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Spruyt K. Neurocognitive Effects of Sleep Disruption in Children and Adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2024; 47:27-45. [PMID: 38302211 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A main childhood task is learning. In this task, the role of sleep is increasingly demonstrated. Although most literature examining this role focuses on preadolescence and middle adolescence, some studies apply napping designs in preschoolers. Studies overall conclude that without proper sleep a child's cognitive abilities suffer, but questions on how and to what extent linger. Observational studies show the hazards of potential confounders such as an individual's resilience to poor sleep as well as developmental risk factors (eg, disorders, stressors). A better understanding of cognitive sleep neuroscience may have a big impact on pediatric sleep research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Spruyt
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM - NeuroDiderot, Paris, France.
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2
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Loeffler A, Rankin P, Smith SS, Thorpe K, Staton S. Exploring the Relationship Between Age at Nap Cessation and Social-Emotional Functioning in Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2024; 45:e150-e158. [PMID: 38451866 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine variations in age at nap cessation and identify whether there is an association with social-emotional functioning (SEF) as measured by internalizing/externalizing behavior, child temperament, and social skills in a sample of early childhood education and care-attending children. METHODS The sample comprised 1117 children from the Australian Effectiveness Early Educational Experiences for Children longitudinal early childhood study. We used children's age at nap cessation as retrospectively recalled by caregivers in 2011 or 2013 when children were between ages 2 and 7 years. Each child's SEF was reported by a caregiver using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Short Temperament Scale for Children, and the Social Skills Inventory Scale. Associations between children's age of nap cessation and SEF were tested using linear regressions. RESULTS The children's age at nap cessation ranged from 6 months to 6 years. For each additional year of napping, children's total , conduct , externalizing , and peer behavior problems decreased by 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.70 to -0.09), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.01), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06), and 0.11 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.02) units on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scale, respectively. No further significant associations were found. CONCLUSION This is the first study reporting the age range of nap cessation and its associations with social-emotional functioning. Our findings demonstrate earlier cessation ages in Australian children attending Early Childhood Education and Care programs than previously reported and a small association with externalizing and peer problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loeffler
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Peter Rankin
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Simon S Smith
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Thorpe
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Sally Staton
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
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Begum‐Ali J, Gossé LK, Mason L, Pasco G, Charman T, Johnson MH, Jones EJ. Infant sleep predicts trajectories of social attention and later autism traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1200-1211. [PMID: 36991307 PMCID: PMC10952761 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience sleep disturbances, but little is known about when these sleep differences emerge and how they relate to later development. METHODS We used a prospective longitudinal design in infants with a family history of ASD and/or ADHD to examine infant sleep and its relation to trajectories of attention and later neurodevelopmental disorders. We formed factors of Day and Night Sleep from parent-reported measures (including day/night sleep duration, number of naps in the day, frequency of night awakenings and sleep onset problems). We examined sleep in 164 infants at 5-, 10- and 14-months with/without a first-degree relative with ASD and/or ADHD who underwent a consensus clinical assessment for ASD at age 3. RESULTS By 14-months, infants with a first-degree relative with ASD (but not ADHD) showed lower Night Sleep scores than infants with no family history of ASD; lower Night Sleep scores in infancy were also associated with a later ASD diagnosis, decreased cognitive ability, increased ASD symptomatology at 3-years, and developing social attention (e.g., looking to faces). We found no such effects with Day Sleep. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbances may be apparent at night from 14-months in infants with a family history of ASD and also those with later ASD, but were not associated with a family history of ADHD. Infant sleep disturbances were also linked to later dimensional variation in cognitive and social skills across the cohort. Night Sleep and Social Attention were interrelated over the first 2 years of life, suggesting that this may be one mechanism through which sleep quality influences neurodevelopment. Interventions targeted towards supporting families with their infant's sleep problems may be useful in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannath Begum‐Ali
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Louisa K. Gossé
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Luke Mason
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Greg Pasco
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tony Charman
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mark H. Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Emily J.H. Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
