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Leiby L, Shiplett L, Lin W, Dick M, Thornton H. Pharmacologic management of adolescent catatonia: A dual-case series. Ment Health Clin 2024; 14:215-219. [PMID: 38835818 PMCID: PMC11147659 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2024.06.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by psychomotor and behavioral disturbances and is associated with a substantially increased mortality risk in adolescent patients. There is a dearth of published literature describing treatment strategies for pediatric patients with catatonia. This dual-case series will describe the treatment course of 2 adolescent patients with catatonia at our pediatric inpatient psychiatric facility. Case Series This case series presents 2 adolescent patients (a 17-year-old male and a 16-year-old female) who initially presented with worsening agitation and paranoia, later developing catatonia. Both patients required long durations of hospitalization and were treated with high-dose lorazepam before requiring the addition of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Discussion Treatment of pediatric patients with catatonia creates a significant burden on patients, families, and the healthcare system. Treatment with high-dose benzodiazepines is high risk, while ECT is both difficult to access and comes with its own risks. Both patients discussed are transitional age, meaning they will soon be young adults who will continue to require high-level psychiatric care. Psychiatric pharmacists have a large role to play in ensuring safe medication management for these complex patients. Conclusions This case series of 2 adolescent patients with catatonia demonstrates marginal reduction in symptoms with high-dose lorazepam in conjunction with ECT, with minimal side effects. This case series adds to the limited available literature regarding treatment of catatonia in pediatric patients and highlights the need for further study into effective treatment alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Leiby
- Behavioral Health Patient Care Pharmacist, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Behavioral Health Patient Care Pharmacist, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Behavioral Health Patient Care Pharmacist, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Pharmacy Operations Manager, Behavioral Health & Perioperative Services, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lauryn Shiplett
- Behavioral Health Patient Care Pharmacist, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wendy Lin
- Behavioral Health Patient Care Pharmacist, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew Dick
- Behavioral Health Patient Care Pharmacist, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hannah Thornton
- Pharmacy Operations Manager, Behavioral Health & Perioperative Services, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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Smith JR, Hopkins CE, Xiong J, Luccarelli J, Shultz E, Vandekar S. Use of ECT in Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Intellectual Disability: A Single Site Retrospective Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:963-982. [PMID: 36528758 PMCID: PMC10276173 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are heterogenous and prevalent conditions which may occur in isolation or as a co-morbidity. Psychiatric co-morbidity is common with limited treatment options. Preliminary research into electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for these conditions has been encouraging. Thus, further research in this patient population is warranted. We conducted a 10-year retrospective review of the electronic medical record and identified intellectually capable individuals with ASD (IC-ASD), and those with ASD+ID or ID who received at least three ECT treatments. 32 patients were identified of which 30 (94%) experienced positive clinical response, defined as a clinical global impression-improvement (CGI-I) score of 3 or less. The average retrospective CGI-I score across all groups was 1.97, and results of a t-test performed on CGI-I scores indicated improvement across all groups [t = - 16.54, df = 31, p < 0.001, 95% CI = (1.72, 2.22)]. No significant adverse events were identified based on clinical documentation. Our findings further support previous ECT research in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Smith
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center at Village of Vanderbilt, 1500 21st Avenue South, Suite 2200, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, 110 Magnolia Circle, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
| | - Corey E Hopkins
- Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jiangmei Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, 2424 West End Avenue, Suite 1100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - James Luccarelli
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Shultz
- Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, 2424 West End Avenue, Suite 1100, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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Ekstrand J, Takamiya A, Nordenskjold A, Kirov G, Sienaert P, Kellner CH, Movahed Rad P. Ketamine or ECT? What Have We Learned From the KetECT and ELEKT-D Trials? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 27:pyad065. [PMID: 38114073 PMCID: PMC10829070 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Two recent clinical trials, KetECT and ELEKT-D, compared the effectiveness of ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depressive disorder. Notably, these trials reported marked differences in ECT's clinical outcomes of, with remission rates of 63% for KetECT and a strikingly lower rate of 22% for ELEKT-D, while the remission rates for ketamine were 46% and 38%, respectively. Considering that the primary objective of both trials was to compare the standard treatment (ECT) with an experimental intervention (ketamine), it is crucial to highlight the pronounced disparities in ECT's clinical outcomes. This article offers a comprehensive comparison of these trials while also exploring how patient characteristics, treatment protocols, and study designs may contribute to such pronounced outcome discrepancies. These differences highlight the heterogeneous nature of depression and underscore the need for personalized treatments. These studies also provide valuable insights into identifying the most suitable candidates for ketamine and ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Ekstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Adult Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takamiya
