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Lim C, Vaughan B, Fitzgerald K, Fitzpatrick J. Profile of Sport and Exercise Physician trainee's clinical practice within Australasia in 2019: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001930. [PMID: 39092237 PMCID: PMC11293413 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To identify the patient population profile and the spectrum of training activities and influencing factors of Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physician (ACSEP) trainees. Design Retrospective cross-sectional design. Setting Training settings for ACSEP trainees. Participants Twenty ACSEP trainees undertaking full-time training in training period 2 of the 2019 training year (1 August 2019-31 January 2020). Exclusion criteria were trainees undertaking part time study and new fellows who completed their fellowship exams in 2019. Independent variables Patient and practitioner demographics. Method Retrospective cross-sectional design. Main outcome measurements Patient data recorded in ACSEP trainees' logbook. Short questionnaire capturing pertinent trainee demographics. Results Most ACSEP trainee patients are adults aged 18-65 years of age (78.2%), presenting with knee (18.7%), ankle (17%) and spinal complaints (13.1%) in clinical practice or sporting team environments. Youths 10-17 make up 13.1% of presentations and older adults 66 years and older make up 8%. Only Australian trainees are engaging in additional training activities, such as surgical assisting outside of the clinic or sporting team environment. Conclusion Australasian Sport and Exercise Physician trainees appear to consult primarily musculoskeletal complaints, including providing broader care to paediatric and older populations, and work with sporting teams. There are differences between Australia and New Zealand trainee employment conditions, which appear to be affecting training experiences. These differences warrant consideration to ensure equitable training experiences and financial stability for trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lim
- Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Vaughan
- University of Melbourne VCCC, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Fitzgerald
- Medical Education, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Fitzpatrick
- Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Committee, Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Bagehorn T, Bill K, Mai P, Krosshaug T, Kersting UG. A biomechanical report of an acute lateral ankle sprain during a handball-specific cutting movement. Sports Biomech 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38451183 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2319134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanical measurements of accidental ankle sprain injuries are rare but make important contributions to a more detailed understanding of the injury mechanism. In this case study, we present the kinematics and kinetics of a lateral ankle sprain of a female athlete performing handball-specific fake-and-cut manoeuvres. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were recorded and six previously performed trials were used as reference. Plantarflexion, inversion, and internal rotation angles were substantially larger than the reference trials and peaked between 190 and 200 ms after initial ground contact. We observed a highly increased inversion and internal rotation moment. However, compared to the non-injury trials the data also revealed a reduction in the second dorsiflexion moment peak. Ground reaction forces were lower throughout the injury trial. Other parameters at initial ground contact including ankle and hip position, step length, and the traction coefficient indicate that a preparatory maladjustment occurred. This study adds valuable contributions to the understanding of lateral ankle sprains by building upon previously published reports and considering the shoe-surface interaction as an important factor for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Bagehorn
- ExerciseTech, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kevin Bill
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe G Kersting
- ExerciseTech, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Liu C, Xia Y, Chen J, Huang K, Wang J, Wang C, Huang Z, Wang X, Rao C, Shi M. Research and Application Progress of Vegetation Porous Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7039. [PMID: 37959636 PMCID: PMC10648801 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation porous concrete is a novel material that integrates concrete technology with plant growth, offering excellent engineering applicability and environmental friendliness. This material is mainly utilized in eco-engineering projects such as riverbank protection, architectural greening, and slope protection along roads. This paper systematically reviews the current research progress of vegetation porous concrete by collecting and analyzing the relevant literature from both domestic and international sources. It covers several aspects including the material components of vegetation porous concrete, such as aggregates, cementitious materials, chemical admixtures, and plant species, as well as aspects like mix design, workability, porosity, pH value, mechanical strength, and vegetative performance. Furthermore, the application of vegetation porous concrete in riverbank protection, slope protection along highways, and urban architecture is discussed, along with a prospective outlook on future research directions for vegetation porous concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Yellow River Laboratory, Underground Engineering Research Institute, School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Yangyang Xia
- Yellow River Laboratory, Underground Engineering Research Institute, School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China; (K.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Kai Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China; (K.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Underground Engineering Research Institute, School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
- Research Center for Embankment Safety and Disaster Prevention Engineering Technology of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Underground Engineering Research Institute, School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Zhuojie Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China; (K.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Xunhuai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China; (K.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Cong Rao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Materials and Structures, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China; (K.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (C.R.)
| | - Mingsheng Shi
- Yellow River Laboratory, Underground Engineering Research Institute, School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (C.L.); (Y.X.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (M.S.)