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Wilhite K, Del Pozo Cruz B, Noetel M, Lonsdale C, Ridgers ND, Maher C, Bradshaw E, Sanders T. Socioeconomic position as a predictor of youth's movement trajectory profiles between ages 10 and 14 years. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:88. [PMID: 37481648 PMCID: PMC10363305 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combinations of movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep) are associated with health and developmental outcomes in youth. Youth vary in how they accumulate these behaviors, both in volume and specific domains (e.g., sedentary time spent on recreational screen activities vs homework). The aim of this study was to examine how youth's combined general and domain-specific movement trajectories differ by socioeconomic position. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal, group-based multi-trajectory analysis to identify general and domain-specific movement trajectory profiles for 2457 youth from age 10 to 14 years from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children from 2014-2018. We used multinomial logistic regression to test if socioeconomic position predicted profile membership. RESULTS We identified three general movement trajectory profiles for both sexes, four domain-specific profiles for males, and five for females. For general movement trajectories, females from lower socioeconomic positions were more likely to be a combination of less active and more sedentary than females from higher socioeconomic positions. Males across socioeconomic positions spend similar amounts of time in physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep. For domain-specific movement trajectories, youth from lower socioeconomic positions were likely to spend a combination of less time in education-based sedentary behavior and more time in recreational screen activities than their higher socioeconomic position peers. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that socioeconomic position predicted in which domains youth accumulate their movements. Future observational research and interventions targeting different socioeconomic groups should therefore consider domain-specific movement trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Wilhite
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 33 Berry Street, Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Center for Active and Healthy Ageing, Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Noetel
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 33 Berry Street, Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Bradshaw
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 33 Berry Street, Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 33 Berry Street, Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.
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5
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Horger MN, DeMasi A, Allia AM, Scher A, Berger SE. The unique contributions of day and night sleep to infant motor problem solving. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 226:105536. [PMID: 36116316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to tease apart the unique contributions of napping and nighttime sleep to infant learning, specifically in the context of motor problem solving. We challenged 54 walking infants to solve a novel locomotor problem at three time points-training, test, and follow-up the next morning. One group of infants napped during the delay between training and test. Another group did not sleep during the delay. A third group received the test immediately after training with no delay. Only the Nap group's strategy choices continued to improve through the follow-up session, suggesting that daytime sleep has an active role in strengthening otherwise fragile memory. Although group did not affect strategy maintenance, walk experience did, suggesting that task difficulty may shape the impact of sleep on learning. Thus, day sleep and night sleep make independent contributions to the consolidation of motor problem-solving strategies during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Horger
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aaron DeMasi
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Angelina M Allia
- College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Anat Scher
- University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Sarah E Berger
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA; College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Nicholson L, Bohnert AM, Crowley SJ. A developmental perspective on sleep consistency: Preschool age through emerging adulthood. Behav Sleep Med 2023; 21:97-116. [PMID: 35014925 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.2024192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Beyond sleep duration, the regularity of sleep patterns (e.g., sleep consistency), including variability in sleep timing (e.g., bedtime, wake time) and duration, is a critical marker of sleep health. Sleep consistency is captured using a variety of methods within the literature (e.g., sleep intraindividual variability, social jetlag), but most of the research focuses on adolescents. METHODS Drawing on a developmental perspective, this narrative review highlights how normative changes at the individual (e.g., biological, cognitive, and social) and contextual (e.g., home, school, sociocultural) levels may contribute to inconsistent sleep patterns across development. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes how inconsistent sleep may increase across pivotal transitions throughout development (e.g., elimination of naps, puberty, summertime, entering college). Finally, recommendations for measuring sleep consistency and areas to address in future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy M Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Influence of naps on sedentary time and physical activity in early childhood. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21198. [PMID: 36482180 PMCID: PMC9731956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine if, in preschool-aged children, (1) nap habituality is associated with sedentary time and physical activity (movement behaviors), (2) nap physiology is associated with movement behaviors, and (3) if missing a nap, compared to taking a nap, affects movement behaviors on the same day and subsequent day. A within-subjects (44 children; 4.2 ± 0.6 years; 55.6% female), at-home study examined two experimental conditions (one afternoon each of nap- and wake-promotion with order counterbalanced) one week apart. Movement behaviors were derived from wrist-worn actigraphy (12.1 ± 3.1 days). Average movement behaviors were calculated from the overall study period with experimental days excluded. Movement behaviors were also extracted for the same day and the subsequent day of the two experimental conditions. Polysomnography was recorded during the nap-promoted condition. Children were classified as non-, intermediate-, or habitual-nappers. Although average movement behaviors were different between nap habituality groups, differences were not significant. There were no associations between movement behaviors and nap sleep stages, and no effects for nap condition or condition by nap habituality on same or next day movement behaviors. Findings do not suggest that naps and movement behaviors are related in children. Although a single missed nap was not detrimental to same or next day movement behaviors, future studies should explore effects of multiple days of subsequent nap restriction to examine potential cumulative effects.
