic efficacy of antiseizure. It increased seizure latency, reduced the total seizure duration and the number of seizures at stages 3, 4, and 5, inhibited hippocampal neuronal hyperexcitability, and exhibited neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons. These studies implied that MTX-C-TAT displayed intravenous antiseizure activities properly through crossing BBB and would be a potential antiepileptic drug in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- School of pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongxiao Qu
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yunzhu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Nanjing Fenglin Biotechnology Co., 2 Taixi Road, Pukou District, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Haiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yudan Zhu
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Stillger K, Neundorf I. Cell-permeable peptide-based delivery vehicles useful for subcellular targeting and beyond. Cell Signal 2023:110796. [PMID: 37423344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Personal medicine aims to provide tailor-made diagnostics and treatments and has been emerged as a promising but challenging strategy during the last years. This includes the active delivery and localization of a therapeutic compound to a targeted site of action within a cell. An example being targeting the interference of a distinct protein-protein interaction (PPI) within the cell nucleus, mitochondria or other subcellular location. Therefore, not only the cell membrane has to be overcome but also the final intracellular destination has to be reached. One approach which fulfills both requirements is to use short peptide sequences that are able to translocate into cells as targeting and delivery vehicles. In fact, recent progress in this field demonstrates how these tools can modulate the pharmacological parameters of a drug without compromising its biological activity. Beside classical targets that are addressed by various small molecule drugs such as receptors, enzymes, or ion channels, PPIs have received increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets. Within this review, we will provide a recent update on cell-permeable peptides targeting subcellular destinations. We include chimeric peptide probes that combine cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and a targeting sequence, as well peptides having intrinsic cell-permeability and which are often used to target PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stillger
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Ji Y, Yang Y, Sun S, Dai Z, Ren F, Wu Z. Insights into diet-associated oxidative pathomechanisms in inflammatory bowel disease and protective effects of functional amino acids. Nutr Rev 2022; 81:95-113. [PMID: 35703919 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a substantial rise in the incidence and prevalence of clinical patients presenting with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Accumulating evidence has corroborated the view that dietary factors (particularly diets with high levels of saturated fat or sugar) are involved in the development and progression of IBD, which is predominately associated with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Notably, the ecological imbalance of the gut microbiome exacerbates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, leading to perturbations of the intestinal redox balance and immunity, as well as mucosal integrity. Recent findings have revealed that functional amino acids, including L-glutamine, glycine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, and hydroxyproline, are effectively implicated in the maintenance of intestinal redox and immune homeostasis. These amino acids and their metabolites have oxygen free-radical scavenging and inflammation-relieving properties, and they participate in modulation of the microbial community and the metabolites in the gut. The principal focus of this article is a review of recent advances in the oxidative pathomechanisms of IBD development and progression in relation to dietary factors, with a particular emphasis on the redox and signal transduction mechanisms of host cells in response to unbalanced diets and enterobacteria. In addition, an update on current understanding of the protective effects of functional amino acids against IBD, together with the underlying mechanisms for this protection, have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- are with the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,are with the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- are with the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiang Sun
- are with the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- are with the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, ChinaChina
| | - Fazheng Ren
- are with the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- are with the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,are with the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Xu Z, Chu M. Advances in Immunosuppressive Agents Based on Signal Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917162. [PMID: 35694243 PMCID: PMC9178660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune abnormality involves in various diseases, such as infection, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, as well as transplantation. Several signal pathways have been demonstrated to play a central role in the immune response, including JAK/STAT, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, in which multiple targets have been used to develop immunosuppressive agents. In recent years, varieties of immunosuppressive agents have been approved for clinical use, such as the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, which have shown good therapeutic effects. Additionally, many immunosuppressive agents are still in clinical trials or preclinical studies. In this review, we classified the immunosuppressive agents according to the immunopharmacological mechanisms, and summarized the phase of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Xu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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5
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Musi CA, Marchini G, Giani A, Tomaselli G, Priori EC, Colnaghi L, Borsello T. Colocalization and Interaction Study of Neuronal JNK3, JIP1, and β-Arrestin2 Together with PSD95. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084113. [PMID: 35456931 PMCID: PMC9024448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are stress-activated serine/threonine protein kinases belonging to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Among them, JNK3 is selectively expressed in the central nervous system, cardiac smooth muscle, and testis. In addition, it is the most responsive JNK isoform to stress stimuli in the brain, and it is involved in synaptic dysfunction, an essential step in neurodegenerative processes. JNK3 pathway is organized in a cascade of amplification in which signal transduction occurs by stepwise, highly controlled phosphorylation. Since different MAPKs share common upstream activators, pathway specificity is guaranteed by scaffold proteins such as JIP1 and β-arrestin2. To better elucidate the physiological mechanisms regulating JNK3 in neurons, and how these interactions may be involved in synaptic (dys)function, we used (i) super-resolution microscopy to demonstrate the colocalization among JNK3-PSD95-JIP1 and JNK3-PSD95-β-arrestin2 in cultured hippocampal neurons, and (ii) co-immunoprecipitation techniques to show that the two scaffold proteins and JNK3 can be found interacting together with PSD95. The protein-protein interactions that govern the formation of these two complexes, JNK3-PSD95-JIP1 and JNK3-PSD95-β-arrestin2, may be used as targets to interfere with their downstream synaptic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Alice Musi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.A.M.); (G.T.); (E.C.P.)