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Smoliga JM, Deshpande SK, Binney ZO. Interaction of Surface Type, Temperature, and Week of Season on Concussion Risk in the National Football League: A Bayesian Analysis. Epidemiology 2023; 34:807-816. [PMID: 37732833 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial turf fields and environmental conditions may influence sports concussion risk, but existing research is limited by uncontrolled confounding factors, limited sample size, and the assumption that risk factors are independent of one another. The purpose of this study was to examine how playing surface, time of season, and game temperature relate to diagnosed concussion risk in the National Football League (NFL). METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined data from the 2012 to the 2019 NFL regular season. We fit Bayesian negative binomial regression models to relate how playing surface, game temperature, and week of the season independently related to diagnosed concussion risk and any interactions among these factors. RESULTS We identified 1096 diagnosed concussions in 1830 games. There was a >99% probability that concussion risk was reduced on grass surface (median incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.78 [95% credible interval: 0.68, 0.89]), >99% probability that concussion risk was lower at higher temperatures (IRR = 0.85 [0.76,0.95] for each 7.9 °C), and >91% probability that concussion risk increased with each week of the season (IRR = 1.02 [1.00,1.04]). There was an >84% probability for a surface × temperature interaction (IRR = 1.01 [0.96, 1.28]) and >75% probability for a surface × week interaction (IRR = 1.02 [0.99, 1.05]). CONCLUSIONS Diagnosed concussion risk is increased on artificial turf compared with natural grass, and this is exacerbated in cold weather and, independently, later in the season. The complex interplay between these factors necessitates accounting for multiple factors and their interactions when investigating sports injury risk factors and devising mitigation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Smoliga
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, One University Parkway, High Point University, High Point, NC
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program (Seattle), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sameer K Deshpande
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, 7225B Medical Sciences Center, Madison, WI
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Liveris NI, Papageorgiou G, Tsepis E, Fousekis K, Tsarbou C, Xergia SA. Towards the Development of a System Dynamics Model for the Prediction of Lower Extremity Injuries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:1052-1065. [PMID: 37649464 PMCID: PMC10464767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute noncontact Lower Extremity (LE) injuries constitute a significant problem in team sports. Despite extensive research, current knowledge on the risk factors of LE injuries is limited to static simplistic models of instantaneous cause and effect relationships ignoring the time dimension and the embedded complexity of LE injuries. Even though complex systems approaches have been used in various cases to improve policy and intervention effectiveness, there is limited research on predicting and managing LE injuries. This creates an opportunity to fill the gap in the current literature by applying the System Dynamics (SD) methodology to model LE injuries. The proposed approach allows for synthesizing risk factors and examining their interaction. This paper makes the first step towards such an approach by developing a causal loop model revealing the etiology of LE injuries. A causal loop model for LE injuries is developed via an extensive literature review and brainstorming with experts. In contrast to the traditional static approaches, the proposed model reveals some of the complexity and nonlinear relationships of the various sports injury risk factors. The derived causal loop model may then be used to quantify these interactions and develop a simulation model. This will be achieved by operationalizing and incorporating the main risk factors that impact LE injuries in an integrated sports injury prediction model. In this way, plausible strategies for preventing LE injuries can be tested prior implementation and thereby achieve optimization of intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Liveris
- Department of Physiotherapy School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, GREECE
| | | | - Elias Tsepis
- Department of Physiotherapy School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, GREECE
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Department of Physiotherapy School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, GREECE
| | - Charis Tsarbou
- Department of Physiotherapy School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, GREECE
| | - Sofia A Xergia
- Department of Physiotherapy School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, GREECE
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Paudel YR, Sommerfeldt M, Voaklander D. Increasing incidence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 17-year population-based study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:248-255. [PMID: 35948850 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are one of the most frequently studied injuries in orthopedic care and research. However, limited epidemiological data are available in Canada regarding trend and distribution of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). In this paper, our purpose was to assess trends of ACLR between 2002/03 and 2018/19 by age, sex, season of surgery, and location (inpatient vs outpatient) of surgery. METHODS In this descriptive epidemiological study of retrospective data available from Alberta Ministry of Health, we report annual incidence of ACLR between 2002/03 until 2018/19 among Albertans aged 10 years and older. Information was collected by authors from physician claims database for primary ACLR and revision ACLR and linked with other databases. Incidence proportions (number of ACLR/100,000 population) were calculated and compared by age category and gender over the study period. RESULTS A total of 28,401 primary ACLR and 2085 revision ACLR were identified during the study period. Age-standardized annual incidence of primary ACLR increased from 40.6 to 51.2 per 100,000 population aged 10 years and older. Average annual increase in ACLR incidence was higher among females (1.8% per years) compared to males (0.96% per year). The overall peak incidence and peak incidence among males was observed in 20-29 year age group, whereas peak incidence in females was observed in 10-19 years of age. The number of ACLR in females outnumbers those among males for 10-19 year age group. Generally, a lower proportion of ACLR were conducted in summer compared to other seasons. Primary ACLR conducted in outpatient setting increased from 72% in 2002/03 to 97% in 2018/19. CONCLUSION The incidence of ACLR is increasing in Alberta, especially among females and among younger cohorts under 20 years of age. This information can help clinicians to provide patient education and policy-makers to design and implement targeted ACL injury prevention programs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuba Raj Paudel
