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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Adigal SS, Kuzhuppilly NIR, Hegde N, V R N, Rizvi A, John RV, George SD, Kartha VB, Bhandary SV, Chidangil S. HPLC-LED-Induced Fluorescence Analysis of Tear Fluids: An Objective Method for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Diagnosis. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:260-269. [PMID: 38078692 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2289862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study showcased the application of the lab-assembled HPLC-LED-IF system to analyze proteins in tear fluid samples collected from individuals diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS Clinical application of the said technique was evaluated by recording chromatograms of tear fluid samples from control and POAG subjects and by analyzing the protein profile using multivariate analysis. The data analysis methods involved are principal component analysis (PCA), Match/No-Match, and artificial neural network (ANN) based binary classification for disease diagnosis. RESULTS Mahalanobis distance and spectral residual values calculated using a standard calibration set of clinically confirmed POAG samples for the Match/No-Match test gave 86.9% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. ANN with leaving one out procedure has given 87.1% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. CONCLUSION The results of the study revealed that the utilization of a 278 nm LED excitation in the HPLC system offers good sensitivity for detecting proteins at low concentrations allowing to obtain reliable protein profiles for the diagnosis of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphurti S Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Neetha I R Kuzhuppilly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj Hegde
- Arion, The Randstad Netherlands, Eindhoven City, the Netherlands
| | - Nidheesh V R
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Alisha Rizvi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Reena V John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sajan D George
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasudevan B Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sulatha V Bhandary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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3
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Himawan A, Vora LK, Permana AD, Sudir S, Nurdin AR, Nislawati R, Hasyim R, Scott CJ, Donnelly RF. Where Microneedle Meets Biomarkers: Futuristic Application for Diagnosing and Monitoring Localized External Organ Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202066. [PMID: 36414019 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular tissue fluids are interesting biomatrices that have recently attracted scientists' interest. Many significant biomarkers for localized external organ diseases have been isolated from this biofluid. In the diagnostic and disease monitoring context, measuring biochemical entities from the fluids surrounding the diseased tissues may give more important clinical value than measuring them at a systemic level. Despite all these facts, pushing tissue fluid-based diagnosis and monitoring forward to clinical settings faces one major problem: its accessibility. Most extracellular tissue fluid, such as interstitial fluid (ISF), is abundant but hard to collect, and the currently available technologies are invasive and expensive. This is where novel microneedle technology can help tackle this significant obstacle. The ability of microneedle technology to minimally invasively access tissue fluid-containing biomarkers will enable ISF and other tissue fluid utilization in the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of localized diseases. This review attempts to present the current pursuit of the application of microneedle systems as a diagnostic and monitoring platform, along with the recent progress of biomarker detection in diagnosing and monitoring localized external organ diseases. Then, the potential use of various microneedles in future clinical diagnostics and monitoring of localized diseases is discussed by presenting the currently studied cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Himawan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97BL, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sumarheni Sudir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Airin R Nurdin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Hasanuddin University Hospital, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ririn Nislawati
- Hasanuddin University Hospital, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rafikah Hasyim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Patrick G Johnson Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97BL, UK
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4
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Precision Medicine in Glaucoma: Artificial Intelligence, Biomarkers, Genetics and Redox State. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032814. [PMID: 36769127 PMCID: PMC9917798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative illness requiring early diagnosis and strict monitoring of the disease progression. Current exams for diagnosis and prognosis are based on clinical examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, visual field tests, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). In this scenario, there is a critical unmet demand for glaucoma-related biomarkers to enhance clinical testing for early diagnosis and tracking of the disease's development. The introduction of validated biomarkers would allow for prompt intervention in the clinic to help with prognosis prediction and treatment response monitoring. This review aims to report the latest acquisitions on biomarkers in glaucoma, from imaging analysis to genetics and metabolic markers.