- Mario Negri Insitute for Pharmacolgical Research–IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Giacomo Marchini
- Mario Negri Insitute for Pharmacolgical Research–IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Arianna Giani
- Mario Negri Insitute for Pharmacolgical Research–IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Giovanni Tomaselli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.A.M.); (G.T.); (E.C.P.)
- Mario Negri Insitute for Pharmacolgical Research–IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Erica Cecilia Priori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.A.M.); (G.T.); (E.C.P.)
- Mario Negri Insitute for Pharmacolgical Research–IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.A.M.); (G.T.); (E.C.P.)
- Mario Negri Insitute for Pharmacolgical Research–IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Zhu Y, Shuai W, Zhao M, Pan X, Pei J, Wu Y, Bu F, Wang A, Ouyang L, Wang G. Unraveling the Design and Discovery of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Human Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3758-3775. [PMID: 35200035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are encoded by three genes: jnk1, jnk2, and jnk3. JNKs are involved in the pathogenesis and development of many diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. Therefore, JNKs have become important therapeutic targets. Many JNK inhibitors have been discovered, and some have been introduced into clinical trials. However, the study of isoform-selective JNK inhibitors is still a challenging task. To further develop novel JNK inhibitors with clinical value, a comprehensive understanding of JNKs and their corresponding inhibitors is required. In this Perspective, we introduced the JNK signaling pathways and reviewed different chemical types of JNK inhibitors, focusing on their structure-activity relationships and biological activities. The challenges and strategies for the development of JNK inhibitors are also discussed. It is hoped that this Perspective will provide valuable references for the development of novel selective JNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongya Wu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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7
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Shan D, Zheng J, Klimowicz A, Panzenbeck M, Liu Z, Feng D. Deep learning for discovering pathological continuum of crypts and evaluating therapeutic effects: An implication for in vivo preclinical study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252429. [PMID: 34125849 PMCID: PMC8202954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Applying deep learning to the field of preclinical in vivo studies is a new and exciting prospect with the potential to unlock decades worth of underutilized data. As a proof of concept, we performed a feasibility study on a colitis model treated with Sulfasalazine, a drug used in therapeutic care of inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to evaluate the colonic mucosa improvement associated with the recovery response of the crypts, a complex histologic structure reflecting tissue homeostasis and repair in response to inflammation. Our approach requires robust image segmentation of objects of interest from whole slide images, a composite low dimensional representation of the typical or novel morphological variants of the segmented objects, and exploration of image features of significance towards biology and treatment efficacy. Both interpretable features (eg. counts, area, distance and angle) as well as statistical texture features calculated using Gray Level Co-Occurance Matrices (GLCMs), are shown to have significance in analysis. Ultimately, this analytic framework of supervised image segmentation, unsupervised learning, and feature analysis can be generally applied to preclinical data. We hope our report will inspire more efforts to utilize deep learning in preclinical in vivo studies and ultimately make the field more innovative and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Shan
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alexander Klimowicz
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark Panzenbeck
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Zheng Liu
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Di Feng
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
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Cardiolipin-mediated PPARγ S112 phosphorylation impairs IL-10 production and inflammation resolution during bacterial pneumonia. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108736. [PMID: 33567272 PMCID: PMC7947928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a global healthcare burden, and unwarranted inflammation is suggested as an important cause of mortality. Optimum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 are essential to reduce inflammation and improve survival in pneumonia. Elevated levels of the mitochondrial-DAMP cardiolipin (CL), reported in tracheal aspirates of pneumonia patients, have been shown to block IL-10 production from lung MDSCs. Although CL-mediated K107 SUMOylation of PPARγ has been suggested to impair this IL-10 production, the mechanism remains elusive. We identify PIAS2 to be the specific E3-SUMOligase responsible for this SUMOylation. Moreover, we identify a concomitant CL-mediated PPARγ S112 phosphorylation, mediated by JNK-MAPK, to be essential for PIAS2 recruitment. Furthermore, using a clinically tested peptide inhibitor targeting JNK-MAPK, we blocked these post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PPARγ and rescued IL-10 expression, improving survival in murine pneumonia models. Thus, we explore the mechanism of mito-DAMP-mediated impaired lung inflammation resolution and propose a therapeutic strategy targeting PPARγ PTMs.
