Chronic pain and geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling patients aged ≥65 years

Functional Status in Relation to Common Geriatric Syndromes and Sociodemographic Variables - A Step Forward Towards Healthy Aging

Purpose

Geriatric syndromes (GS) are prevalent in the older population, with an impact on morbidity and disability. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of functional dependence and ten GS in community older adults and to examine the different associations between these syndromes and sociodemographic variables and their impact on functional dependence.

Patients and Methods

A cross-sectional study of 342 outpatients seen at the geriatric clinic in the period 2015-2023.

Results

The mean age was 75±7.4. One-third had functional dependence and 96.2% had at least one GS. The mean number of GS was 3.11±1.74, ranging from 2.56±1.67 in the 60s to 3.55±1.70 in octogenarians. The most common GS found were polypharmacy (79.5%), musculoskeletal pain (49.7%), and Major Neurocognitive Disorder (MND) (32.7%). Polypharmacy was significantly associated with female sex and chronic pain, whereas sensory impairment was associated with male sex. MND, dizziness, and urinary incontinence were the only GS that significantly predicted functional dependence and were typically associated with increasing age.

Conclusion

Functional dependence increases as individuals age, paralleled by increases in MND, urinary incontinence, dizziness, sensory impairment, and constipation. Notably, only MND, incontinence, depression, and dizziness were significant predictors of functional dependence. Consequently, it is imperative to screen older adults presenting with these syndromes for early signs of functional decline to optimize their function and avert subsequent dependence, morbidity, and mortality.

Unraveling the Tapestry of Pain: A Comprehensive Review of Ethnic Variations, Cultural Influences, and Physiological Mechanisms in Pain Management and Perception

The medical management of pain is a nuanced challenge influenced by sociocultural, demographic, and ethical factors. This review explores the intricate interplay of these dimensions in shaping pain perception and treatment outcomes. Sociocultural elements, encompassing cultural beliefs, language, societal norms, and healing practices, significantly impact individuals' pain experiences across societies. Gender expectations further shape these experiences, influencing reporting and responses. Patient implications highlight age-related and socioeconomic disparities in pain experiences, particularly among the elderly, with challenges in managing chronic pain and socioeconomic factors affecting access to care. Healthcare provider attitudes and biases contribute to disparities in pain management across racial and ethnic groups. Ethical considerations, especially in opioid use, raise concerns about subjective judgments and potential misuse. The evolving landscape of placebo trials adds complexity, emphasizing the importance of understanding psychological and cultural factors. In conclusion, evidence-based guidelines, multidisciplinary approaches, and tailored interventions are crucial for effective pain management. By acknowledging diverse influences on pain experiences, clinicians can provide personalized care, dismantle systemic barriers, and contribute to closing knowledge gaps, impacting individual and public health, well-being, and overall quality of life.

Trajectories of Physical Function and Disability Over 12 Months in Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Understanding prognosis is critical for clinical care and health policy initiatives. The purpose of this study was to determine whether distinct prognostic trajectories of physical function and disability exist in a cohort of 245 community-dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain (LBP), and to characterize the demographic, health, and pain-related profiles of each trajectory subgroup.

METHODS

All participants underwent standard clinic examinations at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. At each time point, the Late Life Function & Disability Instrument (LLFDI) was used to measure general physical function (LLFDI Function) and disability (LLFDI Disability-Limitation); the Quebec LBP Disability Questionnaire was used to measure disability due to pain. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) was performed on each outcome to identify distinct trajectory classes/subgroups; baseline demographic (eg, age and sex), health (eg, comorbidities, depressive symptoms, and physical activity level), and pain-related (eg, LBP intensity, pain-related fear, and pain catastrophizing) characteristic profiles were compared across subgroups.

RESULTS

GMM statistics revealed an optimal number of 3 to 4 trajectory subgroups, depending on the outcome examined. Subgroups differed across demographic, health, and pain-related characteristics; the classes with the most favorable prognoses had consistent profile patterns: fewer depressive symptoms, fewer comorbidities, higher physical activity levels, lower LBP intensities, less pain-related fear, and less pain catastrophizing.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that several distinct trajectory subgroups exist that would have been masked by observing mean cohort change alone. Furthermore, subgroup characteristic profiles may help clinicians identify likely prognostic trajectories for their patients. Future research should focus on identifying modifiable risk factors that best predict group membership, and tailoring interventions to mitigate the risk of poor prognosis.