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Crooke A, Martínez-Alberquilla I, Madrid-Costa D, Ruiz-Alcocer J. Presbyopia: An outstanding and global opportunity for early detection of pre-frailty and frailty states. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:968262. [PMID: 36267611 PMCID: PMC9576860 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.968262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Almudena Crooke
| | - Irene Martínez-Alberquilla
- Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Madrid-Costa
- Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Alcocer
- Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Nättinen J, Aapola U, Nukareddy P, Uusitalo H. Clinical Tear Fluid Proteomics—A Novel Tool in Glaucoma Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158136. [PMID: 35897711 PMCID: PMC9331117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid forms the outermost layer of the ocular surface and its characteristics and composition have been connected to various ocular surface diseases. As tear proteomics enables the non-invasive investigation of protein levels in the tear fluid, it has become an increasingly popular approach in ocular surface and systemic disease studies. Glaucoma, which is a set of multifactorial diseases affecting mainly the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells, has also been studied using tear proteomics. In this condition, the complete set of pathophysiological changes occurring in the eye is not yet fully understood, and biomarkers for early diagnosis and accurate treatment selection are needed. More in-depth analyses of glaucoma tear proteomics have started to emerge only more recently with the implementation of LC-MS/MS and other modern technologies. The aim of this review was to examine the published data of the tear protein changes occurring during glaucoma, its topical treatment, and surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulla Aapola
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Praveena Nukareddy
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Eye and Vision Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (U.A.); (P.N.); (H.U.)
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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7
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Abstract
![]()
Personalized and
point-of-care (POC) diagnoses are critical for
ocular physiology and disease diagnosis. Real-time monitoring and
continuous sampling abilities of tear fluid and user-friendliness
have become the key characteristics for the applied ophthalmic techniques.
Fluorescence technologies, as one of the most popular methods that
can fulfill the requirements of clinical ophthalmic applications for
optical sensing, have been raised and applied for tear sensing and
diagnostic platforms in recent decades. Wearable sensors in this case
have been increasingly developed for ocular diagnosis. Contact lenses,
as one of the commercialized and popular tools for ocular dysfunction,
have been developed as a platform for fluorescence sensing in tears
diagnostics and real-time monitoring. Numbers of biochemical analytes
have been examined through developed fluorescent contact lens sensors,
including pH values, electrolytes, glucose, and enzymes. These sensors
have been proven for monitoring ocular conditions, enhancing and detecting
medical treatments, and tracking efficiency of related ophthalmic
surgeries at POC settings. This review summarizes the applied ophthalmic
fluorescence sensing technologies in tears for ocular diagnosis and
monitoring. In addition, the cooperation of fabricated fluorescent
sensor with mobile phone readout devices for diagnosing ocular diseases
with specific biomarkers continuously is also discussed. Further perspectives
for the developments and applications of fluorescent ocular sensing
and diagnosing technologies are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
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8
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Protein Biomarkers in Glaucoma: A Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225388. [PMID: 34830671 PMCID: PMC8624910 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease. Early diagnosis of this disease can support treatment and reduce the effects of pathophysiological processes. A significant problem in the diagnosis of glaucoma is limited access to the tested material. Therefore, intensive research is underway to develop biomarkers for fast, noninvasive, and reliable testing. Biomarkers indicated in the formation of glaucoma include chemical compounds from different chemical groups, such as proteins, sugars, and lipids. This review summarizes our knowledge about protein and/or their protein-like derived biomarkers used for glaucoma diagnosis since 2000. The described possibilities resulting from a biomarker search may contribute to identifying a group of compounds strongly correlated with glaucoma development. Such a find would be of great importance in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder, as current screening techniques have low sensitivity and are unable to diagnose early primary open-angle glaucoma.
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9
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Shi Y, Jiang N, Bikkannavar P, Cordeiro MF, Yetisen AK. Ophthalmic sensing technologies for ocular disease diagnostics. Analyst 2021; 146:6416-6444. [PMID: 34591045 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01244d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnosis and personalized treatments are critical in ocular physiology and disease. Continuous sampling of tear fluid for ocular diagnosis is a need for further exploration. Several techniques have been developed for possible ophthalmological applications, from traditional spectroscopies to wearable sensors. Contact lenses are commonly used devices for vision correction, as well as for other therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. They are increasingly being developed into ocular sensors, being used to sense and monitor biochemical analytes in tear fluid, ocular surface temperature, intraocular pressure, and pH value. These sensors have had success in detecting ocular conditions, optimizing pharmaceutical treatments, and tracking treatment efficacy in point-of-care settings. However, there is a paucity of new and effective instrumentation reported in ophthalmology. Hence, this review will summarize the applied ophthalmic technologies for ocular diagnostics and tear monitoring, including both conventional and biosensing technologies. Besides applications of smart readout devices for continuous monitoring, targeted biomarkers are also discussed for the convenience of diagnosis of various ocular diseases. A further discussion is also provided for future aspects and market requirements related to the commercialization of novel types of contact lens sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, UK.
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | | | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,ICORG, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, UK.
