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Ma Y, Qiao Y, Gao X. Potential role of hippocampal neurogenesis in spinal cord injury induced post-trauma depression. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2144-2156. [PMID: 38488549 PMCID: PMC11034606 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.392855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been reported both in clinic and rodent models that beyond spinal cord injury directly induced symptoms, such as paralysis, neuropathic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunction, and loss of sexual function, there are a variety of secondary complications, including memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. The large-scale longitudinal population-based studies indicate that post-trauma depression is highly prevalent in spinal cord injury patients. Yet, few basic studies have been conducted to address the potential molecular mechanisms. One of possible factors underlying the depression is the reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis which may come from less physical activity, social isolation, chronic pain, and elevated neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury. However, there is no clear consensus yet. In this review, we will first summarize the alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis post-spinal cord injury. Then, we will discuss possible mechanisms underlie this important spinal cord injury consequence. Finally, we will outline the potential therapeutic options aimed at enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis to ameliorate depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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2
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Xu GY, Maskey M, Wu Z, Yang Q. Timed sulfonylurea modulation improves locomotor and sensory dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1440198. [PMID: 39148545 PMCID: PMC11324438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1440198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immediate tissue necrosis and delayed secondary expansion of neurological damage, often resulting in lifelong paralysis, neurosensory dysfunction, and chronic pain. Progressive hemorrhagic necrosis (PHN) and excessive excitation are the main sources of secondary neural injury. Recent approaches to attenuate PHN by glibenclamide can improve locomotor function after SCI. However, use of glibenclamide can exacerbate development of SCI-induced chronic pain by inhibiting KATP channels to increase neuronal excitation and glial activation. In this study, we explored a treatment strategy involving administration of glibenclamide, which suppresses PHN, and diazoxide, which protects against neuronal excitation and inflammation, at different time intervals following spinal cord contusion. Our goal was to determine whether this combined approach enhances both sensory and motor function. Contusive SCI was induced at spinal segment T10 in adult rats. We found that KATP channels opener, diazoxide, decreased the hyperexcitability of primary sensory neurons after SCI by electrophysiology. Timed application of glibenclamide and diazoxide following contusion significantly improved locomotor function and mitigated development of SCI-induced chronic pain, as shown by behavioral evidence. Finally, we found that timed application of glibenclamide and diazoxide attenuates the inflammatory activity in the spinal cord and increases the survival of spinal matters following SCI. These preclinical studies introduce a promising potential treatment strategy to address SCI-induced dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Manjit Maskey
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Zizhen Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Schaufler D, Manthou ME, Theotokis P, Rink-Notzon S, Angelov DN. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and Manually Assisted Locomotor Therapy on Neurotrophin-3 Expression and Microglia/Macrophage Mobilization Following Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3238-3254. [PMID: 37185735 PMCID: PMC10137282 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells play an important role in neuroinflammation and secondary damages after spinal cord injury (SCI). Progressive microglia/macrophage inflammation along the entire spinal axis follows SCI, and various factors may determine the microglial activation profile. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is known to control the survival of neurons, the function of synapses, and the release of neurotransmitters, while also stimulating axon plasticity and growth. We examined the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) and forms of assisted locomotor therapy, such as passive flexion-extension (PFE) therapy, at the neuronal level after SCI, with a focus on changes in NT-3 expression and on microglia/macrophage reaction, as they play a major role in the reconstitution of CNS integrity after injury and they may critically account for the observed structural and functional benefits of physical therapy. More specifically, the WBV therapy resulted in the best overall functional recovery when initiated at day 14, while inducing a decrease in Iba1 and the highest increase in NT-3. Therefore, the WBV therapy at the 14th day appeared to be superior to the PFE therapy in terms of recovery. Functional deficits and subsequent rehabilitation depend heavily upon the inflammatory processes occurring caudally to the injury site; thus, we propose that increased expression of NT-3, especially in the dorsal horn, could potentially be the mediator of this favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Schaufler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Lung Cancer Group Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Anatomical Institute II, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Anatomical Institute II, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Svenja Rink-Notzon
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Doychin N Angelov
- Anatomical Institute II, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Davis JA, Grau JW. Protecting the injured central nervous system: Do anesthesia or hypothermia ameliorate secondary injury? Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114349. [PMID: 36775099 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and stroke initiate a cascade of processes that expand the area of tissue loss. The current review considers recent studies demonstrating that the induction of an anesthetic state or cooling the affected tissue (hypothermia) soon after injury can have a therapeutic effect. We first provide an overview of the neurobiological processes that fuel tissue loss after traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke. We then examine the rehabilitative effectiveness of therapeutic anesthesia across a variety of drug categories through a systematic review of papers in the PubMed database. We also review the therapeutic benefits hypothermia, another treatment that quells neural activity. We conclude by considering factors related to the safety, efficacy and timing of treatment, as well as the mechanisms of action. Clinical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Davis