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Neuropsychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Hills Joint Research Laboratory for Future Preventive Medicine and Wellness, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Axel Nordenskjold
- University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - George Kirov
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Research Group Psychiatry, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charles H Kellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Pouya Movahed Rad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Adult Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Tumova MA, Muslimova LM, Stanovaya VV, Abdyrakhmanova AK, Ivanov MV. [Contemporary methods of non-drug therapy for depression]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:91-98. [PMID: 34405663 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review presents information on the most effective current non-drug methods of treatment of depression used in practice. A review of publications in PubMed and PsycINFO and Cochrane Library over the past 10 years was conducted. Non-drug biological therapies demonstrate high efficacy in the reduction of depressive symptoms in patients with recurrent depressive disorder. The use of non-drug therapy does not preclude the continuation of pharmacological therapy. In order to choose an optimal method of treatment, the psychophysical state of a patient, severity of depressive symptoms, response to drug therapy, and possibility of prescribing pharmacological therapy should be taken into account, and the principles of evidence-based medicine should be taken into consideration when making a decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tumova
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L M Muslimova
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Stanovaya
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A K Abdyrakhmanova
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M V Ivanov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Factors Predicting Ictal Quality in Bilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy Sessions. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060781. [PMID: 34204783 PMCID: PMC8231613 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ictal characteristics predict treatment response and can be modified by changes in seizure threshold and in the ECT technique. We aimed to study the impact of ECT procedure-related variables that interact during each session and might influence the seizure results. Two hundred and fifty sessions of bilateral ECT in forty-seven subjects were included. Seizure results were evaluated by two different scales of combined ictal EEG parameters (seizure quality index (SQI) and seizure adequacy markers sum (SAMS) scores) and postictal suppression rating. Repeated measurement regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of each session’s three outcome variables. Univariate models identified age, physical status, hyperventilation, basal oxygen saturation, days between sessions, benzodiazepines, lithium, and tricyclic antidepressants as predictors of seizure quality. Days elapsed between sessions, higher oxygen saturation and protocolized hyperventilation application were significant predictors of better seizure quality in both scales used in multivariate models. Additionally, lower ASA classification influenced SQI scores as well as benzodiazepine use and lithium daily doses were predictors of SAMS scores. Higher muscle relaxant doses and lower applied stimulus intensities significantly influenced the postictal suppression rating. The study found several modifiable procedural factors that impacted the obtained seizure characteristics; they could be adjusted to optimize ECT session results.
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McGrane IR, Tenison RE, Bimler DM, Munjal RC, Molinaro JR. Successful bilateral electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with a seizure disorder taking levetiracetam, lorazepam, and zonisamide: A case report. Ment Health Clin 2021; 11:23-26. [PMID: 33505822 PMCID: PMC7800328 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered for treatment of severe, treatment-resistant, and emergent depression associated with MDD or bipolar disorder. Patients with epilepsy usually take medications that raise the seizure threshold, which poses challenges during ECT. We report a 66-year-old male with epilepsy taking levetiracetam extended-release (XR), lorazepam, and zonisamide requiring ECT for severe MDD. After literature review, the XR form of levetiracetam was changed to higher doses of the immediate-release (IR) formulation, and zonisamide was discontinued 2 days prior to ECT in the hospital and was resumed when the patient underwent outpatient continuation ECT. The patient was treated to remission after receiving 8 acute bilateral ECT treatments before being transitioned to continuation ECT. We provide a brief review of medication management of antiepileptic drugs and other medications that increase the seizure threshold during ECT. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case describing the management of levetiracetam, lorazepam, and zonisamide concomitantly during ECT. Our case suggests that utilizing the IR formulation of levetiracetam, administering the evening dose early the day prior to the procedure, and temporarily discontinuing zonisamide prior to bilateral ECT is effective for the treatment of severe MDD while maintaining seizure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McGrane