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Mark Sommerfeldt
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Don Voaklander
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Wille CM, Stiffler-Joachim MR, Kliethermes SA, Sanfilippo JL, Tanaka CS, Heiderscheit BC. Preseason Eccentric Strength Is Not Associated with Hamstring Strain Injury: A Prospective Study in Collegiate Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1271-1277. [PMID: 35420594 PMCID: PMC9288544 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Established risk factors for hamstring strain injuries (HSI) include older age and prior HSI. However, these are nonmodifiable and have a limited role in injury prevention. Eccentric hamstring strength is a common component of HSI prevention programs, but its association with injury is less clear. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine if eccentric hamstring strength was prospectively associated with HSI among collegiate athletes, while controlling for sex, age, and prior HSI. We hypothesized that athletes with lower eccentric hamstring strength or greater between-limb strength asymmetry at preseason would have an increased risk of HSI. METHODS Hamstring eccentric strength measures, maximum total force ( FTotal ) and between-limb asymmetry in maximum force ( FAsym ), were measured at preseason on male and female athletes. HSIs were tracked over the subsequent 12 months. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify univariable and multivariable associations between athlete demographics, eccentric hamstring strength, and HSI risk. RESULTS Data for 326 athletes (85 female; 30 track, 43 basketball, 160 American football, 93 soccer) were included, and 64 HSIs were observed. Univariable associations between eccentric hamstring strength and subsequent HSI were nonsignificant ( FTotal : odds ratio [OR], 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.05); P = 0.74; FAsym : OR, 1.35 (95% CI, 0.87-2.09); P = 0.23). No relationship between eccentric hamstring strength and HSI ( FAsym : OR, 1.32 (95% CI, 0.84-2.08); P = 0.23) was identified after adjusting for confounders including sex, age, and prior HSI. CONCLUSIONS No association between preseason eccentric hamstring strength and risk of subsequent HSI was identified after controlling for known risk factors and sex among collegiate athletes. Eccentric hamstring strengthening may continue to serve as a preventative approach to HSI, but it does not provide additional insight into HSI risk beyond factors such as age and prior HSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M. Wille
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mikel R. Stiffler-Joachim
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Stephanie A. Kliethermes
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Claire S. Tanaka
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bryan C. Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for quadriceps muscle strain injury in sport. DESIGN Risk factor systematic review. LITERATURE SEARCH A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINECINAHL, Embase, AMED, AUSPORT, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and Cochrane Library databases (from inception to September 2021). STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Studies reporting prospective data to evaluate risk factors related to index and/or recurrent quadriceps muscle strain injury. DATA SYNTHESIS A risk-of-bias assessment (using a modified Quality in Prognosis Studies tool) was performed, and we used best-evidence synthesis to qualitatively synthesize the data to quantify relationships between risk factors and quadriceps muscle injury. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included, capturing 2408 quadriceps injuries in 11 719 athletes. Meta-analyses were not performed due to clinical heterogeneity. The dominant kicking leg (over 3154 individuals, 1055 injuries), a previous history of quadriceps muscle injury (6208 individuals, 975 injuries), and a recent history of hamstring strain (4087 individuals, 581 injuries) were intrinsic factors associated with quadriceps injury. Extrinsic factors relating to the preseason period and competitive match play increased quadriceps injury risk; participating at higher levels of competition decreased quadriceps injury risk. Age, weight, and flexibility (intrinsic factors) had no association with quadriceps injury. CONCLUSION Previous quadriceps injury, recent hamstring injury, the dominant kicking leg, and competitive match play were the strongest risk factors for future quadriceps muscle injury in sport. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(6):389-400. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10870.
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Kurittu E, Vasankari T, Brinck T, Parkkari J, Heinonen OJ, Kannus P, Hänninen T, Köhler K, Leppänen M. Injury incidence and prevalence in Finnish top-level football - one-season prospective cohort study. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:141-147. [PMID: 35475750 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1917775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OJECTIVE To investigate the injury characteristics in Finnish male football players. DESIGN One-season prospective epidemiological study. Data were collected via injury reports from the medical staff and directly from the players using the Olso Sports Trauma Research Center Health Questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS The first team squads of Finnish football league (n = 12 teams, 236 players). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT Injury incidence. RESULTS A total of 541 injuries occurred during the exposure of 62 878 hours. Injury incidence per 1000 exposure hours was 8.6 (30.6 in matches and 3.4 in training). A player sustained on average 2.3 (median 2, range 0-13) injuries during the study. Thigh and ankle were the most commonly injured body parts for acute injuries and hip/groin were the most commonly injured body part for overuse injuries. The median absence time for all injuries was 12 (range 0-107) days, 12 (range 0-107) for acute, and 8 (range 0-61) for overuse injuries. Thigh injuries caused the greatest consequences in terms of absence from full participation (median 5 days, range 0-88). CONCLUSION Lower limb muscle injuries were the most prevalent injuries in the study. Collecting data directly from the players enabled to report more injuries compared to what was reported only by the medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einari Kurittu