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10
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Tezel G. Multiplex protein analysis for the study of glaucoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:911-924. [PMID: 34672220 PMCID: PMC8712406 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1996232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of multifactorial origin. Extensive research is ongoing to better understand, prevent, and treat progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. While experimental models of glaucoma and postmortem tissues of human donors are analyzed for pathophysiological comprehension and improved treatment of this blinding disease, clinical samples of intraocular biofluids and blood collected from glaucoma patients are analyzed to identify predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers. Multiplexing techniques for protein analysis offer a valuable approach for translational glaucoma research. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the increasing applications of multiplex protein analysis for glaucoma research and also highlights current research challenges in the field and expected solutions from emerging technological advances. EXPERT OPINION Analytical techniques for multiplex analysis of proteins can help uncover neurodegenerative processes for enhanced treatment of glaucoma and can help identify molecular biomarkers for improved clinical testing and monitoring of this complex disease. This evolving field and continuously growing availability of new technologies are expected to broaden the comprehension of this complex neurodegenerative disease and speed up the progress toward new therapeutics and personalized patient care to prevent blindness from glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Cueto AFV, Álvarez L, García M, Álvarez-Barrios A, Artime E, Cueto LFV, Coca-Prados M, González-Iglesias H. Candidate Glaucoma Biomarkers: From Proteins to Metabolites, and the Pitfalls to Clinical Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:763. [PMID: 34439995 PMCID: PMC8389649 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an insidious group of eye diseases causing degeneration of the optic nerve, progressive loss of vision, and irreversible blindness. The number of people affected by glaucoma is estimated at 80 million in 2021, with 3.5% prevalence in people aged 40-80. The main biomarker and risk factor for the onset and progression of glaucoma is the elevation of intraocular pressure. However, when glaucoma is diagnosed, the level of retinal ganglion cell death usually amounts to 30-40%; hence, the urgent need for its early diagnosis. Molecular biomarkers of glaucoma, from proteins to metabolites, may be helpful as indicators of pathogenic processes observed during the disease's onset. The discovery of human glaucoma biomarkers is hampered by major limitations, including whether medications are influencing the expression of molecules in bodily fluids, or whether tests to validate glaucoma biomarker candidates should include human subjects with different types and stages of the disease, as well as patients with other ocular and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the proper selection of the biofluid or tissue, as well as the analytical platform, should be mandatory. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge concerning proteomics- and metabolomics-based glaucoma biomarkers, with specificity to human eye tissue and fluid, as well the analytical approach and the main results obtained. The complex data published to date, which include at least 458 different molecules altered in human glaucoma, merit a new, integrative approach allowing for future diagnostic tests based on the absolute quantification of local and/or systemic biomarkers of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Miguel Coca-Prados
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
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12
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Geoffrion D, Robert MC, Di Polo A, Koenekoop RK, Agoumi Y, Harissi-Dagher M. Tear Film Cytokine Profile of Patients With the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1: Comparing Patients With and Without Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:20. [PMID: 33856415 PMCID: PMC8054627 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammatory cytokines are involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. The purpose is to compare cytokine levels in the tear film of Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) patients with and without glaucoma, relative to controls, and correlate levels with clinical parameters. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 58 eyes (58 patients): 41 KPro eyes with glaucoma, 7 KPro eyes without glaucoma, and 10 healthy controls. Twenty-seven cytokines were measured by multiplex bead immunoassay. Intraocular pressure (IOP), cup-to-disk ratio (CDR), retinal nerve fiber layer, visual acuity, topical medications, and angle closure were assessed in all KPro eyes. Cytokine levels between groups were analyzed by nonparametric tests, and correlations with clinical parameters by Spearman's test. Results Levels of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, FGF-basic, and IFN-ɣ were significantly higher in KPro with glaucoma compared to KPro without (P = 0.020; 0.008; 0.043; 0.018, respectively). KPro groups had similar characteristics and topical antibiotic/steroid regimen. Levels of IL-1Ra, IL-15, VEGF, and RANTES were significantly higher in KPro with glaucoma compared to controls (P < 0.001; = 0.034; < 0.001; = 0.001, respectively). IL-1β and IFN-ɣ levels were positively correlated with CDR (r = 0.309, P = 0.039 and r = 0.452, P = 0.006, respectively) and IOP (r = 0.292, P = 0.047 and r = 0.368, P = 0.023, respectively). TNF-α and FGF-basic levels were positively correlated with CDR (r = 0.348, P = 0.022 and r = 0.344, P = 0.021, respectively). Conclusions TNF-α, IL-1β, FGF-basic, IFN-ɣ are elevated in tears of KPro patients with glaucoma and correlate with CDR and IOP. These results show, for the first time in humans, concordance with documented elevations of TNF-α and IL-1β in the murine KPro model. Ocular surface inflammation may reflect inflammatory processes of KPro glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Geoffrion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Robert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- Departments of Experimental Surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Adult Ophthalmology, and Human Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Younes Agoumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mona Harissi-Dagher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Krajčíková K, Skirková M, Moravská M, Birková A, Tomečková V. Native fluorescence of tear fluid as a tool for diagnostics of glaucoma. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10842-10846. [PMID: 35423590 PMCID: PMC8695866 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. There is an enormous need for the detection of its early stages and also speeding up and simplifying regular examinations. Among the new diagnostic approaches, the use of tear fluid has been intensively investigated in recent years. For this purpose, we analyzed the tear fluid of patients with glaucoma and related diseases. To sensitively capture the subtle ocular abnormalities related to glaucoma and manifested in tear fluid, we used synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. In this observational case-control study, we detected significant differences in the intensity of tear fluid fluorescence located at λ ex/Δλ = 280/70 nm between the groups of primary open-angle glaucoma (p < 0.01), suspected glaucoma (p < 0.0001), and ocular hypertension (p < 0.05), when compared to the healthy control group. The signal was not significantly higher in women than in men (p = 0.05), and no correlation was found with age (r = -0.05, p > 0.05), nor treatment (p > 0.05). Taken together, tear fluid fluorescence could serve as a discriminative parameter between patients with glaucoma, related diseases, and healthy control subjects and might contribute to the improvement of diagnostics of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Krajčíková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Miriama Skirková
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Louis Pasteur, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Monika Moravská
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Louis Pasteur, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Anna Birková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Tomečková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
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Biomarkers in Tears and Ocular Surface: A Window for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 46 Suppl 2:S129-S134. [PMID: 31658175 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review is to briefly outline current scientific evidence on the potential role of tear analysis and ocular surface evaluation in diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and glaucoma. METHODS A systematic computerized search in the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Collaborations was conducted to find eligible articles which their main topic was to investigate the tear and ocular surface in neurodegenerative diseases. After a first screening of titles and abstracts and a full-text review, 26 articles met the inclusion criteria (1 about the neurodegenerative diseases, 3 about the Alzheimer disease, 11 about the Parkinson disease, 11 about glaucoma, and 1 about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). RESULTS The ocular surface picture seems to be altered in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases with specific characteristics according to each disease. They seem to be associated with reduced corneal sensitivity and abnormal tear function, and each one presents the expression of specific biomarkers in tears. CONCLUSIONS The study of tears and ocular surface appears to be a new and noninvasive promising way to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Beykin G, Norcia AM, Srinivasan VJ, Dubra A, Goldberg JL. Discovery and clinical translation of novel glaucoma biomarkers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100875. [PMID: 32659431 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies are characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Given the high prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and the availability of treatment options, improving the diagnosis and precise monitoring of progression in these conditions is paramount. Here we review recent progress in the development of novel biomarkers for glaucoma in the context of disease pathophysiology and we propose future steps for the field, including integration of exploratory biomarker outcomes into prospective therapeutic trials. We anticipate that, when validated, some of the novel glaucoma biomarkers discussed here will prove useful for clinical diagnosis and prediction of progression, as well as monitoring of clinical responses to standard and investigational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gala Beykin
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Anthony M Norcia
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Vivek J Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 96817, USA.
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research at Stanford University, 2370 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
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16
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On-Chip Detection of the Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Technologies and Prospects. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070629. [PMID: 32605280 PMCID: PMC7407176 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and glaucoma are all regarded as neurodegenerative diseases (neuro-DDs) because these diseases are highly related to the degeneration loss of functions and death of neurons with aging. The conventional diagnostic methods such as neuroimaging for these diseases are not only expensive but also time-consuming, resulting in significant financial burdens for patients and public health challenge for nations around the world. Hence early detection of neuro-DDs in a cost-effective and rapid manner is critically needed. For the past decades, some chip-based detection technologies have been developed to address this challenge, showing great potential in achieving point-of-care (POC) diagnostics of neuro-DDs. In this review, chip-based detection of neuro-DDs' biomarkers enabled by different transducing mechanisms is evaluated.