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Yamauchi Y, Takao S, Matsumoto N, Yorifuji T. Association of nighttime sleep with behaviors in Japanese early childhood. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15354. [PMID: 36436546 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool children in Asian countries, including Japan, sleep for a shorter duration at night than those in Europe and the USA. We examined the effects of the nighttime sleep duration on behavioral development in early childhood in Japan. METHODS We used data from a large Japanese nationwide, population-based, longitudinal survey that began in 2001. We restricted the study participants to children born after 37 gestational weeks, with a birth weight ≥ 2500 g and singleton births (n = 41 890). The nighttime sleep duration was examined at 2.5 years old. Responses to survey questions regarding age-appropriate behavior at 5.5 years old were used as indicators of behavioral development. We conducted logistic regression analyses with adjustment for confounding factors, with ≥11 h of nighttime sleep as the reference group. RESULTS The odds ratios for children who had ≤9 h of nighttime sleep, which was associated with being unable to listen with fidgeting and being unable to remain patient, were 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.39) and 1.27 (1.16-1.38), respectively. Children who had an irregular nighttime sleep duration were associated with age-appropriate behavioral inabilities. These results were similar in children who usually and sometimes took naps to those before stratification by the frequency of napping. CONCLUSION A short nighttime sleep duration especially affects hyperactivity and impulsivity. An irregular nighttime sleep duration increases the inability to perform overall age-appropriate behaviors more than a short sleep duration. Ensuring a regular and sufficient nighttime sleep duration in early childhood is important for healthy behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamauchi
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soshi Takao
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Yorifuji
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Knowland VCP, Berens S, Gaskell MG, Walker SA, Henderson LM. Does the maturation of early sleep patterns predict language ability at school entry? A Born in Bradford study. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2022; 49:1-23. [PMID: 33531096 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000920000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children's vocabulary ability at school entry is highly variable and predictive of later language and literacy outcomes. Sleep is potentially useful in understanding and explaining that variability, with sleep patterns being predictive of global trajectories of language acquisition. Here, we looked to replicate and extend these findings. Data from 354 children (without English as an additional language) in the Born in Bradford study were analysed, describing the mean intercepts and linear trends in parent-reported day-time and night-time sleep duration over five time points between 6 and 36 months-of-age. The mean difference between night-time and day-time sleep was predictive of receptive vocabulary at age five, with more night-time sleep relative to day-time sleep predicting better language. An exploratory analysis suggested that socioeconomic status was predictive of vocabulary outcomes, with sleep patterns partially mediating this relationship. We suggest that the consolidation of sleep patterns acts as a driver of early language development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sarah A Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Lopes MC, Gutierres GP, Pavoni MB, Mendes ABSMM, Campos MB, Bastos IB, Barros BMB, Salmazo H, Spruyt K. Social media for students' sleep health promotion - a health intervention report during COVID -19. SLEEP EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 1:100018. [PMID: 35673623 PMCID: PMC8620093 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepe.2021.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected sleep health. Students' sleep health is essential for the performance of neuro-cognitive processes, as well as mental and physical balance. We assume the COVID19 pandemic has modified some sleep habits by prompting environmental and social interaction changes. In this study we surveyed a sample of 300 Brazilian students, with internet access, resident in the Federal District. They completed a questionnaire over two weeks in March 2020, i.e. the second and third week of the social isolation policy enacted in the Federal District due to COVID19. Valid responses from students aged18-24 years were analyzed. The sample was mostly female; 76,3% reported somnolence during the day, 70,2% anxiety and 87,8% worse sleep associated with stress and/or anxiety, which indicated the variables for an educational health intervention design in this context. Further, 53.2% made no effort to avoid screens before sleeping; 73.9% to avoid using the bed for work or watching television and 83.1% to avoid consuming heavy foods before sleeping. We then created an Instagram profile, @comodormimos, which focused on the main sleep issues revealed by participants in the survey. Posts on the profile were based on sleep-related subjects: sleep processes, sleep hygiene practices for students; sleep stages, function and regulation; and sleep-wake circadian rhythms. The profile gained 307 followers, mostly women (61,7%), 18-24 years old. We concluded that the Covid-10 pandemic period increased harmful sleep behavior in students. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- MC Lopes
- Pediatric Sleep Laboratory, Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Institute University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Corresponding author at: University of Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - GP Gutierres
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - MB Pavoni
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - ABSMM Mendes
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - MB Campos
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - IB Bastos
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - BMB Barros
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - H Salmazo
