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Zainal Abidin SA, Liew AKY, Othman I, Shaikh F. Animal Venoms as Potential Source of Anticonvulsants. F1000Res 2024; 13:225. [PMID: 38919947 PMCID: PMC11196940 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.147027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide, and there is an urgent need to develop safe and effective therapeutic agents. Animal venoms contain diverse bioactive compounds like proteins, peptides, and small molecules, which may possess medicinal properties against epilepsy. In recent years, research has shown that venoms from various organisms such as spiders, ants, bees, wasps, and conus snails have anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects by targeting specific receptors and ion channels. This review underscores the significance of purified proteins and toxins from these sources as potential therapeutic agents for epilepsy. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the valuable role of animal venoms as a natural resource for further exploration in epilepsy treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Monash University Malaysia, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Anthony Kin Yip Liew
- Monash University Malaysia, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Monash University Malaysia, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Shaikh
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, 2800, Australia
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Wibecan L, Fink G, Tshering L, Bruno V, Patenaude B, Nirola DK, Dorji C, Dema U, Pokhrel D, Mateen FJ. The economic burden of epilepsy in Bhutan. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:342-358. [PMID: 29369457 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the economic impact of epilepsy in Bhutan, a lower-middle-income country with a universal health care system, but with limited access to neurological care. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted of patients with epilepsy at the Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital from January to August 2016. Data were collected on clinical features, cost of care, impact of epilepsy on school or work and household economic status of participants and matched comparisons (a sibling or neighbour from a household without epilepsy). RESULTS A total of 172 individuals were included in the study (130 adults and 42 children). One-third of adults and 20 (48%) children had seizures at least once per month. Mean direct out-of-pocket cost for epilepsy care was 6054 Bhutanese Ngultrum (BTN; 91 USD) per year, of which transportation formed the greatest portion (53%). Direct costs of epilepsy were an average of 3.2% of annual household income. Adults missed 6.8 (standard deviation [SD]: 9.0) days of work or school per year on average, and children missed 18.6 (SD: 34.7) days of school. Among adults, 23 (18%) abandoned employment or school because of epilepsy; seven children (18%) stopped school because of epilepsy. Households with a person with epilepsy had a lower monthly per-person income (6434 BTN) than comparison households without epilepsy (8892 BTN; P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS In Bhutan, despite universal health care services, households of people with epilepsy face a significant economic burden. With many adults and children unable to attend school or work, epilepsy causes a major disruption to individuals' livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Wibecan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Günther Fink
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lhab Tshering
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Veronica Bruno
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Damber K Nirola
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Chencho Dorji
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ugyen Dema
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Dillram Pokhrel
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Farrah J Mateen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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González-Trujano ME, Domínguez F, Pérez-Ortega G, Aguillón M, Martínez-Vargas D, Almazán-Alvarado S, Martínez A. Justicia spicigera Schltdl. and kaempferitrin as potential anticonvulsant natural products. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:240-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Garrido-Acosta O, Meza-Toledo SE, Anguiano-Robledo L, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Correa-Basurto J, Davood A, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Anticonvulsant and Toxicological Evaluation of Parafluorinated/Chlorinated Derivatives of 3-Hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylpropionamide. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3978010. [PMID: 27006945 PMCID: PMC4783531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3978010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the anticonvulsant activity of 3-hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylproionamide (HEPP) is well-known, its use is limited by the pharmacotoxicological profile. We herein tested its fluorinated and chlorinated derivatives (F-HEPP and Cl-HEPP) with two seizure models, maximal electroshock seizures (MES), and intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administration. Neurotoxicity was examined via the rotarod test. With in silico methods, binding was probed on possible protein targets-GABAA receptors and the sodium channel Nav1.2. The median effective doses (ED50) of HEPP, F-HEPP, and Cl-HEPP in the MES seizure model were 129.6, 87.1, and 62.0 mg/kg, respectively, and 66.4, 43.5, and in the PTZ seizure model 43.5 mg/kg. The HEPP-induced neurotoxic effect, which occurred at twice the ED50 against MES (p < 0.05), did not occur with F-HEPP or Cl-HEPP. Docking studies revealed that all tested ligands bound to GABAA receptors on a site near to the benzodiazepine binding site. However, on the sodium channel open pore Nav1.2, R-HEPP had interactions similar to those reported for phenytoin, while its enantiomer and the ligands F-HEPP and Cl-HEPP reached a site that could disrupt the passage of sodium. Our results show that, as anticonvulsant agents, parahalogen substituted compounds have an advantageous pharmacotoxicological profile compared to their precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Garrido-Acosta