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9
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Lei L, Yang J, Zhang J, Zhang G. The lipid peroxidation product EKODE exacerbates colonic inflammation and colon tumorigenesis. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101880. [PMID: 33541845 PMCID: PMC8113040 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is emerging as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the molecular mechanisms by which the disturbed redox balance regulates CRC development remain undefined. Using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, we found that epoxyketooctadecenoic acid (EKODE), which is a lipid peroxidation product, was among the most dramatically increased lipid molecules in the colon of azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced CRC mice. This is, at least in part, due to increased oxidative stress in colon tumors, as assessed by analyzing gene expression of oxidative markers in AOM/DSS-induced CRC mice and human CRC patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Systemic, short-time treatment with low-dose EKODE increased the severity of DSS-induced colitis, caused intestinal barrier dysfunction and enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/bacterial translocation, and exacerbates the development of AOM/DSS-induced CRC in mice. Furthermore, treatment with EKODE, at nM doses, induced inflammatory responses via JNK-dependent mechanisms in both colon cancer cells and macrophage cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that the lipid peroxidation product EKODE is an important mediator of colonic inflammation and colon tumorigenesis, providing a novel mechanistic linkage between oxidative stress and CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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10
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Huang YC, Pan W, Li H, Yan T. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase suppression significantly inhibits the growth of transplanted breast tumors in mice. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520929858. [PMID: 32588690 PMCID: PMC7325461 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520929858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The current study investigated the effect of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) expression on the growth of transplanted breast cancer tumors in mice. Methods A breast cancer transplantation model was established in BALB/c mice, which were then treated with SP600125 (30 mg/kg) for 24 days. After sacrificing the mice, the inhibitory effects of SP600125 on breast cancer growth were calculated by weighing tumors. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the tumor microvascular density (MVD) were evaluated via immunohistochemistry. Cell apoptosis was also examined using a TUNEL kit. Results Compared with the findings in the control group, SP600125 treatment (30 mg/kg) obviously suppressed tumor growth during the 15-day observation period. SP600125 treatment markedly inhibited JNK mRNA expression. Furthermore, VEGF protein expression (50% vs. 100%) and MVD (18.27 ± 1.70 vs. 23.17 ± 4.02) were also significantly decreased by SP600125 treatment, whereas the apoptosis index was significantly higher in the treatment group (10.23 ± 1.97% vs. 4.53 ± 1.40%). Conclusion Inhibition of JNK signaling can significantly suppress the growth of transplanted breast tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Wu Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610011, China
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11
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Wu Q, Wu W, Jacevic V, Franca TCC, Wang X, Kuca K. Selective inhibitors for JNK signalling: a potential targeted therapy in cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:574-583. [PMID: 31994958 PMCID: PMC7034130 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1720013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling regulates both cancer cell apoptosis and survival. Emerging evidence show that JNK promoted tumour progression is involved in various cancers, that include human pancreatic-, lung-, and breast cancer. The pro-survival JNK oncoprotein functions in a cell context- and cell type-specific manner to affect signal pathways that modulate tumour initiation, proliferation, and migration. JNK is therefore considered a potential oncogenic target for cancer therapy. Currently, designing effective and specific JNK inhibitors is an active area in the cancer treatment. Some