The Pain Clinic for Older People

OBJECTIVE

Multidisciplinary pain clinics have an established role in the management of persistent pain, but there is little evidence to support this approach in an older population. This study describes the characteristics and pain outcomes of patients attending a pain clinic designed exclusively for older people.

METHODS

A retrospective audit was performed of outcomes of the Pain Clinic for Older People (PCOP) in 2015-2019. Response to treatment was determined by change in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) scores at initial attendance and after a treatment program. Clinically meaningful improvement was defined by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) consensus criteria of ≥30% improvement in average pain and one-point improvement in pain interference. Results were compared with the national benchmark collated by the electronic Persistent Pain Outcomes Collaboration (ePPOC), which reports the combined results from 67 participating Australian and New Zealand pain services.

RESULTS

Patients attending the PCOP had a mean age of 80.5 years and had high rates of frailty (84%), cognitive impairment (30%), and multimorbidity. Significant reductions in BPI average pain and BPI pain interference scores were achieved. Clinically meaningful improvement in BPI average pain was achieved in 63% of patients attending the PCOP who were 65-74 years of age and in 46% of patients who were ≥75 years of age, which met the national benchmark set by ePPOC of 40% for both age groups. Clinically meaningful improvement in BPI pain interference was achieved in 69% of those attending the PCOP who were 65-74 years of age and in 66% of those who were ≥75 years of age, comparable to the ePPOC benchmark of 71% and 65% for the respective age groups.

CONCLUSION

PCOP clients achieved significant and meaningful improvements in their pain outcomes that satisfied the national benchmark. Advanced age, cognitive impairment, frailty and multimorbidity should not be regarded as barriers to benefit from a pain clinic specifically designed for older people.

A correlational study on pain and depression in geriatric patients scheduled for orthopaedic surgery

AIM

Pain is prevalent in geriatric patients and is not only a signal of physical diseases but also a symptom of mental health problems. This study aimed to explore the relationship between pain and depression in geriatric patients scheduled for orthopaedic surgery.

METHODS

The study used a correlational and cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of geriatric patients (n = 200) scheduled for orthopaedic surgery in a research and training hospital in northern Turkey. Data were collected by the researchers using the Geriatric Pain Measure and Geriatric Depression Scale. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis were used.

RESULTS

The patients' mean age was 73.16 ± 8.27 years. It was found that 5.5% (n = 11) of the participants had mild pain, 45.5% (n = 91) had moderate pain, and 49% (n = 98) had severe pain. There was a positive and moderate significant relationship between the mean Geriatric Pain Measure and Geriatric Depression Scale scores (r = 0.479, P < 0.01). Age (β = 0.133; P < 0.05) and education (β = 2.484; P < 0.05) were statistically significantly associated with depression. There was a significant and positive relationship between depression and being dependent in activities of daily living (β = 5.098; P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that geriatric patients who were older, illiterate, dependent in activities of daily living, and with higher levels of pain had higher depression. A multidisciplinary team approach including nurses should be utilised in pain management and it should not be ignored that severe pain may be associated with depression in geriatric patients.

A simple method for clinical implications of pain; comprehensive geriatric assessment

OBJECTIVE:

The effect of chronic pain on the elderly population is enormous in terms of both human suffering and cost. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with chronic low back pain in older adults by performing a comprehensive geriatric assessment.

METHODS:

This cross-sectional study included 225 elderly patients admitted to a geriatric outpatient clinic. All participants underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment, and factors related to chronic low back pain were assessed. Participants were grouped as those with and without chronic pain.

RESULTS:

The mean age of the participants was 72.9±6.9 years, and 149 (66.2%) of them had chronic pain complaints. The number of chronic diseases and medications, depressive symptom scores, and sleep quality scores were higher, and quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions index and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions visual analog scale) and nutritional status scores were lower in the chronic pain group. The pain visual analog scale score had a statistically significant moderate negative correlation with the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions index (r=-0.440, p=0.000) and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions visual analog scale (r=-0.398, p=0.000) scores. The male gender was associated with a reduced risk of chronic pain, while poor sleep quality and number of comorbidities were associated with an increased risk of chronic pain (p=0.000, OR 0.20, p=0.021, OR 2.54, and p=0.010, OR 1.40, respectively).

CONCLUSION:

Chronic pain is common and independently associated with poor sleep quality, an increased number of diseases, and female gender. The results of our study may guide pain management in older individuals.