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - James W Grau
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Li N, Chau CYC, Liu J, Yao M, Kiang KMY, Zhu Z, Zhang P, Cheng H, Leung GKK. Postcooling But Not Precooling Benefits Motor Recovery by Suppressing Cell Death After Surgical Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. World Neurosurg 2022; 159:e356-e364. [PMID: 34942389 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical spinal cord injury (SSCI) is often inevitable in patients with intramedullary lesions. Although regional hypothermia (RH) has been demonstrated neuroprotective, the value of priming RH in SSCI has never been studied. Herein, the authors investigated the impact of pre- and post-RH on neurologic recovery in a clinically relevant model. METHODS An SSCI model was established at T10. RH was conducted by focal 4oC saline perfusion; room temperature (RT) saline was used as controls. Animals were randomized into 6 groups: SHAM-RT/RH, Pre-RT/RH, and Post-RT/RH. Motor and sensory functions were evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan rating scale and Plantar test 2 weeks after surgery. TUNEL assay and Fluoro-Jade C staining were conducted to examine the cell death, and the alterations of apoptotic markers including total and cleaved casepase 3, Bcl-2, and Bax, as well as the pyroptotic proteins including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase 1, were determined. RESULTS RH perfusion successfully created an intramedullary hypothermia approximately at 24oC, while RT controls remained above 30oC. Animals receiving postinjury RH had the least cell death and the best motor performance, while pre-RH showed the most dead cells and worst hind limb movements. Immunoblotting depicted that post-RH suppressed both apoptotic and pyroptotic death as the cleaved/total caspase 3, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and NLRP3/ASC/caspase 1 signaling were inhibited. Priming cooling, on the contrary, elevated pyroptosis and did not affect apoptosis significantly. CONCLUSIONS Priming RH before surgical incision could not be supported as it caused excessive cell death. In contrast, instant introduction of RH is beneficial in rescuing neurologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Charlene Y C Chau
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Min Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karrie M Y Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pingde Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Huilin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gilberto K K Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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Sefiani A, Geoffroy CG. The Potential Role of Inflammation in Modulating Endogenous Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682259. [PMID: 34220440 PMCID: PMC8249862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are approximately 291,000 people suffering from a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. SCI is associated with traumatic changes in mobility and neuralgia, as well as many other long-term chronic health complications, including metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoporosis, and elevated inflammatory markers. Due to medical advances, patients with SCI survive much longer than previously. This increase in life expectancy exposes them to novel neurological complications such as memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, these usually age-associated disorders are more prevalent in people living with SCI. A common factor of these disorders is the reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis. Inflammation, which is elevated after SCI, plays a major role in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. While there is no clear consensus on the mechanism of the decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition after SCI, we will examine in this review how SCI-induced inflammation could modulate hippocampal neurogenesis and provoke age-associated neurological disorders. Thereafter, we will discuss possible therapeutic options which may mitigate the influence of SCI associated complications on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Hassanzadeh S, Jalessi M, Jameie SB, Khanmohammadi M, Bagher Z, Namjoo Z, Davachi SM. More attention on glial cells to have better recovery after spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100905. [PMID: 33553683 PMCID: PMC7844125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional improvement after spinal cord injury remains an unsolved difficulty. Glial scars, a major component of SCI lesions, are very effective in improving the rate of this recovery. Such scars are a result of complex interaction mechanisms involving three major cells, namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In recent years, scientists have identified two subtypes of reactive astrocytes, namely, A1 astrocytes that induce the rapid death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and A2 astrocytes that promote neuronal survival. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that the macrophage polarization state is more of a continuum between M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages that encourage the inflammation process kill their surrounding cells and inhibit cellular proliferation. In contrast, M2 macrophages promote cell proliferation, tissue growth, and regeneration. Furthermore, the ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into adult oligodendrocytes or even neurons has been reviewed. Here, we first scrutinize recent findings on glial cell subtypes and their beneficial or detrimental effects after spinal cord injury. Second, we discuss how we may be able to help the functional recovery process after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khanmohammadi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Xie Z, Li C, Xing Z, Zhou W, Xie S, Li M, Zhou Y. Relationship Between Serum Fibrinogen Level and Depressive Symptoms in an Adult Population with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2191-2198. [PMID: 34262279 PMCID: PMC8275144 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s311473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is associated with an inflammatory immune response. There are minimal data regarding the association of inflammatory markers with depression in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). We aimed to investigate the association of inflammatory markers with depression in middle-aged and elderly SCI patients. METHODS Data were obtained from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, a longitudinal study of a representative sample of the adult population. We analyzed the associations of serum levels of fibrinogen, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ, and C-reactive protein with depressive symptoms. RESULTS The median participant age was 52.5 years; 44.9% of participants were men. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that an increased serum fibrinogen level (Sβ = 0.114, p = 0.005) was associated with higher Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scores after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, perceived stress score, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an increased serum fibrinogen level was independently associated with a history of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.240, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.103-1.997, p = 0.012) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.884, 95% CI = 1.165-2.499, p < 0.001; CES-D score ≥ 16) after adjustment for confounding factors. Stratified analysis revealed that the association between serum fibrinogen level and depressive symptoms was affected by antidepressant use. CONCLUSION Serum fibrinogen level had a significantly positive association with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly patients with SCI. Future longitudinal cohort studies should evaluate the possible use of serum fibrinogen for diagnosis of depression in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelong Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - MeiHua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
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Rezvan M, Meknatkhah S, Hassannejad Z, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Zadegan SA, Shokraneh F, Vaccaro AR, Lu Y, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Time-dependent microglia and macrophages response after traumatic spinal cord injury in rat: a systematic review. Injury 2020; 51:2390-2401. [PMID: 32665068 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To acquire evidence-based knowledge in temporal and spatial patterns of microglia/macrophages changes to facilitate finding proper intervention time for functional restoration after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). SETTING Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. METHODS We searched PubMed and EMBASE via Ovid SP with no temporal and linguistic restrictions. Besides, hand-search was performed in the bibliographies of relevant studies. The experimental non-interventional and non-transgenic animal studies confined to the rat species which assess the pathological change of microglia /macrophages at the specified time were included. RESULTS We found 15,315 non-duplicate studies. Screening through title and abstract narrowed down to 607 relevant articles, 31 of them were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The reactivity of the microglia/macrophages initiates in early hours PI in contusion, compression and transection models. Cells activity reached a maximum within 48 h to 28 days in compression, 7 days in contusion and between 4 and 60 days in transection models. Inflammatory response occurred at the epicenter, in or near the lesion site in both gray and white matter in all three injury models with a maximum extension of one centimeter caudal and rostral to the epicenter in the gray matter in contusion and transection models. CONCLUSION This study was designed to study spatial-temporal changes in the activation of microglia/macrophages overtime after TSCI. We were able to demonstrate time-dependent cell morphological changes after TSCI. The peak times of cell reactivity and the areas where the cells responded to the injury were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Rezvan
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Meknatkhah
- Laboratory of Neuro-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan A Zadegan
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Shokraneh
- King's Technology Evaluation Centre (KiTEC), London Institute of Healthcare Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tang S, Jing H, Song F, Huang H, Li W, Xie G, Zhou J. MicroRNAs in the Spinal Microglia Serve Critical Roles in Neuropathic Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:132-142. [PMID: 32902792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) can occur after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), and it can be converted into a maladaptive, detrimental phenotype that causes a long-term state of pain hypersensitivity. In the last decade, the discovery that dysfunctional microglia evoke pain, called "microgliopathic pain," has challenged traditional neuronal views of "pain" and has been extensively explored. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can act as activators or inhibitors of spinal microglia in NP conditions. We first briefly review spinal microglial activation in NP. We then comprehensively describe miRNA expression changes and their potential mechanisms in the response of microglia to nerve injury. We summarize the roles of the following two representative miRNAs: miR-124, which reverses NP by keeping microglia quiescent, and miR-155, which promotes NP following microglial activation. Finally, we focused on the therapeutic potential of microglial miRNAs in NP. The findings we summarized may be essential tools for basic research and clinical treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- ZunYi Medical University, ZunYi, 563100, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhu Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Chen WK, Feng LJ, Liu QD, Ke QF, Cai PY, Zhang PR, Cai LQ, Huang NL, Lin WP. Inhibition of leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology domain containing 1 accelerates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in a rat traumatic spinal cord injury model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:202. [PMID: 32631435 PMCID: PMC7339506 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers the primary mechanical injury and secondary inflammation-mediated injury. Neuroinflammation-mediated insult causes secondary and extensive neurological damage after SCI. Microglia play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of post-SCI neuroinflammation. METHODS To elucidate the significance of LRCH1 to microglial functions, we applied lentivirus-induced LRCH1 knockdown in primary microglia culture and tested the role of LRCH1 in microglia-mediated inflammatory reaction both in vitro and in a rat SCI model. RESULTS We found that LRCH1 was downregulated in microglia after traumatic SCI. LRCH1 knockdown increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 after in vitro priming with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate. Furthermore, LRCH1 knockdown promoted