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomas Brinck
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health & Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Hänninen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Klaus Köhler
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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Thomson A, Bleakley C, Holmes W, Hodge E, Paul D, Wannop JW. Rotational traction of soccer football shoes on a hybrid reinforced turf system and natural grass. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2038690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athol Thomson
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Bleakley
- University of Ulster, School of Health & Life Sciences, Jordanstown, UK
| | - Wayne Holmes
- Aspire Logistics, Aspire Zone Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ewen Hodge
- Aspire Sports Turf, Aspire Zone Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Darren Paul
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - John William Wannop
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Bengtsson H, Ortega Gallo PA, Ekstrand J. Injury epidemiology in professional football in South America compared with Europe. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001172. [PMID: 34659791 PMCID: PMC8488699 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the injury epidemiology in professional football in South America and compare it with European professional football. Methods Data about football exposures and injury occurrences were registered in Six teams participating in Copa Libertadores in 2016. These teams’ exposure and injury data were compared with teams participating in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. Results A total of 271 injuries were reported in the South American cohort representing a training injury incidence of 3.2 (95% CI=2.7 to 3.7) injuries/1000 hours of training exposure and 20.9 (95% CI=17.3 to 25.1) injuries/1000 hours of match exposure. While no differences in muscle injury incidence were observed between South American and European teams, the ligament injury incidence in training among South American teams was significantly higher than European teams (0.6 vs 0.3, RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.87). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of all reported injuries among South American teams than European teams occurred in training. Conclusions A larger proportion of injuries occur in training in South American compared with European professional football. Specifically, ligament injuries in training were more frequent among South American teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Bengtsson
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden.,Football Research Group, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Ekstrand
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden.,Football Research Group, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
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12
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Droste JN, Fisser S, Gebhardt M, Edler C, Lippie E, McAleer S, Del Vescovo R, Bloch H, Riepenhof H. [Employees in professional European football: comparison of the personnel structure in sports medicine, sports sciences and physiotherapy between Bundesliga, La Liga, Serie A and Premier League]. SPORTVERLETZUNG-SPORTSCHADEN 2021; 35:147-153. [PMID: 34225378 DOI: 10.1055/a-1386-6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regional and league-specific differences in injury risk and time loss have been observed in professional European football. Besides time of play or different pre-season preparations, possible reasons may also include medical and sport-scientific support. A survey of what UEFA deems to be the best four football clubs has therefore been conducted to investigate the personnel status in the fields of medicine, physiotherapy, massage, sports science and athletic and "strength and conditioning" coaching in order to compare the Erste Bundesliga with the first leagues of the other countries. METHODS The study is based on a survey of all 78 teams in the highest football leagues of Germany (Bundesliga), Spain (La Liga), Italy (Serie A) and England (Premier League). The teams were contacted directly and a questionnaire concerning their personnel deployment in the different fields was handed out. RESULTS The Bundesliga was found to have a significantly lower total number of employees compared with the other European leagues (6.9 vs. 11.02; p < 0.0001). The number of physicians in the Bundesliga is significantly higher (2.2 vs. 1.76; p = 0.0259), but the number of physicians dedicating more than 80 % of their total medical practice to the team was significantly lower in the Bundesliga (0.2 vs. 1.45; < 0.0001). In the group of physiotherapists (1.8 vs. 3.6; p < 0.001), massage therapists (2.1 vs. 2.69; p = 0.0094), sports scientists (0.3 vs. 1.12; p < 0.0001) and athletic and "strength and conditioning" coaches (0.5 vs. 1.83; p < 0.0001), there were also significant differences between the staff structure in the Bundesliga compared with the grouped results of the other leagues. CONCLUSION The personnel structure and the personnel employment in the Bundesliga in sports medicine and sports sciences differs significantly from La Liga, Serie A and the Premier League with the latter three leagues having more personnel and the personnel having closer ties to their teams. Further investigation is necessary to find out if this may be a reason for the differences in injury rates observed between these leagues. A special focus should be placed on country-specific differences in the professions including education and scope of work.