Population-Focused Approaches for Proactive Chronic Pain Management in Older Adults

Chronic pain, and the ethical management thereof, is the single most imperative health issue of this decade. Although a growing majority of individuals with chronic pain are middle-aged, the largest proportion of sufferers are older adults. Shifting tides in practice and research have led to population-focused approaches to pain management; however, the practice of many healthcare providers remains reactive and individualistic, limiting the discovery and implementation of long-term solutions for pain management in older adults. Yet, nurses and other health professionals have an opportune position to provide expert pain care by proactively providing evidence-based care for patients systematically. The purpose of this article is to stimulate discussion on three paradigms important to population-focused pain management: (1) prevention; (2) restoration and rehabilitation; and (3) palliation, which are in line with current national policy initiatives for improving patients' care experience, improving overall health and quality of life, and reducing associated health care costs.

Prevalence and characteristics of chronic Pain in the Chinese community-dwelling elderly: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Chronic pain adversely affects health and daily life in the elderly. Gaining insight into chronic pain that affects the community-dwelling elderly is crucial for pain management in China, which possesses the largest elderly population in the world.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional design study that followed the STROBE Guideline. A randomized cluster sampling method was used to recruit participants in the Sichuan Province from Dec 2018 to May 2019. In addition, face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect socio-demographic data, characteristics and health-seeking behaviors of chronic pain through a self-designed questionnaire.

RESULTS

A total of 1381 older adults participated in this study. Among these participants, 791 (57.3%) had chronic pain. Here, prevalence and pain intensity were both found to increase from the 60-69 group to the 70-79 group, which then decreased in the ≥80 group with no significant differences in sex (p > 0.05). The most common pain locations were observed in the legs/feet (53.5%), head (23.6) and abdomen/pelvis (21.1%). Among the elderly suffering from chronic pain, 29.4% sought medical help, 59.2% received medication and 59.7% adopted non-drug therapy.

CONCLUSION

Chronic pain is a common health concern in the Chinese community-dwelling elderly, which possesses different characteristics than other countries' populations. Therefore, easier access to medication assistance and provision of scientific guidance for non-drug therapy may serve as satisfactory approaches in improving pain management.

Depression and Pain: use of antidepressant

Background:

Emotional disorders are common comorbid affectations that exacerbate the severity and persistence of chronic pain. Specifically, depressive symptoms can lead to an excessive duration and intensity of pain. Clinical and preclinical studies have been focused on the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain and depression comorbidity and the use of antidepressants to reduce pain.

Aim:

This review provides an overview of the comorbid relationship of chronic pain and depression, the clinical and pre-clinical studies performed on the neurobiological aspects of pain and depression, and the use of antidepressants as analgesics.

Methods:

A systematic search of literature databases was conducted according to pre-defined criteria. The authors independently conducted a focused analysis of the full-text articles.

Results:

Studies suggest that pain and depression are highly intertwined and may co-exacerbate physical and psychological symptoms. One important biochemical basis for pain and depression focuses on the serotonergic and norepinephrine system, which have been shown to play an important role in this comorbidity. Brain structures that codify pain are also involved in mood. It is evident that using serotonergic and norepinephrine antidepressants are strategies commonly employed to mitigate pain

Conclusion:

Literature indicates that pain and depression impact each other and play a prominent role in the development and maintenance of other chronic symptoms. Antidepressants continue to be a major therapeutic tool for managing chronic pain. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are more effective in reducing pain than Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs).

Impact of Pain and Psychosocial Factors on Frailty Among Older Adults With Physical Functional Limitations: A Cross-Sectional Study

AIMS

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of frailty and pain among older adults with physical functional limitations in China. We also assessed the impact of pain and psychosocial determinants on frailty among this vulnerable population.

DESIGN

This study was a cross-sectional study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Totally, 2,323 Chinese elders with physical functional limitation were enrolled.

METHODS

Physical functioning was assessed by the Barthel Index, participants who reported "often troubled with pain" were further asked about the intensity of their pain using a 1-10 numeric rating scale, and frailty was assessed by the Assessment of frailty FRAIL scale. The impact of pain and psychosocial factors on frailty was assessed by multivariable binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of frailty and pain were 30.9% and 46.1%, respectively. Compared with subjects who reported no pain, those who reported mild (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-2.31), moderate (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.53-2.82), or severe pain (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.56-3.40) tended to be more vulnerable to frailty. Furthermore, compared with participants with positive psychosocial determinants, those with negative psychosocial determinants seemed more likely to be frail.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the incidence of pain, negative psychosocial status, and frailty were prevalent, and the presence of pain and negative psychosocial factors increased the risk of frailty among older adults with physical functional limitation.

