Screening for Bone Mineral Density and Assessment Knowledge Level of Low Peak Bone Risk Factors and Preventive Practices Among Kuwaiti Future Mothers

Association of urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites with bone mineral density in children and adolescents

In epidemiological research, the link between coffee consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) is still debated. Moreover, there hasn't been any research on the relationship between urine caffeine and caffeine metabolites and BMD. This study aimed to investigate if there was a connection between urine caffeine and its metabolites and BMD in people between the ages of 8 and 19. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2014, multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and total BMD. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. A total of 1235 adolescents were included in this analysis, after controlling for various variables, we found that the association between urinary theophylline and total BMD was negative, whereas the association between urinary paraxanthine, theobromine and caffeine and total BMD was positive. In our study, an inverted U-shaped association between urinary paraxanthine and urinary caffeine was found with BMD in women. In this cross-sectional study, the correlation between urinary caffeine and its metabolites and total BMD differed by sex and race. More studies are needed to confirm the results of this study and to investigate the underlying causes.

Recommendations for Improving Women's Bone Health Throughout the Lifespan

Osteoporosis is a common condition in which deteriorating bone tissue results in an increased risk of low trauma fracture. Influenced by the role of estrogen in building and maintaining bone mineral density, women have different patterns of bone accrual and loss compared with men, resulting in a lower peak bone mass and a greater lifetime fracture risk. Moreover, fracture risk increases significantly in postmenopausal women who have depleted estrogen levels. Osteoporotic fractures pose serious consequences-ranging from an inability to perform basic tasks and an increased risk of repeat fracture to the need for assisted living and even death. There is also a large economic toll associated with the health care costs required for post-fracture care. The Society for Women's Health Research (SWHR) convened an interdisciplinary Bone Health Working Group to review the current state of science and practice concerning women's bone health and osteoporosis care and to explore strategies to address gaps in screening, diagnosis, and treatment of bone disease in women. Women's bone health care must shift its paradigm from one of postmenopausal and post-fracture care to a preventive model that engages touchpoints throughout the lifespan. To achieve this paradigm shift, the Working Group recommends prioritizing efforts to build public awareness and clinical education of preventive bone health care for women, increase access to screening tools, improve patient-provider communication, and treat osteoporosis using a broader risk stratification approach.