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13
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Blanchard S, Behr M. Functional field protocol to optimize the choice of footwear on synthetic turf in rugby. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Webster KE, Hewett TE, Feller JA. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Australian Rules Football: Incidence, Prevention and Return to Play Outcomes. Open Access J Sports Med 2021; 12:33-41. [PMID: 33833597 PMCID: PMC8020809 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s250414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian Rules football is the most popular of the various codes of football played in Australia. During the game players perform frequent landing, cutting and pivoting manoeuvres that expose them to substantial risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Recent years have seen the introduction of a professional women's league that has resulted in an exponential growth in the participation of women and girls in this sport. Unfortunately, there is a corresponding growth in ACL injury rates in female players. This review summarizes the incidence of ACL injury in both men's and women's Australian Rules football and reviews potential causative factors and risk reduction strategies. The final section takes an in depth look at return to sport outcomes after ACL reconstruction surgery in these populations. Whilst an ACL injury does not mean the end of a player's career in Australian football, it certainly presents a significant challenge in terms of return to preinjury levels of form and high rates of secondary and tertiary ACL injury are also a significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Webster
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Hewett Global Consulting, Rochester MN & Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research, Edwards, CO, USA
| | - Julian A Feller
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,OrthoSport Victoria, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Tabben M, Eirale C, Singh G, Al-Kuwari A, Ekstrand J, Chalabi H, Bahr R, Chamari K. Injury and illness epidemiology in professional Asian football: lower general incidence and burden but higher ACL and hamstring injury burden compared with Europe. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:18-23. [PMID: 33402346 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While football injury and illness epidemiology surveillance at professional club level in Europe is available, epidemiological data from other continents are lacking. PURPOSE Investigating injury and illness epidemiology in professional Asian football. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive prospective study. METHODS Professional teams from the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) league were followed prospectively for three consecutive AFC seasons (2017 through 2019, 13 teams per season, 322 team months). Time-loss injuries and illnesses in addition to individual match and training exposure were recorded using standardised digital tools in accordance with international consensus procedures. RESULTS In total, 232 665 hours of exposure (88.6% training and 11.4% matches) and 1159 injuries were recorded; 496 (42.8%) occurred during matches, 610 (52.6%) during training; 32 (2.8%) were reported as 'not applicable' and for 21 injuries (1.8%) information was missing. Injury incidence was significantly greater during match play (19.2±8.6 injuries per 1000 hours) than training (2.8±1.4, p<0.0001), resulting in a low overall incidence of 5.1±2.2.The injury burden for match injuries was greater than from training injuries (456±336 days per 1000 hours vs 54±34 days, p<0.0001). The two specific injuries causing the greatest burden were complete ACL ruptures (0.14 injuries (95% CI 0.9 to 0.19) and 29.8 days lost (29.1 to 30.5) per 1000 hours) and hamstring strains (0.86 injuries (0.74 to 0.99) and 17.5 days (17.0 to 18.1) lost per 1000 hours).Reinjuries constituted 9.9% of all injuries. Index injuries caused 22.6±40.8 days of absence compared with 25.1±39 for reinjuries (p=0.62). The 175 illnesses recorded resulted in 1.4±2.9 days of time loss per team per month. CONCLUSION Professional Asian football is characterised by an overall injury incidence similar to that reported from Europe, but with a high rate of ACL ruptures and hamstring injury, warranting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurcharan Singh
- Sports Medicine Unit, Asian Football Confederation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jan Ekstrand
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hakim Chalabi
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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16
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Thomson A, Whiteley R, Wilson M, Bleakley C. Six different football shoes, one playing surface and the weather; Assessing variation in shoe-surface traction over one season of elite football. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216364. [PMID: 31039209 PMCID: PMC6490939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An optimal range of shoe-surface traction (grip) exists to improve performance and minimise injury risk. Little information exists regarding the magnitude of traction forces at shoe-surface interface across a full season of elite football (soccer) using common football shoes. OBJECTIVE To assess variation in shoe-surface traction of six different football shoe models throughout a full playing season in Qatar encompassing climatic and grass species variations. METHODS Football shoes were loaded onto a portable shoe-surface traction testing machine at five individual testing time points to collect traction data (rotational and translational) on a soccer playing surface across one season. Surface mechanical properties (surface hardness, soil moisture) and climate data (temperature and humidity) were collected at each testing time point. RESULTS Peak rotational traction was significantly different across shoe models (F = 218, df = 5, p <0.0001), shoe outsole groups (F = 316.2, df = 2, p < .0001), and grass species (F = 202.8, df = 4, p < 0.0001). No main effect for shoe model was found for translational traction (F = 2.392, p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The rotational (but not translational) traction varied substantially across different shoe types, outsole groups, and grass species. Highest rotational traction values were seen with soft ground outsole (screw-in metal studs) shoes tested on warm season grass. This objective data allows more informed footwear choices for football played in warm/hot climates on sand-based elite football playing surfaces. Further research is required to confirm if these findings extend across other football shoe brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athol Thomson
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- University of Ulster, Jordanstown, County Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mathew Wilson
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris Bleakley
- University of Ulster, Jordanstown, County Antrim, United Kingdom
- High Point University, High Point, NC, United States of America
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17
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Meyers MC. Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries Across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weights. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119832878. [PMID: 30937317 PMCID: PMC6434442 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119832878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Artificial turf surfaces are developed to duplicate playing characteristics of natural grass. With the newer generations of sand and rubber infill systems, the infill is a common component that varies between fields and is a critical factor that could influence the player-surface interaction. Because the influence of infill weight on sport trauma is unknown, this study quantified football trauma in high schools in the United States across artificial turf systems of various infill weights. Hypothesis: Athletes would not experience differences in game-related injuries across artificial turf systems of various infill weights. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Artificial turf systems were divided into 4 sand/rubber infill weight groups by pounds per square foot: ≥9.0, 6.0-8.9, 3.0-5.9, and 0.0-2.9. A total of 57 high schools in 4 states participated over the course of 5 seasons. Outcomes of interest included injury severity, as a function of infill weight, across head, knee, and shoulder traumas; injury category; primary type of injury; tissue type; specific body location of injury; cleat design; environmental factors; and turf age. Data were subject to multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) and Wilks λ criteria through use of general linear model procedures. Results: Of 1837 games documented, 528 games were played on infill weights of ≥9.0 lb/ft2, 521 on 6.0-8.9 lb/ft2, 525 on 3.0-5.9 lb/ft2, and 263 on 0.0-2.9 lb/ft2, with 4655 total injuries reported. MANOVAs indicated significant infill weight effects across injury severity (F2,4648 = 5.087; P = .0001), with significant main effects also observed by injury category, tissue injured, lower extremity joint and muscle, cleat design, environmental factors, and turf age. Post hoc analyses indicated significantly lower (P < .05 to .0001) total and substantial traumas, concussions, shoe-surface interaction during contact trauma, surface impacts, muscle-tendon overload, cleat design influence, adverse weather trauma, lower extremity injuries, and turf age effect while athletes were competing on the 6.0 to ≥9.0 lb/ft2 infill weight systems compared with the lighter infill weight systems. Conclusion: As infill surface weight decreased, football trauma significantly increased across numerous playing conditions. Based on findings, high school football fields should minimally contain 6.0 pounds of infill per square foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Meyers