ATP-competitive inhibitors of JNK, such as SP600125 and AS601245, are widely used in vitro; however, this type of inhibitor lacks specificity as they indiscriminately inhibit phosphorylation of all JNK substrates. Moreover, JNK has at least three isoforms with different functions in cancer development and identifying specific selective inhibitors is crucial for the development of targeted therapy in cancer. Some selective inhibitors of JNK are identified; however, their clinical studies in cancer are relatively less conducted. In this review, we first summarised the function of JNK signalling in cancer progression; there is a focus on the discussion of the novel selective JNK inhibitors as potential targeting therapy in cancer. Finally, we have offered a future perspective of the selective JNK inhibitors in the context of cancer therapies. We hope this review will help to further understand the role of JNK in cancer progression and provide insight into the design of novel selective JNK inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vesna Jacevic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Epigenetic histone modulation contributes to improvements in inflammatory bowel disease via EBI3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5017-5030. [PMID: 31955243 PMCID: PMC7658076 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by relapsing–remitting inflammatory episodes paralleled by varying cytokine levels, suggesting that switching epigenetic processes might be involved. However, the epigenetic impact on cytokine levels in colitis is mostly unexplored. The heterodimeric interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine family have various functions in both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. The family member IL-35 (EBI3/IL-12p35) was recently reported to play an anti-inflammatory role in UC. Therefore, we aimed to investigate a possible epigenetic regulation of the IL-35 subunits in vitro and in vivo, and to examine the epigenetic targeting of EBI3 expression as a therapeutic option for UC. Exposure to either the pro-inflammatory TNFα or to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) significantly increased EBI3 expression in Human Colon Epithelial Cells (HCEC) generated from healthy tissue. When applied in combination, a drastic upregulation of EBI3 expression occurred, suggesting a synergistic mechanism. Consequently, IL-35 was increased as well. In vivo, the intestines of HDACi-treated wild-type mice exhibited reduced pathological signs of colitis compared to non-treated colitic mice. However, the improvement by HDACi treatment was completely lost in Ebi3-deficient mice (Ebi3−/−). In fact, HDACi appeared to exacerbate the disease phenotype in Ebi3−/−. In conclusion, our results reveal that under inflammatory conditions, EBI3 is upregulated by the epigenetic mechanism of histone acetylation. The in vivo data show that the deficiency of EBI3 plays a key role in colitis manifestation. Concordantly, our data suggest that conditions promoting histone acetylation, such as upon HDACi application, improve colitis by a mechanism involving the local formation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of IL-37-Producing T-Cell Population in DSS-Induced Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123884. [PMID: 30563054 PMCID: PMC6321614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is thought to arise in part from abnormal adaptive immune responses against intestinal microbiota. T lymphocytes play significant roles in triggering mucosal inflammation and/or maintaining gut immune homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that IL-37 expresses in a variety of cells and exerts a protective function involved in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In the present study, a population of IL-37-producing T-cells was detected in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in IL-37+/+ mice after dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induction. Adoptive transfer of the T-cells from the spleen of IL-37+/+ mice following DSS treatment partly recovered the body weight, improved the disease activity index (DAI) and macroscopic damage score, and attenuated the intestinal inflammation. In addition, colon shortening, an indirect marker of inflammation, was decreased, consistent with the decreased IFN-γ level and the increased IL-10 level in the colonic tissue. Collectively, our data uncovered a subset of T-lymphocytes expressing IL-37, which represents a potent regulation of immunity and serves as the protective role in chronic IBD.