- 1Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 15500 México City, DF, Mexico
- *Osvaldo Garrido-Acosta: and
| | - Sergio E. Meza-Toledo
- 2Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11350 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Liliana Anguiano-Robledo
- 3Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa
- 4Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- 5Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Asghar Davood
- 6Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19419, Iran
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- 7Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11350 México City, DF, Mexico
- *Germán Chamorro-Cevallos:
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Interaction of valproic acid and the antidepressant drugs doxepin and venlafaxine: analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring data under naturalistic conditions. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:206-11. [PMID: 24374906 PMCID: PMC4047312 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid and the antidepressants doxepin and venlafaxine are frequently used psychotropic drugs. In the literature, an influence of valproic acid on serum levels of antidepressants has been described, although studies have focused on amitriptyline. The authors assessed their therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) database for patients receiving a combination of doxepin or venlafaxine and valproic acid and compared these samples with matched controls without valproic acid comedication in terms of the serum concentration of antidepressants. The mean dose-corrected serum concentration of doxepin+N-doxepin in 16 patients who received valproic acid comedication was higher (2.171±1.482 ng/ml/mg) than that in the matched controls (0.971±0.857 ng/ml/mg, P<0.003). We also found a significant correlation between valproic acid serum level and dose-corrected doxepin+N-doxepin serum level (Spearman's ρ r=0.602, P<0.014). The mean dose-corrected serum level of venlafaxine+O-desmethylvenlafaxine in 41 patients who received valproic acid comedication did not differ significantly from that of the matched controls (P<0.089), but there was a significant difference between both groups in the dose-corrected serum level of O-desmethylvenlafaxine (1.403±0.665 vs. 1.102±0.444, P<0.017). As a consequence, if a combination of valproic acid with doxepin or venlafaxine is administered, cautious dosing is advisable and TDM should be performed.
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Shafaroodi H, Moezi L, Fakhrzad A, Hassanipour M, Rezayat M, Dehpour AR. The involvement of nitric oxide in the anti-seizure effect of acute atorvastatin treatment in mice. Neurol Res 2013; 34:847-53. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyPharmaceutical Sciences Branch and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Moezi
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Fakhrzad
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hassanipour
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyPharmaceutical Sciences Branch and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezayat
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyPharmaceutical Sciences Branch and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Interaction of valproic acid and amitriptyline: analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring data under naturalistic conditions. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33:561-4. [PMID: 23775047 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182905d42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amitriptyline (AMI) and valproic acid (VPA) are common psychotropic drugs which are frequently used in psychiatry and also administered in neurology or anesthesia in the absence of a psychiatric indication. On the basis of the case of a 73-year-old man with therapy-resistant major depressive episode who experienced anticholinergic delirium after adding VPA to AMI, we retrospectively analyzed therapeutic drug monitoring data of the years 2008 to 2010. We assessed cases receiving a combination of AMI and VPA, and obtained a control sample of AMI patients without VPA which were matched for sex, age, daily dose, and comedication. Both samples were compared regarding the serum levels of AMI and nortriptyline (NOR) as well as the ratio of NOR and AMI with the Mann-Whitney U test. The combination of AMI and VPA led to a remarkable increase of AMI and NOR serum levels. When comparing 33 patients who received comedication with VPA versus 33 matched controls, the total concentration by combining mean AMI and NOR serum levels (237.1 [119.9] vs 126.4 [52.8] ng/mL) and NOR/AMI ratio (1.300 [0.905] vs 0.865 [0.455]) was significantly higher. Both AMI and VPA are widely prescribed drugs. A combination of both is common for psychiatric or neurologic patients. A cautious dosing of AMI with VPA comedication is advisable, and therapeutic drug monitoring should be performed because this combination may lead to a remarkable increase of AMI and NOR serum levels.
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