- PGY-1 Pharmacy Resident, Providence St Patrick Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Missoula, Montana.,Student, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.,Psychiatrist, Providence St Patrick Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Missoula, Montana.,Psychiatrist, Providence St Patrick Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Missoula, Montana
| | - Rachel E Tenison
- PGY-1 Pharmacy Resident, Providence St Patrick Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Missoula, Montana
| | - Dana M Bimler
- Student, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Robert C Munjal
- Psychiatrist, Providence St Patrick Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Missoula, Montana
| | - Jason R Molinaro
- Psychiatrist, Providence St Patrick Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Missoula, Montana
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7
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Chen F, Sidhom E, Yang S, Ruiz-Mendoza E, Essem J. Case report: delayed response after electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:50. [PMID: 33478427 PMCID: PMC7818214 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder and associated mood syndromes are amongst the most common psychiatric disorders. To date, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered the most effective short-term treatment for patients with severe or treatment-resistant depression. In clinical practice, there is considerable variation in the ECT dosing schedule, with the number of sessions typically ranging from 6 to 12, with early antidepressant effects being predictive of increased positive outcomes. We describe here an unusual case of a female patient with severe depression who did not respond to ECT until the 11th session, after which she had shown a drastic improvement in her mental state. CASE PRESENTATION A 75-year-old female presented to the old age psychiatry inpatient unit with new onset dysphoric mood, anhedonia, and severe negativity. She scored 23 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and was rated 6 on Clinical Global Impression severity (CGIS) by the responsible clinician. She suffered from post-natal depression fifty years ago and was successfully treated with ECT. She was therefore initiated on a course of ECT treatment. Her condition initially deteriorated, displaying features of catatonia and psychosis, unresponsive to ECT treatment or concurrent psychotropic medications. After 11th ECT session, she started to show signs of clinical improvement and returned close to her baseline mental state after a total of 17 ECT sessions. She remained well 3 months post-treatment, scoring 4 on HAM-D, Clinical Global Improvement or change (CGI-C) rated as 1 (very much improved). The diagnosis was ICD-10 F32.3 severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS we describe here an unusual case of delayed response to electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of severe depressive disorder. Studies have shown the number of acute ECT treatments to be highly variable, affected by a number of factors including treatment frequency, condition treated and its severity, the ECT technical parameters, as well as concurrent use of pharmacological treatment. This may call for re-consideration of the current ECT treatment guidelines, requiring more research to help stratify and standardize the treatment regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyue Chen
- Peterborough City Hospital, Bretton Gate, Peterborough, UK.
| | - Emad Sidhom
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Yang
- grid.417250.50000 0004 0398 9782Older People’s Mental Health, Cavell Centre, Edith Cavell Hospital, Peterborough, UK
| | - Eladia Ruiz-Mendoza
- grid.417250.50000 0004 0398 9782Peterborough City Hospital, Bretton Gate, Peterborough, UK
| | - Julius Essem
- grid.417250.50000 0004 0398 9782Older People’s Mental Health, Cavell Centre, Edith Cavell Hospital, Peterborough, UK
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Jurek L, Dorey JM, Nourredine M, Galvao F, Brunelin J. Impact of vascular risk factors on clinical outcome in elderly patients with depression receiving electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord 2021; 279:308-315. [PMID: 33096329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective, safe, and well-tolerated antidepressant treatment for late-life depression (LLD), there is large variability in response rates across individuals. We hypothesized that these variations would be in part explained by the level of vascular risk in this population. We therefore compared response rates to ECT in patients with LLD presenting with or without vascular risk factors (VRF). METHODS 52 patients with LLD (age > 55) who received a course of ECT were separated into 2 groups according to the presence of VRF (n = 20) or not (n = 32). Framingham score (10-year risk for developing a coronary heart disease) was calculated for each patient. Our primary outcome was the number of responders to ECT in each group (defined as at least 50% decrease of the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score following ECT course). Scores at the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory are also reported. RESULTS Patients with VRF presented significant lower response rates to ECT (12 out of 20; 60%) than patients without VRF (30 out of 32; 94%; p = 0.004). A negative correlation was found between Framingham score and changes in depression scores pre/post ECT (r = -0.42; p = 0.0039). LIMITATIONS Our study was limited by sample size and retrospective design. CONCLUSION Patients with LLD and VRF showed lower response rates to ECT than those without VRF. The more the VRF increased, the less the antidepressant effect of ECT was observed. Results are discussed in light of the role of apathy in clinical response to ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jurek
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69000, France; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Dorey
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France; Brain Dynamics and Cognition, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France
| | - Mikaïl Nourredine
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69000, France; INSERM, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Filipe Galvao