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Meers GK, Bohnenberger H, Reichardt HM, Lühder F, Reichardt SD. Impaired resolution of DSS-induced colitis in mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor in myeloid cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190846. [PMID: 29324769 PMCID: PMC5764312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a highly prevalent intestinal disorder for which no cure exists. Currently, the standard first-line treatment of IBD consists of systemic glucocorticoid (GC) application, even though therapy can be complicated by unresponsiveness or adverse effects. In view of the importance of macrophages and neutrophils for the pathogenesis of IBD we set out to define the relevance of these cell types as targets of GC using the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. We found that the disease did not resolve in GRlysM mice lacking the GC receptor (GR) in myeloid cells after removal of the chemical insult. While clinical symptoms and tissue damage in the colon ameliorated again in GRflox mice, the disease further aggravated in GRlysM littermates. The observed difference coincided with an increased abundance of macrophages in inflammatory infiltrates in the colon of mutant mice whereas neutrophil and T cell numbers were similar. Concomitantly, systemic IL-6 secretion and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon were elevated in GRlysM mice and gene expression of scavenger receptors and IL-10 was diminished. Taken together, our results reveal an important role of myeloid cells as targets of GC in DSS-induced colitis and probably in IBD in humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrit K. Meers
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanibal Bohnenberger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sybille D. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mohandas S, Vairappan B. Role of pregnane X-receptor in regulating bacterial translocation in chronic liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:1210-1226. [PMID: 29184608 PMCID: PMC5696604 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i32.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial translocation (BT) has been impeccably implicated as a driving factor in the pathogenesis of a spectrum of chronic liver diseases (CLD). Scientific evidence accumulated over the last four decades has implied that the disease pathologies in CLD and BT are connected as a loop in the gut-liver axis and exacerbate each other. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and nuclear receptor that is expressed ubiquitously along the gut-liver-axis. PXR has been intricately associated with the regulation of various mechanisms attributed in causing BT. The importance of PXR as the mechanistic linker molecule in the gut-liver axis and its role in regulating bacterial interactions with the host in CLD has not been explored. PubMed was used to perform an extensive literature search using the keywords PXR and bacterial translocation, PXR and chronic liver disease including cirrhosis. In an adequate expression state, PXR acts as a sensor for bile acid dysregulation and bacterial derived metabolites, and in response shapes the immune profile beneficial to the host. Activation of PXR could be therapeutic in CLD as it counter-regulates endotoxin mediated inflammation and maintains the integrity of intestinal epithelium. This review mainly focuses PXR function and its regulation in BT in the context of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundhar Mohandas
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantari Nagar, Pondicherry 605006, India
| | - Balasubramaniyan Vairappan
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Dhanvantari Nagar, Pondicherry 605006, India
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Wang J, Tai G. Role of C-Jun N-terminal Kinase in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. Target Oncol 2017; 11:723-738. [PMID: 27392951 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most frequently occurring cancers and the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Identification of the signaling pathways regulating liver carcinogenesis is critical for developing novel chemoprevention and targeted therapies. C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of a larger group of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases known as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. JNK is an important signaling component that converts external stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, as well as the development of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer growth, and metabolic diseases. Because of the essential roles of JNK in these cellular functions, deregulated JNK is often found to contribute to the development of HCC. Recently, the functions and molecular mechanisms of JNK in HCC development have been addressed using mouse models and human HCC cell lines. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that the activation of JNK by oncogenes can promote the development of cancers by regulating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad pathway, which makes the oncogenes/JNK/Smad signaling pathway an attractive target for cancer therapy. Additionally, JNK-targeted therapy has a broad potential for clinical applications. In summary, we are convinced that promising new avenues for the treatment of HCC by targeting JNK are on the horizon, which will undoubtedly lead to better, more effective, and faster therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China.
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17
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c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 promotes enterocyte survival and goblet cell differentiation in the inflamed intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1211-1223. [PMID: 28098247 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) contribute to immune signaling but their functional role during intestinal mucosal inflammation has remained ill defined. Using genetic mouse models, we characterized the role of JNK1 and JNK2 during homeostasis and acute colitis. Epithelial apoptosis, regeneration, differentiation, and barrier function were analyzed in intestinal epithelium-specific (ΔIEC) or complete JNK1 and bone marrow chimeric or complete JNK2 deficient mice as well as double-knockout animals (JNK1ΔIECJNK2-/-) during homeostasis and acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Results were confirmed using human HT-29 cells and wild-type or JNK2-deficient mouse intestinal organoid cultures. We show that nonhematopoietic JNK2 but not JNK1 expression confers protection from DSS-induced intestinal inflammation reducing epithelial barrier dysfunction and enterocyte apoptosis. JNK2 additionally enhanced Atonal homolog 1 expression, goblet cell and enteroendocrine cell differentiation, and mucus production under inflammatory conditions. Our results identify a protective role of epithelial JNK2 signaling to maintain mucosal barrier function, epithelial cell integrity, and mucus layer production in the event of inflammatory tissue damage.