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - K Spruyt
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Paris, France
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Concordance between subjective and objective measures of infant sleep varies by age and maternal mood: Implications for studies of sleep and cognitive development. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 66:101663. [PMID: 34826651 PMCID: PMC8803548 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infant habitual sleep has been proposed as an important moderator of development in domains such as attention, memory or temperament. To test such hypotheses, we need to know how to accurately and consistently assess habitual sleep in infancy. Common assessment methods include easy to deploy but subjective parent-report measures (diary/sleep questionnaire); or more labour-intensive but objective motor movement measures (actigraphy). Understanding the degree to which these methods provide converging insights is important, but cross-method agreement has yet to be investigated longitudinally. Moreover, it is unclear whether concordance systematically varies with infant or maternal characteristics that could represent confounders in observational studies. This longitudinal study (up to 4 study visits/participant) investigated cross-method concordance on one objective (7-day actigraphy) and three commonly used subjective (7-day sleep diary, Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, Sleep & Settle Questionnaire) sleep measures in 76 typically developing infants (age: 4–14 months) and assessed the impact of maternal characteristics (stress, age, education) and infant characteristics (age) on cross-method concordance. In addition, associations between objective and subjective sleep measures and a measure of general developmental status (Ages & Stages Questionnaire) were investigated. A range of equivalence analyses (tests of equivalence, correlational analyses, Bland-Altman plots) showed mixed agreement between sleep measures. Most importantly, cross-method agreement was associated with maternal stress levels and infant age. Specifically, agreement between different measures of night waking was better for mothers experiencing higher stress levels and was higher for younger than older infants; the reverse pattern was true for day sleep duration. Interestingly, objective and subjective measures did not yield the same patterns of association with developmental domains, indicating that sleep method choice can influence which associations are found between sleep and cognitive development. However, results converged across day sleep and problem-solving skills, highlighting the importance of studying day sleep in future studies. We discuss implications of sleep method choice for investigating sleep in the context of studying infant development and behaviour. A range of equivalence analyses showed mixed agreement between subjective and objective sleep measures. Cross-method agreement was associated with maternal stress levels and infant age. Objective and subjective measures did not yield the same patterns of association with developmental domains except for day sleep duration.
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12
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DeMasi A, Horger MN, Allia AM, Scher A, Berger SE. Nap timing makes a difference: Sleeping sooner rather than later after learning improves infants' locomotor problem solving. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 65:101652. [PMID: 34653734 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine newly-walking infants who had recently given up crawling trained to navigate a shoulder-height, nylon tunnel to reach a caregiver waiting at the other end. Infants in the Nap First group napped within 30 min of initial training. Infants in the Delay First group napped four hours after training. All infants were retested six hours after training on the same locomotor problem. Learning was measured by the number of training prompts required to solve the task, exploration, and time to solve the problem. Nap First infants benefited the most from a nap; they required fewer training prompts, used fewer posture shifts from training to test, and solved the task faster compared to Delay First infants, suggesting that optimally timed sleep does not merely protect against interference, but actively contributes to memory consolidation. This study highlights the importance of nap timing as a design feature and was a first step towards limit-testing the boundaries of the relation between sleep and learning. Infants' fragile memories require regular consolidation with intermittent periods of sleep to prevent interference or forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron DeMasi
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
| | - Melissa N Horger
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Angelina M Allia
- The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, United States; Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, United States
| | - Anat Scher
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sarah E Berger
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, United States; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, United States
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The effect of napping and nighttime sleep on memory in infants. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 60:31-56. [PMID: 33641798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the first year of life, infants devote the majority of their time to sleep. Research in adults has shown that sleep supports a variety of memory processes. Surprisingly, sleep's function for infant memory has only started to receive attention in research. In this chapter, we will describe age-related changes in sleep and in memory processing over the first years of life, as well as methods to capture both sleep and memory. Then, we will review current findings on the effects of sleep on memory processing in infants. Lastly, we will also point out gaps in current knowledge and describe potential avenues for future research. Overall, the results of recent experimental studies provide evidence that timely, extended napping is involved in how memories are encoded and stored in the long-term and contribute to the formation of knowledge networks in infants.