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69000, France; INSERM, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon F-69000, France; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Jérome Brunelin
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69000, France; INSERM, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon F-69000, France; Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
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9
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Janjua AU, Dhingra AL, Greenberg R, McDonald WM. The Efficacy and Safety of Concomitant Psychotropic Medication and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). CNS Drugs 2020; 34:509-520. [PMID: 32342484 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe psychiatric disorders. Patients referred to ECT are often taking multiple medications, many of which can potentially affect the safety and efficacy of their course of ECT. This review evaluates the impact of a variety of psychotropic medications often used in conjunction with ECT and examines strategies to optimize their management. The review encompasses mood stabilizers, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and other commonly used psychotropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Umair Janjua
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Amitha L Dhingra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | - William M McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an increasingly popular treatment for drug-resistant depression that may have utility for some patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) who are unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. Using a case study as an example, this article discusses the diagnosis of a patient with NMS, the use of ECT as a treatment for NMS, and the importance of nursing care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ruth-Sahd
- Lisa A. Ruth-Sahd is a professor at the York College of Pennsylvania in York, Pa., and Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Darris Rodrigues is a nurse at St. Luke's University Health Network in Fountain Hill, Pa. Elizabeth Shreve is a nursing student at York College of Pennsylvania
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11
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[Electroconvulsive therapy in combination with psychotropic and non-psychotropic pharmacological treatments: Review of the literature and practical recommendations]. L'ENCEPHALE 2020; 46:283-292. [PMID: 32151451 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for treatment resistant mood disorders and catatonia. ECT also appears to be an effective treatment in combination with clozapine in the context of treatment resistant schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Although increasingly codified (guidelines on indications, contraindications, methods of implementation), the practice of ECT still lacks consensual protocols. The concomitant use of psychotropic and/or non-psychotropic medication is a common situation when ECT treatment is considered. To our knowledge, there is to date no summary of studies or case reports in France, nor any proposal for guidelines concerning the management of medication of the patient to whom ECT sessions are offered. Indeed, several particularities must be considered. This article proposes to specify for each pharmacological class the possible interaction between ECT and medication. A first section of this article will be devoted to non-psychotropic treatments, and a second section to psychotropic treatments. A practical summary table is also provided. METHOD A review of the literature was conducted including all articles published prior to January 2019 referenced in Pub Med database, combining research with Medical Subject Headings "Electroconvulsive Therapy" and each following pharmacological class: "Cardiovascular Agents" "Bronchodilator Agents" "Bronchoconstrictor Agents" "Theophylline" "Anticoagulants" "Hypoglycemic Agents" "Insulin" "Potassium" "Benzodiazepines" "Valproic Acid" "Carbamazepine" "Lamotrigine" "Lithium" "Antidepressive Agents" "Antipsychotic Agents". RESULTS After reading the titles, abstracts and whole articles, then searching for additional articles in the references, 50 articles were selected. A summary table summarizing the main risks and proposing a course of action has been produced. DISCUSSION It is essential to take into account the specificity and the different physiological mechanisms involved in the ECT treatment in order to adjust the associated pharmacological treatments. The prescription for each molecule should be reviewed when ECT treatment is initiated.
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Tsai J, Huang M, Wilkinson ST, Edelen C. Effects of video psychoeducation on perceptions and knowledge about electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112844. [PMID: 32192999 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of video psychoeducation about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on perceptions and knowledge about ECT. A pre-post design was used with a national sample of 1,068 adults who screened positive for depression. Participants' perceptions and knowledge about ECT were assessed before and after watching a psychoeducational video about ECT. Participants showed significant increases in positive perceptions and accurate knowledge about ECT after watching the psychoeducational video. In the perception domain, the items "ECT can be lifesaving" and "fears that ECT can be painful" showed the largest positive increases. In the knowledge domain, items related to "ECT is one of the safest procedures performed" and "ECT can be given safely to older persons" showed the largest increases. Over 20% of participants changed their mind and reported they were willing to try ECT after watching the video. Together, these findings suggest video psychoeducation about ECT holds great potential to improve perceptions and knowledge about ECT, particularly as new technologies are developed to create, distribute, and host videos to reach large audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tsai
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, West Haven, CT USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA.