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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18
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Haider S, Kaye-Kauderer HP, Maniya AY, Dai JB, Li AY, Post AF, Sobotka S, Adams R, Gometz A, Lovell MR, Choudhri TF. Does the Environment Influence the Frequency of Concussion Incidence in Professional Football? Cureus 2018; 10:e3627. [PMID: 30697503 PMCID: PMC6347446 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports-related concussion is a major cause of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It is possible that environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and stadium's altitude, may influence the overall incidence of concussions during a game. Purpose To examine the impact of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and dew point, on concussion incidence. Methods Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) FRONTLINE Concussion Watch was used to collect injury data on 32 NFL teams during regular season games from 2012 to 2015. Weather data points were collected from Weather Underground. Concussion incidence per game, the probability of a concussion during a game, and a difference in mean game-day temperature, humidity, dew point, and barometric pressure between concussion and concussion-free games were calculated. Our analysis included t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate correlation tests, and logistic and Poisson regression. Results Overall, 564 concussions were reported. There were 411 games with concussions and 549 games without concussions. We observed a significant decrease in concussion incidence with increasing temperature, both when the temperature was divided into 20oF increments or into quartiles (p = 0.005 and p = 0.002, respectively). We identified a statistically significant lower mean-game day temperature in concussion games compared to concussion-free games (p < 0.0006). We also observed a significant decrease in the incidence of concussion per game with increasing dew point. There was no significant difference in concussion incidence in barometric pressure and humidity. The logistic regression model predicted a decrease in the probability of a concussion in games with higher temperatures and dew points. Conclusions National Football League (NFL) players experienced an increased risk of concussion during football games played in colder temperatures and at lower dew points. Further research on environmental effects on concussions may aid in improving player safety in football leagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Haider
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer B Dai
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adam Y Li
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alexander F Post
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Stanislaw Sobotka
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Ryan Adams
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alex Gometz
- Sports Medicine, Concussion Management of New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark R Lovell
- Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh , USA
| | - Tanvir F Choudhri
- Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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19
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Rekik RN, Tabben M, Eirale C, Landreau P, Bouras R, Wilson MG, Gillogly S, Bahr R, Chamari K. ACL injury incidence, severity and patterns in professional male soccer players in a Middle Eastern league. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000461. [PMID: 30498577 PMCID: PMC6241976 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To ascertain ACL injury incidence, severity (injury burden) and patterns (contact/non-contact and reinjuries) in a professional male football league in the Middle East over five consecutive seasons. Methods Prospective epidemiological study reporting ACL injuries in professional male soccer players in the Qatar Stars League, with complete matches/training exposure over five seasons (2013–2014 to 2017–2018), corresponding to 2243 player seasons and 729 team months. Results 37 complete ACL ruptures occurred in 37 players during 486 951 hours of player exposure. The overall ACL injury rate was 0.076 injuries/1000 hours of exposure (season range 0.045–0.098). Injury incidence during matches and training was 0.41 and 0.04 injuries/1000 hours of exposure, respectively. Match injury incidence was greater than that of training (OR 11.8, 95% CI 6.21 to 23.23, p<0.001). Average injury-related time-loss following ACL injury was 225 days±65 (range 116–360). Overall injury burden was 16.3 days lost/1000 hours of exposure. Conclusion The overall ACL injury rate in professional male soccer players competing in the Middle East was 0.076 injuries/1000 hours of exposure, match injury incidence was greater than training, while the average ACL time-loss was 225 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Nader Rekik
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Superior Institute For Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | - Rachid Bouras
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Scott Gillogly
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian University of Sport & Physical Education, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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20
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Whalan M, Lovell R, McCunn R, Sampson JA. The incidence and burden of time loss injury in Australian men's sub-elite football (soccer): A single season prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:42-47. [PMID: 29884595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to conduct the first injury surveillance study in sub-elite football in Australia, using methods from the international football consensus statement. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS 1049 sub-elite football players were recruited during the 2016 season. Injury and exposure data was collected by trained Primary Data Collectors (PDCs) who attended every training session and match. RESULTS There were 1041 time loss injuries recorded during 52,127h of exposure resulting in an injury incidence rate of 20 injuries/1000h (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 15.9-23.3). The injury burden (days lost to injury relative to exposure) was 228days lost/1000h. Muscle and ligament injuries were the most prevalent (41% and 26%) and incurred the highest injury burden (83 and 80days lost/1000h, respectively). The most common injuries were observed at the thigh (22%) and ankle (17%), with hamstring (13%) the highest reported muscle injury. The profile of injury severity was: mild - 35%; minor - 29%; moderate - 28% and severe - 8%. Recurrent injuries accounted for 20% of all injuries. CONCLUSIONS By addressing issues identified with injury recording in sub-elite football, this study found that the injury incidence was twice that observed in previous research in elite and sub-elite football cohorts. Injury burden was also twice that of the elite setting, with similar injuries associated with the highest burden. The results highlight the need for investment into medical provision, facilities, coach education and injury mitigation programmes to reduce healthcare costs to sub-elite players in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whalan
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia; NSW Football Medicine Association, Australia; Figtree Physiotherapy, Australia.