Independent and synergistic effects of pain, insomnia, and depression on falls among older adults: a longitudinal study

Background

Few studies have examined the relationship between falls and pain, insomnia and depressive symptoms which are common and risk factors in older adults. We aimed to examine the independent and synergistic effects of these risk factors on future falls among older adults.

Methods

We used data of 2558 community-dwelling older adults from 2011 (Y1) to 2015 (Y5) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Pain was determined by whether participants reported bothersome pain in the last month. Insomnia was assessed by two questions about how often the participants had trouble falling asleep and maintaining sleep. Depressive symptoms were assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) models were used to examine the independent effects of pain, insomnia and depressive symptoms at prior-wave (period y-1) on falls at current wave (period y) adjusting for covariates (age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, living arrangement, BMI, smoking, vigorous activities, number of chronic illnesses and hospitalization). The significance of the three-way interaction of these factors (pain*insomnia*depression) was tested using the aforementioned GEE models to determine their synergistic effects on falls.

Results

Overall, the participants were mainly 65–79 years old (68%), female (57%) and non-Hispanic White (70%). At Y1, 50.0% of the participants reported pain, 22.6% reported insomnia and 9.9% reported depressive symptoms. The incidence of falls from Y2 to Y5 was 22.4, 26.0, 28.3, and 28.9%, respectively. Participants with pain (Odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 1.23–1.50) and depressive symptoms (OR, 95% CI = 1.43, 1.23–1.67) had high rates of falling adjusting for covariates. After further adjustment for insomnia and depressive symptoms, pain independently predicted falls (OR, 95% CI = 1.36, 1.22–1.51). Depressive symptoms also independently predicted falls after further adjusting for pain and insomnia (OR, 95% CI = 1.40, 1.20–1.63). After adjusting for pain and depression, the independent effects of insomnia were not significant. None of the interaction terms of the three risk factors were significant, suggesting an absence of their synergistic effects.

Conclusions

Pain and depressive symptoms independently predict falls, but synergistic effects seem absent. Further research is needed to develop effective strategies for reducing falls in older adults, particularly with pain and depressive symptoms.

Diurnal Profiles of Locomotive and Household Activities Using an Accelerometer in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Survey

The present study investigates the diurnal profiles of locomotive and household activities in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) using an accelerometer. Furthermore, we examined the effect of chronic pain on their diurnal profiles in both activities. Seventy-one older adults with MSDs (73-89 years) were included in this cross-sectional survey, and 25 age-matched older adults (75-86 years) were selected as healthy older adults. The daily physical activities, including steps walked and locomotive and household activity intensities, were recorded using a triaxial accelerometer in terms of metabolic equivalent task-hours per week (MET-h/week). The diurnal profiles of steps and locomotive activities in older adults with MSDs were considerably lower than those of healthy older adults. In contrast, there was no significant decline in household activity. However, the locomotive and household activities were reduced by severe chronic pain. This survey demonstrated that the diurnal profiles of household activity in older people with MSDs as well as those in age-matched healthy older adults were maintained. Furthermore, severe chronic pain influenced both activities. Therefore, the maintenance of household activity throughout the day, as well as the management of chronic pain, may be important strategies for the promotion of physical activity in older people with MSDs.

Musculoskeletal Pain Medication Use in Middle Age and Older Adults in 15 European Countries and Israel

BACKGROUND

The experience of musculoskeletal pain is widespread among adults and entails high costs to both individuals and society. Few studies look at disparities in pain management.

AIMS

To examine factors associated with the presence of musculoskeletal pain and the use of pain medication use among individuals aged 50+.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional analysis of data from the SHARE.

PARTICIPANTS

64,281 community-dwelling individuals in 15 European countries and Israel.

METHODS

Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with the presence of musculoskeletal pain and pain medication use.