| | - Minda Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT USA
| | - Samuel T Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Carl Edelen
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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13
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Stein ALS, Sacks SM, Roth JR, Habis M, Saltz SB, Chen C. Anesthetic Management During Electroconvulsive Therapy in Children. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:126-140. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Meyer JP, Swetter SK, Kellner CH. Electroconvulsive Therapy in Geriatric Psychiatry: A Selective Review. Clin Geriatr Med 2019; 36:265-279. [PMID: 32222301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains an important treatment of geriatric patients. ECT treats severe depression, mania, psychosis, catatonia, and comorbid depression and agitation in dementia. ECT also serves a crucial role in treating urgent illness requiring expedient recovery, such as catatonia, or in patients with severe suicidal ideation or intent. ECT is even more effective in the elderly than in mixed-age adult populations. ECT is a safe treatment option with few medical contraindications. Cognitive effects are largely transient, even in patients with preexisting cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Meyer
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, 4900 Broad Rd Syracuse, NY 13215 United States.
| | - Samantha K Swetter
- Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine, 36 Clinton Street, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Charles H Kellner
- Department of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), New York Community Hospital, 2525 Kings Highway, Brooklyn, NY 11229, USA
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Próchnicki M, Rudzki G, Dzikowski M, Jaroszyński A, Karakula-Juchnowicz H. The impact of electroconvulsive therapy on the spatial QRS-T angle and cardiac troponin T concentration in psychiatric patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224020. [PMID: 31644576 PMCID: PMC6808446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment method used in psychiatry; however, its cardiac safety has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of the study was evaluation of the ECT effects on the myocardium based on troponin T concentrations and the following ECG parameters: the spatial QRS-T angle (QRS-TA), QRS duration (QRSd) and the corrected QT interval (QTc). Methods In the study 44 patients (12 female and 32 male) were enrolled diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 21) and major depressive disorders (n = 23), according to the DSM-IVR criteria. All cases were undergoing ECT procedures. The mean age of the patients was 36.9±16 years (range: 18–74). Resting ECG was recorded before performing ECG and 1 hour after. The spatial QRS-TA was reconstructed from 12-lead ECG using the inverse Dower method. Troponin T concentration was assessed before the procedure and 6 hours after ECT. Results No significant changes to troponin T concentrations were observed during the ECT series. The pre-ECT value of the spatial QRS-TA was 41.1±18.9°. The follow-up examinations did not reveal any significant increase of this parameter (p = 0.09) in any of the consecutive measurements. There were no significant changes in the QTc interval duration or the QRS complex duration demonstrated before the third, fifth and last procedure in the cycle (p>0.05). No significant changes to troponin T concentrations were observed during the ECT series. Conclusions Our findings indicate a lack of negative ECT effects on the risk of adverse cardiovascular events measured by the spatial QRS-T angle and cardiac troponin T concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Próchnicki
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Grzegorz Rudzki
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Dzikowski
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Jaroszyński
- Department of Family Medicine and Geriatrics, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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16
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Ushakova VМ, Gorlova АV, Zubkov ЕА, Morozova АY, Zorkina YА, Inozemtsev АN, Chekhonin VP. Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Anxiety in Linear and Non-Linear Rats with Depressive-Like Disorders Induced by Ultrasound Stimulation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:443-445. [PMID: 31493252 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We performed a comparative study of the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on anxiety in outbred rats and Sprague-Dawley rats with depressive-like disorder induced by exposure to ultrasound of variable frequency (20-45 Hz). The anxiogenic effect of therapy was revealed in elevated plus maze and open-field tests in both linear and non-lineal rats, but was more pronounced in linear animals. Differences between outbred rats and Sprague-Dawley rats by the anxiety level were demonstrated. These results suggest that electroconvulsive therapy should be used with cautious in patients with depression and comorbid anxiety disorders. Pronounced behavioral differences between linear and non-linear rats should be considered when choosing optimal experimental object in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V М Ushakova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - А V Gorlova
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Е А Zubkov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - А Yu Morozova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ya А Zorkina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - А N Inozemtsev
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Meyer JP, Swetter SK, Kellner CH. Electroconvulsive Therapy in Geriatric Psychiatry: A Selective Review. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2018; 41:79-93. [PMID: 29412850 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains an important treatment of geriatric patients. ECT treats severe depression, mania, psychosis, catatonia, and comorbid depression and agitation in dementia. ECT also serves a crucial role in treating urgent illness requiring expedient recovery, such as catatonia, or in patients with severe suicidal ideation or intent. ECT is even more effective in the elderly than in mixed-age adult populations. ECT is a safe treatment option with few medical contraindications. Cognitive effects are largely transient, even in patients with preexisting cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Samantha K Swetter