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia; NSW Football Medicine Association, Australia
| | - Robert McCunn
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Germany; NSW Football Medicine Association, Australia; Oriam: Scotland's Sports Performance Centre, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia; NSW Football Medicine Association, Australia
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21
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Saw R, Finch CF, Samra D, Baquie P, Cardoso T, Hope D, Orchard JW. Injuries in Australian Rules Football: An Overview of Injury Rates, Patterns, and Mechanisms Across All Levels of Play. Sports Health 2017; 10:208-216. [PMID: 28825878 PMCID: PMC5958447 DOI: 10.1177/1941738117726070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The nature of Australian rules football (Australian football) predisposes both unique and common injuries compared with those sustained in other football codes. The game involves a combination of tackling, kicking, high-speed running (more than other football codes), and jumping. Two decades of injury surveillance has identified common injuries at the professional level (Australian Football League [AFL]). OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of injuries in Australian rules football, including injury rates, patterns, and mechanisms across all levels of play. STUDY DESIGN A narrative review of AFL injuries, football injury epidemiology, and biomechanical and physiological attributes of relevant injuries. RESULTS The overall injury incidence in the 2015 season was 41.7 injuries per club per season, with a prevalence of 156.2 missed games per club per season. Lower limb injuries are most prevalent, with hamstring strains accounting for 19.1 missed games per club per season. Hamstring strains relate to the volume of high-speed running required in addition to at times having to collect the ball while running in a position of hip flexion and knee extension. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are also prevalent and can result from contact and noncontact incidents. In the upper limb, shoulder sprains and dislocations account for 11.5 missed games per club per season and largely resulted from tackling and contact. Concussion is less common in AFL than other tackling sports but remains an important injury, which has notably become more prevalent in recent years, theorized to be due to a more conservative approach to management. Although there are less injury surveillance data for non-AFL players (women, community-level, children), many of these injuries appear to also be common across all levels of play. CLINICAL RELEVANCE An understanding of injury profiles and mechanisms in Australian football is crucial in identifying methods to reduce injury risk and prepare players for the demands of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Saw
- Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline F. Finch
- Australian Collaboration for Research
into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Ballarat,
Victoria, Australia
| | - David Samra
- The Stadium Sports Medicine Clinic,
Sydney, New South Walesm Australia
| | - Peter Baquie
- Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tanusha Cardoso
- Alphington Sports Medicine Clinic,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hope
- Peak Sports Medicine Clinic, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
| | - John W. Orchard
- School of Public Health, University of
Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Kulessa DJ, Gollhofer A, Gehring D. The influence of football shoe characteristics on athletic performance and injury risk – a review. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1284273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Lawrence DW, Comper P, Hutchison MG. Influence of Extrinsic Risk Factors on National Football League Injury Rates. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4:2325967116639222. [PMID: 27088102 PMCID: PMC4820027 DOI: 10.1177/2325967116639222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The risk of injury associated with American football is significant, with recent reports indicating that football has one of the highest rates of all-cause injury, including concussion, of all major sports. There are limited studies examining risk factors for injuries in the National Football League (NFL). Purpose: To identify risk factors for NFL concussions and musculoskeletal injuries. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Injury report data were collected prospectively for each week over the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regular seasons for all 32 teams. Poisson regression models were used to identify the relationship between predetermined variables and the risk of the 5 most frequent injuries (knee, ankle, hamstring, shoulder, and concussion). Results: A total of 480 games or 960 team games (TGs) from the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regular seasons were included in this study. A trend to an increasing risk of concussion and TG ankle injury with decreasing mean game-day temperature was observed. The risk of TG concussion (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.16; 95% CI, 1.35-3.45; P = .001) and TG ankle injury (IRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.10-1.98; P = .01) was significantly greater for TGs played at a mean game-day temperature of ≤9.7°C (≤49.5°F) compared with a mean game-day temperature of ≥21.0°C (≥69.8°F). The risk of TG shoulder injury was significantly increased for TGs played on grass surfaces (IRR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.81; P = .038) compared with synthetic surfaces. The risk of TG injury was not associated with time in season, altitude, time zone change prior to game, or distance traveled to a game. Conclusion: This study evaluated extrinsic risk factors for injury in the NFL. A hazardous association was identified for risk of concussion and ankle injury with colder game-day temperature. Further research should be conducted to substantiate this relationship and its potential implication for injury prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Lawrence
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Comper
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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No association between surface shifts and time-loss overuse injury risk in male professional football. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:218-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Synopsis Tendinopathy has become the accepted term to describe a spectrum of changes that occur in damaged and/or diseased tendons. Over the past 2 decades, there have been new insights into tendon pathophysiology of relevance to clinicians, including (1) better characterization of the overuse injury process and the resultant structural and functional disruption in chronically painful tendons, (2) improved understanding of the pathomechanics associated with chronic tendon injury, and (3) greater knowledge about the influence of lifestyle factors and drugs on tendon pathology. The implications of these new insights are discussed. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):833-841. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5884.