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18
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Yu Y, Song EM, Lee KE, Joo YH, Kim SE, Moon CM, Kim HY, Jung SA, Jo I. Therapeutic potential of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental murine colitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183141. [PMID: 28854223 PMCID: PMC5576698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSC) prepared from human tonsillar tissue has been studied in animal models for several diseases such as hepatic injury, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes and muscle dystrophy. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of TMSC in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. TMSC were injected in DSS-induced colitis mice via intraperitoneal injection twice (TMSC[x2]) or four times (TMSC[x4]). Control mice were injected with either phosphate-buffered saline or human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Body weight, stool condition and disease activity index (DAI) were examined daily. Colon length, histologic grading, and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor α, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10, IL-11 and IL-13, were also measured. Our results showed a significant improvement in survival rates and body weight gain in colitis mice injected with TMSC[x2] or TMSC[x4]. Injection with TMSC also significantly decreased DAI scores throughout the experimental period; at the end of experiment, almost complete reversal of DAI scores to normal was found in colitis mice treated with TMSC[x4]. Colon length was also significantly recovered in colitis mice treated with TMSC[x4]. However, histopathological alterations induced by DSS treatment were not apparently improved by injection with TMSC. Finally, treatment with TMSC[x4] significantly reversed the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6, although expression of all pro-inflammatory cytokines tested was induced in colitis mice. Under our experimental conditions, however, no apparent alterations in the mRNA levels of all the anti-inflammatory cytokines tested were found. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that multiple injections with TMSC produced a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsil Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Mi Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ko Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hee Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Mo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Yeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (IJ); (SAJ)
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (IJ); (SAJ)
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Garg A, Zhao A, Erickson SL, Mukherjee S, Lau AJ, Alston L, Chang TKH, Mani S, Hirota SA. Pregnane X Receptor Activation Attenuates Inflammation-Associated Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction by Inhibiting Cytokine-Induced Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Expression and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1/2 Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:91-101. [PMID: 27440420 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders with a complex etiology. IBD is thought to arise in genetically susceptible individuals in the context of aberrant interactions with the intestinal microbiota and other environmental risk factors. Recently, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) was identified as a sensor for microbial metabolites, whose activation can regulate the intestinal epithelial barrier. Mutations in NR1I2, the gene that encodes the PXR, have been linked to IBD, and in animal models, PXR deletion leads to barrier dysfunction. In the current study, we sought to assess the mechanism(s) through which the PXR regulates barrier function during inflammation. In Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers, tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ exposure disrupted the barrier and triggered zonula occludens-1 relocalization, increased expression of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2). Activation of the PXR [rifaximin and [[3,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethenylidene]bis-phosphonic acid tetraethyl ester (SR12813); 10 μM] protected the barrier, an effect that was associated with attenuated MLCK expression and JNK1/2 activation. In vivo, activation of the PXR [pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN)] attenuated barrier disruption induced by toll-like receptor 4 activation in wild-type, but not Pxr-/-, mice. Furthermore, PCN treatment protected the barrier in the dextran-sulfate sodium model of experimental colitis, an effect that was associated with reduced expression of mucosal MLCK and phosphorylated JNK1/2. Together, our data suggest that the PXR regulates the intestinal epithelial barrier during inflammation by modulating cytokine-induced MLCK expression and JNK1/2 activation. Thus, targeting the PXR may prove beneficial for the treatment of inflammation-associated barrier disruption in the context of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Garg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Angela Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Sarah L Erickson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Subhajit Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Aik Jiang Lau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Laurie Alston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Thomas K H Chang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.G., A.Z., S.L.E., L.A., S.A.H.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Su.M., Sr.M.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.J.L., T.K.H.C.)