RESULTS

Among our population, the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain at the time of the survey was 40.1%. Women had more pain than men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.477, confidence interval [CI] = 1.428-1.528), those who were 60-69 years old had less pain than younger individuals (OR = 0.927, CI = 0.883-0.973), whereas those who were 80+ years old had more pain than younger individuals (OR = 1.280, CI = 1.199-1.367). About 50% of those with musculoskeletal pain take no medication to manage it. Predictors of pain medication use include male sex (OR = 1.468, CI = 1.389-1.553), more education (OR = 1.034, CI = 1.023-1.041), and better ability to cope economically (OR = 1.446, CI = 1.368-1.527). Those over 70 are less likely than younger individuals to be taking medication to manage their pain (70-79: OR = 0.822, CI = 0.761-0.887), (80+: OR = 0.619, CI = 0.566-0.677).

CONCLUSIONS

Nurses should be aware of the association of education and income with pain-medication use, which suggests that pain medication use is less accessible to those with fewer resources. Pain is a significant public-health problem, and access to medicine deserves attention from nurses, healthcare workers and policymakers.

Pain and Inflammation Management in Older Adults: A Brazilian Consensus of Potentially Inappropriate Medication and Their Alternative Therapies

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIM) list and alternative therapies for treatment of pain and inflammation in older people adapted to the Brazilian context.

Methods: A preliminary PIM list suitable for the Brazilian market was developed on the basis of three published international PIM lists [Beers 2015, Screening Tool of Older People’s Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions - 2015, European Union (7) PIM list]. We used the modified Delphi technique (two-round) to validate concerns of use and alternative therapies related to PIM for treatment of pain and inflammation in older adults ≥65 years in Brazil. The panel involved nine Brazilian experts in geriatric pharmacotherapy. All items with mean Likert scale score ≥4.0 (agree) and the lower limit of 95% confidence interval ≥4.0 were considered validated in this study.

Results: At the end of the consensus process, 94 (65.3%) items of 144 were validated. In total, consensus was reached for 33/35 (94.3%) concerns about drugs that should be avoided in older patients regardless of diagnosis, for 22/23 (95.7%) concerns about drugs that should be avoided in older patients with specific conditions or diseases, for 11/23 (47.8%) with special considerations of use, and for 28/63 (44.4%) of therapeutic alternatives.

Conclusion: Although these criteria are not designed to replace clinical judgement, PIM and alternative therapies lists can be useful to inform prescribers, pharmacists, and health care planners and may serve as a starting point for safe and effective use of medications in older people.

Goal planning in person-centred care supports older adults receiving case management to attain their health-related goals

PURPOSE

Care for older adults should preferably be provided in a person-centred way that includes goal planning. The aim of the present cohort study is to gain an insight into the results of goal planning, in a person-centred care setting for community-living older adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Within Embrace, a person-centred and integrated care service, older adults set goals with the aim to improve health-related problems. For every goal, they rated severity scores ranging from 0 (no problem) to 10 (extremely severe): a baseline score, a target score and, within one year, an end score to evaluate these goals. The differences between baseline and end scores (goal progress) and target and end scores (goal attainment), and the percentage of goals attained were calculated and compared between health-related domains (i.e., mental health, physical health, mobility, and support).

RESULTS

Among 233 older adults, 836 goal plans were formulated of which 74% (95% Confidence Interval: 71-77) were attained. Goals related to physical health were the most likely to be attained and goals for mobility and pain the least likely.

CONCLUSIONS

Older adults are able to attain health-related goals through collaborative goal planning. We recommend future integrated care programmes for older adults to incorporate goal-planning methods to achieve person-centred care.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONOlder adults experiencing frailty or complex care needs and receiving individual support within an integrated care setting are able to formulate and attain goals using goal planning with severity scores.Goal plans of community-living older adults mostly aim at improving health-related problems concerning physical health, mobility, or support.Goals related to physical health are the most likely to be attained, while goals for mobility and pain are the least likely to be attained.

Incidence of falls among community-dwelling older adults in Turkey and its relationship with pain and insomnia

AIM

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of falls among community-dwelling older adults and the impact of pain and insomnia on falls.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study recruited 659 older adults. Pain was assessed by the Geriatric Pain Measure, and insomnia was assessed by the Insomnia Severity Index. The history of falls was assessed within the last 12 months. Risk factors for falls were determined using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The incidence of falls within the last year was 37.2%. Based on the analyses, pain and insomnia were found to be risk factors for falls.

CONCLUSION

In this study, falls were observed as a common problem among community-dwelling older adults, and pain and insomnia were determined as risk factors for falls. Therefore, pain and insomnia should be addressed when prevention of falls among community-dwelling older adults are planned by health care professionals including nurses.