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26
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Thomson A, Whiteley R, Bleakley C. Higher shoe-surface interaction is associated with doubling of lower extremity injury risk in football codes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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The impact of the FIFA 11+ training program on injury prevention in football players: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11986-2000. [PMID: 25415209 PMCID: PMC4245655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The FIFA 11+ is a simple, and easy to implement, sports injury prevention program comprising a warm up of 10 conditioning exercises. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of the FIFA 11+ on injury incidence, compliance and cost effectiveness when implemented among football players. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched using the search terms “FIFA 11+”, “football”, “soccer”, “injury prevention”, and “The 11”. The titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers and the data were filtered by one reviewer using a standardized extraction form and thereafter checked by another one. The risk of bias and the methodological quality of the studies were evaluated through the PEDro score and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). A total of 911 studies were identified, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria of the review. The FIFA 11+ has demonstrated how a simple exercise program completed as part of warm-up can decrease the incidence of injuries in amateur football players. In general, considerable reductions in the number of injured players, ranging between 30% and 70%, have been observed among the teams that implemented the FIFA 11+. In addition, players with high compliance to the FIFA 11+ program had an estimated risk reduction of all injuries by 35% and show significant improvements in components of neuromuscular and motor performance when participating in structured warm-up sessions at least 1.5 times/week. Most studies had high methodological quality and a low risk of bias. Given the large number of people who play football at amateur level and the detrimental impact of sports injuries on a personal and societal level, the FIFA 11+ can be considered as a fundamental tool to minimize the risks of participation in a sport with substantial health benefits.
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28
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Cartwright-Terry M, Yates J, Tan CK, Pengas IP, Banks JV, McNicholas MJ. Medium-term (5-year) comparison of the functional outcomes of combined anterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner reconstruction compared with isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2014; 30:811-7. [PMID: 24794571 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a 5-year comparison of the functional outcomes of combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction with those of isolated ACL reconstruction. METHODS All patients were reviewed clinically and completed knee function questionnaires prospectively, by use of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 2000, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Lysholm scoring systems, preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively. Patients who underwent combined ACL-PLC reconstruction were identified and reviewed. These patients had intact lateral collateral ligaments. A comparison group was created from a group of patients who underwent isolated ACL reconstruction. The ACL group was selected to have the same profile with regard to age, sex, and meniscal procedure. RESULTS There were 25 patients in the ACL-PLC group and 100 in the ACL group. All patients underwent restoration of their PLC function as shown on dial testing. The preoperative values for all KOOS measures and the Lysholm score were significantly lower in the ACL-PLC group than in the ACL group (P < .001). The IKDC score was not significantly different. All knee scores showed a significant improvement in both groups postoperatively at 1, 2, and 5 years (P < .001). At 5 years, the KOOS symptoms subscore (P < .001), KOOS pain subscore (P < .001), KOOS sports subscore (P < .001), KOOS quality-of-life subscore (P < .05), KOOS activities-of-daily living subscore (P < .001), aggregate score for all KOOS parameters (P < .001), and Lysholm score (P < .001) were significantly lower in the ACL-PLC group than in the ACL group. At 5 years, the IKDC scores were not significantly different. All patients in the ACL-PLC group resumed preinjury employment, and 23 of 25 had resumed sports. CONCLUSIONS Combined ACL-PLC injuries have greater morbidity than isolated ACL injuries. However, return to work and sporting activity is possible in most cases after combined ACL-PLC reconstruction. The KOOS for sport outcomes suggests that sports were resumed at lower functional levels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cartwright-Terry
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England.
| | - Jonny Yates
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Teaching Hospitals, Liverpool, England
| | | | - Ioannis P Pengas
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Brockley Hill, England
| | - Joanne V Banks
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Teaching Hospitals, Liverpool, England
| | - Michael J McNicholas
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England; School of Health Care Professions, University of Salford, Salford, England
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