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14
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Nakagawa M, Ohta H, Shimabukuro R, Asaka Y, Nakazawa T, Oishi Y, Hirata M, Ando A, Ikeda T, Yoshimura Y, Mitani Y, Kaneshi Y, Morioka K, Fukutomi R, Kobayashi K, Ozawa M, Takeshima M, Mishima K, Kikuchi M, Cho K, Yoda H, Kusakawa I. Daytime nap and nighttime breastfeeding are associated with toddlers' nighttime sleep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3028. [PMID: 33542276 PMCID: PMC7862350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to examine the association between toddlers' sleep arrangements and their nighttime sleep duration and other sleep variables. For this investigation, we performed a study in which child activity and sleep levels were recorded using actigraphy. The parents of 1.5-year-old toddlers (n = 106) were asked to attach an actigraphy unit to their child’s waist with an adjustable elastic belt and complete a sleep diary for 7 consecutive days. Questionnaires were used to assess the sleep arrangements of the toddlers. There was a significant negative correlation between nap duration and nighttime sleep duration, suggesting that longer nap sleep induces shorter nighttime sleep duration. Among the sleep arrangements, such as nighttime breastfeeding or co-sleeping, only nighttime breastfeeding predicted shorter nighttime sleep duration. Our findings indicate that shorter naps induce a longer nighttime sleep in 1.5-year-old toddlers while nighttime breastfeeding decreases their nighttime sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan.,Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Ohta
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan. .,Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Asai Hospital, 38-1 Togane, Chiba, 283-0062, Japan.
| | - Rinshu Shimabukuro
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan
| | - Yoko Asaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12, W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takayo Nakazawa
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8935, Japan
| | - Michio Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan
| | - Akiko Ando
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshimura
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.,Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 921-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yousuke Kaneshi
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Keita Morioka
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Rika Fukutomi
- Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kobayashi
- Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
| | - Miwa Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeshima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuo Mishima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Cho
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoda
- Department of Neonatology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Isao Kusakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan.,Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
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15
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Abstract
A main childhood task is learning. In this task, the role of sleep is increasingly demonstrated. Although most literature examining this role focuses on preadolescence and middle adolescence, some studies apply napping designs in preschoolers. Studies overall conclude that without proper sleep a child's cognitive abilities suffer, but questions on how and to what extent linger. Observational studies show the hazards of potential confounders such as an individual's resilience to poor sleep as well as developmental risk factors (eg, disorders, stressors). A better understanding of cognitive sleep neuroscience may have a big impact on pediatric sleep research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Spruyt
- INSERM, University Claude Bernard, School of Medicine, Lyon, France.
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16
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The Association between Diurnal Sleep Patterns and Emotions in Infants and Toddlers Attending Nursery. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110891. [PMID: 33266392 PMCID: PMC7700447 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childcare programs often include mandatory naptime during the day. Loss of daytime sleep could lead to a moderate-to-large decrease in self-regulation, emotion processing, and learning in early childhood. Nevertheless, daytime sleep has been less accurately studied than nighttime sleep. This study aims to explore the relationship between diurnal sleep habits in nursery settings, nocturnal sleep quality, and post-nap emotional intensity in infants and toddlers. Methods: Data of 92 children (52 girls, 40 boys) aged 6 to 36 months were obtained. Sleep habits as well as positive and negative emotions were monitored by educators during nursery times through a sleep and emotion diary for two weeks. Results: Explorative analyses showed that diurnal sleep hours decreased across age groups (except for females aged 25–36 months) and that all age groups had a lower amount of nocturnal sleep than is recommended by the National Sleep Foundation. Partial correlation analysis showed significant correlation between daytime sleep onset latency and positive emotions. Mediation analyses showed that daytime napping is relevant for emotional functioning independently of nocturnal sleep quality. Conclusions: Daytime sleep in early childhood seems to be linked to the management of positive and negative emotions and could play a role in healthy development of emotional processes.
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17
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Many naps, one nap, none: A systematic review and meta-analysis of napping patterns in children 0–12 years. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 50:101247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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