Association between Chronic Pain and Physical Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

This cross-sectional study investigated the association between chronic pain and physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults. We analyzed data obtained from 323 older adults (women: 74.6%) who participated in a community-based health check survey (the Tarumizu Study, 2017). Physical frailty was defined in terms of five parameters (exhaustion, slowness, weakness, low physical activity, and weight loss). We assessed the prevalence of chronic low back and knee pain using questionnaires. Participants whose pain had lasted ≥two months were considered to have chronic pain. Among all participants, 138 (42.7%) had chronic pain, and 171 (53.0%) were categorized as having physical frailty or pre-frailty. Logistic regression analysis showed that chronic pain was significantly associated with the group combining frailty and pre-frailty (odds ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.03–2.76, p = 0.040) after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, score on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, and medications. Comparing the proportions of chronic pain among participants who responded to the sub-items, exhaustion (yes: 65.9%, no: 39.4%) demonstrated a significant association (p < 0.001). Chronic pain could be associated with the group combining frailty and pre-frailty and is particularly associated with exhaustion in community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, there is a need for early intervention and consideration of the role of exhaustion when devising interventions for physical frailty in older individuals with chronic pain.

Utility of Geriatric Syndrome Indicators for Predicting Subsequent Health Care Utilization in Older Adults in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

The predictive utility of both individual and combined indicators of geriatric syndromes on subsequent emergency use and hospitalization is not clear.

METHODS

Nationally representative data on adults aged 65+ (N = 2345) (with 1148 male, 1197 female) in Taiwan were analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve examined the diagnostic accuracy of the combined effects of geriatric syndromes on predicting health care utilization in three years. Negative binomial regressions identified the individual effect of each indicator with the control of sociodemographic and baseline health status.

RESULTS

The combined indicators of geriatric syndromes predicted future hospitalization of old-old (75+ yrs) diabetes patients, with area under the curve (AUC) = 0.709, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.635⁻0.782, and young-old patients (65-74 yrs) with mild cognitive impairment (AUC = 0.727, 95% CI = 0.610⁻0.845 for hospitalization and AUC = 0.770, 95% CI = 0.664⁻0.877 for emergency visits). As for individual indicators, while incontinence was the indicator having the most influence on hospitalization (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.21⁻2.72) and emergency visits (IRR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.23⁻2.59) for general older adults (65+), and for old-old emergency visits, especially (IRR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.39⁻3.49), falls was the most prominent indicator of hospitalization for young-old (65-74) adults (IRR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.13⁻2.28). In addition, pain was another significant indicator for predicting future hospitalization of old-old diabetes patients (IRR = 1.61, 95% CI= 1.07⁻2.44).

CONCLUSIONS

Combined indicators of geriatric syndromes effectively predict hospitalization in old-old (75+ yrs) diabetes patients and hospitalization and emergency visits in young-old (65⁻74 yrs) patients with cognitive impairment. Incontinence, falls, and pain were the most predictive independent geriatric assessment indicators.

The prevalence of pain among adult patients attending outpatient clinics in Trinidad

Objectives To determine the prevalence of pain among adult patients attending outpatient clinics in Trinidad and the factors associated with the higher prevalence of chronic pain. Methods A direct face-to face survey was conducted in adult patients of the medical and surgical outpatient clinics of the major hospitals. Data recorded included demographics, clinical information. A Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS) was used to quantify the intensity of pain. Patient perceptions regarding the chronic pain was captured by a 6-item questionnaire in a 5-point Likert Scale. Results A total of 621 adult patients were studied. Overall, acute pain was prevalent in 13% and chronic pain in 56% of the outpatients. Majority of the patients ranked their pain severity as 8 and 10 on the NRS. Pain was commonly affecting back and lower limbs. Older age, female gender, East Indian ethnicity and surgical conditions predisposed to higher prevalence of pain. Although 90% of the patients were treated with analgesics, 33% were dissatisfied with the management. More than 80% of patients felt that their chronic pain affected their quality of life and 64% felt it caused financial burden in their life. Conclusion The prevalence of pain is high in adult Trinidadian outpatients. Pain was of severe intensity, commonly affected the back and lower limbs. Many patients were not satisfied with their current treatment. There is a need for establishing pain clinics in the public healthcare system of Trinidad & Tobago.