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Messoussi A, Feneyrolles C, Bros A, Deroide A, Daydé-Cazals B, Chevé G, Van Hijfte N, Fauvel B, Bougrin K, Yasri A. Recent progress in the design, study, and development of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1433-43. [PMID: 25442375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family, with its three members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Involved in many aspects of cellular processes, JNK has been also associated with pathological states such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. In oncology, each isoform plays a distinct role depending on the context of the targeted tissue/organ, the tumor stage, and, most likely, the signaling pathway activated upstream. Consequently, the current challenge in finding new successful anti-JNK therapies is to design isoform-selective inhibitors of the JNKs. In this review, a particular focus is given to the JNK inhibitors that have been developed thus far when examining 3D structures of various JNK-inhibitor complexes. Using current data regarding structure-activity relationships and medicinal chemistry approaches, our objective is to provide a better understanding of the design and development of selective JNK inhibitors in the present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Messoussi
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Aurélie Bros
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Deroide
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gwénaël Chevé
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Fauvel
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Resveratrol modulates cytokine-induced Jak/STAT activation more efficiently than 5-aminosalicylic acid: an in vitro approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109048. [PMID: 25271420 PMCID: PMC4182878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many advances have been recently made focused on the valuable help of dietary polyphenols in chronic inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, current treatment options for intestinal bowel disease patients are unsatisfying and, for this reason, it is estimated that many patients use dietary supplements to achieve extra benefits. Aim The aim of this work was to analyze under a mechanistic perspective the anti-inflammatory potential of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, and to compare it with a pharmaceutical agent, 5-aminosalicylic acid, using the intestinal HT-29 cell line, as a cellular model. Methodology and Principal Findings In the present study, HT-29 colon epithelial cells were pre-treated with 25 µM resveratrol and/or 500 µM 5-aminosalicylic acid and then exposed to a combination of cytokines (IL-1α, TNF-α, IFN-γ) for a certain period of time. Our data showed that resveratrol, used in a concentration 20 times lower than 5-aminosalicylic acid, was able to significantly reduce NO and PGE2 production, iNOS and COX-2 expression and reactive oxidant species formation induced by the cytokine challenge. However, as already verified with 5-aminosalicylic acid, in spite of not exhibiting any effect on IkB-α degradation, resveratrol down-regulated JAK-STAT pathway, decreasing the levels of activated STAT1 in the nucleus. Additionally, resveratrol decreased the cytokine-stimulated activation of SAPK/JNK pathway but did not counteract the cytokine-triggered negative feedback mechanism of STAT1, through p38 MAPK. Conclusion/Significance Taken together, our results show that resveratrol may be considered a future nutraceutical approach, promoting remission periods, limiting the inflammatory process and preventing colorectal cancer, which is common in these patients.
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Bubici C, Papa S. JNK signalling in cancer: in need of new, smarter therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:24-37. [PMID: 24117156 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The JNKs are master protein kinases that regulate many physiological processes, including inflammatory responses, morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and death. It is increasingly apparent that persistent activation of JNKs is involved in cancer development and progression. Therefore, JNKs represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention with small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, evidence supportive of a tumour suppressor role for the JNK proteins has also been documented. Recent studies showed that the two major JNK proteins, JNK1 and JNK2, have distinct or even opposing functions in different types of cancer. As such, close consideration of which JNK proteins are beneficial targets and, more importantly, what effect small molecule inhibitors of JNKs have on physiological processes, are essential. A number of ATP-competitive and ATP-non-competitive JNK inhibitors have been developed, but have several limitations such as a lack of specificity and cellular toxicity. In this review, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for the JNK proteins in the pathogenesis of different solid and haematological malignancies, and discuss many challenges and scientific opportunities in the targeting of JNKs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Bubici
- Section of Inflammation and Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Biosciences Division, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, London, UK
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23
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Yang Y, Lee J, Rhee MH, Yu T, Baek KS, Sung NY, Kim Y, Yoon K, Kim JH, Kwak YS, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Molecular mechanism of protopanaxadiol saponin fraction-mediated anti-inflammatory actions. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:61-8. [PMID: 25535478 PMCID: PMC4268567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a representative traditional herbal medicine with many different pharmacological properties including anticancer, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetes, and anti-inflammatory activities. Only a few studies have explored the molecular mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Methods We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the protopanaxadiol saponin fraction (PPD-SF) of KRG using in vitro and in vivo inflammatory models. Results PPD-SF dose-dependently diminished the release of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2], and downregulated the mRNA expression of their corresponding genes (inducible NO synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2), without altering cell viability. The PPD-SF-mediated suppression of these events appeared to be regulated by a blockade of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TANK (TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which are linked to the activation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3). Moreover, this fraction also ameliorated HCl/ethanol/-induced gastritis via suppression of phospho-JNK2 levels. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of PPD-SF could be mediated by a reduction in the activation of p38-, JNK2-, and TANK-binding-kinase-1-linked pathways and their corresponding transcription factors (ATF2 and IRF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Dermatological Health Management, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Ginseng Corporation Central Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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