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Charles H Kellner
- Department of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), New York Community Hospital, 2525 Kings Highway, Brooklyn, NY 11229, USA
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18
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Ushakova VM, Zubkov EA, Morozova AY, Gorlova AV, Pavlov DA, Inozemtsev AN, Chekhonin VP. Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Cognitive Functions of Rats with Depression-Like Disorders Induced by Ultrasound Exposure. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:599-601. [PMID: 28948550 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions in rats with depression-like disorder caused by exposure to ultrasound of varying frequency (20-45 kHz). Object recognition and Morris water-maze tests revealed no negative effects of the therapy on memory. Moreover, positive effect of therapy was demonstrated that manifested in amelioration of memory disturbances in depression-like disorders in these behavioral tests. The results of this study do not support the idea about side effects of electroconvulsive therapy, in particular, development of transient amnesia, and are a prerequisite for a more thorough study of internal mechanisms of the effect of the therapy on cognitive sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Ushakova
- Department of Higher Nervous Function, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Zubkov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Y Morozova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Gorlova
- Department of Higher Nervous Function, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Pavlov
- Department of Higher Nervous Function, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Inozemtsev
- Department of Higher Nervous Function, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Narayanan A, Lal C, Al-Sinawi H. General Anaesthesia Protocols for Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy: Retrospective analysis of 504 sessions over a five-year period at a tertiary care hospital in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17:e43-e49. [PMID: 28417028 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to review general anaesthesia protocols for patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at a tertiary care hospital in Oman, particularly with regards to clinical profile, potential drug interactions and patient outcomes. METHODS This retrospective study took place at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH), Muscat, Oman. The electronic medical records of patients undergoing ECT at SQUH between January 2010 and December 2014 were reviewed for demographic characteristics and therapy details. RESULTS A total of 504 modified ECT sessions were performed on 57 patients during the study period. All of the patients underwent a uniform general anaesthetic regimen consisting of propofol and succinylcholine; however, they received different doses between sessions, as determined by the treating anaesthesiologist. Variations in drug doses between sessions in the same patient could not be attributed to any particular factor. Self-limiting tachycardia and hypertension were periprocedural complications noted among all patients. One patient developed aspiration pneumonitis (1.8%). CONCLUSION All patients undergoing ECT received a general anaesthetic regimen including propofol and succinylcholine. However, the interplay of anaesthetic drugs with ECT efficacy could not be established due to a lack of comprehensive data, particularly with respect to seizure duration. In addition, the impact of concurrent antipsychotic therapy on anaesthetic dose and subsequent complications could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Narayanan
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Chandar Lal
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hamed Al-Sinawi
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Takagi K, Tanahashi N, Amagasu N, Mizuno K, Kawanokuchi J, Yi G, Ishida T. Effect of Manual Acupuncture Stimulation at "Bai-Hui" (GV 20) or "Yintáng" (Ex-HN3) on Depressed Rats. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2016; 10:26-32. [PMID: 28254098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study on rats showed that simultaneous acupuncture stimulation at the "Bai-Hui" (GV 20) and the "Yintáng" (Ex-HN3) acupoints alleviated the state of depression to an extent similar to that achieved by pharmacotherapy. This study investigated whether the alleviation of the depressed state required simultaneous acupuncture at these two acupuncture points. For the purposes of testing the effect of acupuncture on depressive symptoms, we treated a depression model rat, where depression had been induced by using a mild water-immersion stress technique, with either acupuncture stimulation at only one acupuncture point (GV 20 or Ex-HN3) or an antidepressant, and we measured the immobile time for evaluating the state of depression. Anxiety, as a symptom commonly associated with depression, was also evaluated by measuring the number of head dips. Neither the immobile time nor the number of head dips decreased upon acupuncture stimulation. From this study, single acupuncture stimulation at either "GV 20" or "Ex-HN3" alleviated neither the state of depression nor the anxiety. The water-immersion stress used to make the depression model rats was shown not to induce anxiety; however, the stress induced by immobilizing the rats for acupuncture stimulation did lead to anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takagi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan; Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Nobuyuki Tanahashi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Nozomi Amagasu
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-293, Japan
| | - Kaito Mizuno
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Jun Kawanokuchi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Guo Yi
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Torao Ishida
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan; Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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