the priming-induced microglial polarization towards the pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing microglia. LRCH1 knockdown also enhanced microglia-mediated N27 neuron death after priming. Further analysis revealed that LRCH1 knockdown increased priming-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Erk1/2 signaling, which are crucial to the inflammatory response of microglia. When LRCH1-knockdown microglia were adoptively injected into rat spinal cords, they enhanced post-SCI production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased SCI-induced recruitment of leukocytes, aggravated SCI-induced tissue damage and neuronal death, and worsened the locomotor function. CONCLUSION Our study reveals for the first time that LRCH1 serves as a negative regulator of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after SCI and provides clues for developing novel therapeutic approaches against SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Lin-Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Qiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519001 China
| | - Qing-Feng Ke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Pei-Ya Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Pei-Ru Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Li-Quan Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Nian-Lai Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Wen-Ping Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001 China
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Telegin GB, Chernov AS, Konovalov NA, Belogurov AA, Balmasova IP, Gabibov AG. Cytokine Profile As a Marker of Cell Damage and Immune Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:92-101. [PMID: 33173599 PMCID: PMC7604889 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviews the findings of recent experiments designed to investigate the cytokine profile after a spinal cord injury. The role played by key cytokines in eliciting the cellular response to trauma was assessed. The results of the specific immunopathogenetic interaction between the nervous and immune systems in the immediate and chronic post-traumatic periods are summarized. It was demonstrated that it is reasonable to use the step-by-step approach to the assessment of the cytokine profile after a spinal cord injury and take into account the combination of the pathogenetic and protective components in implementing the regulatory effects of individual cytokines and their integration into the regenerative processes in the injured spinal cord. This allows one to rationally organize treatment and develop novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Telegin
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
| | - A. S. Chernov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
| | - N. A. Konovalov
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, RF Health Ministry, Moscow, 125047 Russia
| | - A. A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - I. P. Balmasova
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of Russia’s Ministry of Health, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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Ahn JH, Lee TK, Kim B, Lee JC, Tae HJ, Cho JH, Park Y, Shin MC, Ohk TG, Park CW, Cho JH, Hong S, Park JH, Choi SY, Won MH. Therapeutic Hypothermia Improves Hind Limb Motor Outcome and Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Damage in the Lumbar Spinal Cord Following Cardiac Arrest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010038. [PMID: 31906329 PMCID: PMC7023071 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia enhances outcomes of patients after resuscitation after cardiac arrest (CA). However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated effects of hypothermic therapy on neuronal damage/death, microglial activation, and changes of endogenous antioxidants in the anterior horn in the lumbar spinal cord in a rat model of asphyxial CA (ACA). A total of 77 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: normal, sham ACA plus (+) normothermia, ACA + normothermia, sham ACA + hypothermia, and ACA + hypothermia. ACA was induced for 5 min by injecting vecuronium bromide. Therapeutic hypothermia was applied after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) via rapid cooling with isopropyl alcohol wipes, which was maintained at 33 ± 0.5 °C for 4 h. Normothermia groups were maintained at 37 ± 0.2 °C for 4 h. Neuronal protection, microgliosis, oxidative stress, and changes of endogenous antioxidants were evaluated at 12 h, 1 day, and 2 days after ROSC following ACA. ACA resulted in neuronal damage from 12 h after ROSC and evoked obvious degeneration/loss of spinal neurons in the ventral horn at 1 day after ACA, showing motor deficit of the hind limb. In addition, ACA resulted in a gradual increase in microgliosis with time after ACA. Therapeutic hypothermia significantly reduced neuronal loss and attenuated hind limb dysfunction, showing that hypothermia significantly attenuated microgliosis. Furthermore, hypothermia significantly suppressed ACA-induced increases of superoxide anion production and 8-hydroxyguanine expression, and significantly increased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Taken together, hypothermic therapy was found to have a substantial impact on changes in ACA-induced microglia activation, oxidative stress factors, and antioxidant enzymes in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord, which closely correlate with neuronal protection and neurological performance after ACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (H.-J.T.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (H.-J.T.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Yoonsoo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.P.); (M.C.S.); (T.G.O.); (C.W.P.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.P.); (M.C.S.); (T.G.O.); (C.W.P.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Taek Geun Ohk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.P.); (M.C.S.); (T.G.O.); (C.W.P.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Chan Woo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.P.); (M.C.S.); (T.G.O.); (C.W.P.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.P.); (M.C.S.); (T.G.O.); (C.W.P.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Seongkweon Hong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (M.-H.W.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); Fax: +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.); +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.-K.L.); (B.K.); (J.-C.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (M.-H.W.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2112 (S.Y.C.); +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); Fax: +82-33-241-1463 (S.Y.C.); +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.)
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