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17
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Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Wild Rice in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice: The Gut Microbiome, Cytokines, and Metabolomics Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122894. [PMID: 31795092 PMCID: PMC6950250 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: We previously reported the anti-atherogenic properties of wild rice in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDL-r-KO) mice. The present study aimed to discover the mechanism of action for such effects. Materials: Fecal and plasma samples from the wild rice treated and control mice were used. Fecal bacterial population was estimated while using 16S rDNA technology. The plasma samples were used to estimate the levels of 35 inflammatory markers and metabolomics, while using Meso Scale multiplex assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. Results: Many bacteria, particularly Anaeroplasma sp., Acetatifactor sp., and Prophyromonadaceae sp., were found in higher quantities in the feces of wild rice fed mice as compared to the controls. Cytokine profiles were significantly different between the plasma of treated and control mice. Among them, an increase in the level of IL-10 and erythropoietin (EPO) could explain the anti-atherogenic properties of wild rice. Among many metabolites tested in plasma of these animals, surprisingly, we found an approximately 60% increase in the levels of glucose in the wild rice fed mice as compared to that in the control mice. Conclusion: Additional studies warrant further investigation of the interplay among gut microbiome, inflammatory status, and macronutrient metabolism.
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Kimura A, Takemura M, Yamamoto Y, Hayashi Y, Saito K, Shimohata T. Cytokines and biological markers in autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy: The potential role for pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Hubens WHG, Breddels EM, Walid Y, Ramdas WD, Webers CAB, Gorgels TGMF. Mapping mRNA Expression of Glaucoma Genes in the Healthy Mouse Eye. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:1006-1017. [PMID: 30978300 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1607392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Many genes have been associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Knowing exactly where they are expressed in the eye helps to unravel POAG pathology and to select optimal targets for intervention. We investigated whether RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a convenient technique to obtain detailed pan-ocular expression data of these genes. We tested this for four diverse candidate POAG genes, selected because of unclear ocular distribution (F5 and Dusp1) and relevance for potential new therapies (Tnf, Tgfβr3). Optn, a POAG gene with well-known ocular expression pattern served as control. Methods: We made a list of candidate glaucoma genes reported in genetic studies. A table of their ocular expression at the tissue level was compiled using publicly available microarray data (the ocular tissue database). To add cellular detail we performed RNA-ISH for Optn, Tnf, Tgfβr3, F5, and Dusp1 on eyes of healthy, 2-month-old, pigmented, and albino mice. Results: Expression of the Optn control matched with published immunohistochemistry data. Ocular expression of Tnf was generally low, with patches of higher Tnf expression, superficially in the corneal epithelium. F5 had a restricted expression pattern with high expression in the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium and moderate expression in the peripapillary region. Tgfβr3 and Dusp1 showed ubiquitous expression. Conclusions: RNA-ISH is a suitable technique to determine the ocular expression pattern of POAG genes, adding meaningful cellular detail to existing microarray expression data. For instance, the high expression of F5 in the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium suggests a role of this gene in aqueous humor dynamics and intraocular pressure. In addition, the ubiquitous expression of Tgfβr3 has implications for designing TGF-β-related glaucoma therapies, with respect to side effects. Creating pan-ocular expression maps of POAG genes with RNA-ISH will help to identify POAG pathways in specific cell types and to select targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter H G Hubens
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Esmee M Breddels
- Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Youssef Walid
- Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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20
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Csősz É, Deák E, Tóth N, Traverso CE, Csutak A, Tőzsér J. Comparative analysis of cytokine profiles of glaucomatous tears and aqueous humour reveals potential biomarkers for trabeculectomy complications. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1020-1028. [PMID: 30959565 PMCID: PMC6487689 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that causes impaired vision and, in advanced cases, blindness. The increasing prevalence of glaucoma due to an ageing population has necessitated the identification of suitable biomarkers for the early detection of the disease. Aqueous humour (AH) has been proposed as a source of biomarkers, but it can only be collected using a minor, yet invasive surgical intervention. Tears, however, are constantly available and can be collected any time via noninvasive methods. In order to examine the utility of tear as a surrogate for aqueous humour in biomarker development, we compared the levels of 27 cytokines and chemokines in paired samples of tear and aqueous humour using a Luminex multiplex immunobead-based technique. Significantly higher levels of cytokines in tear compared to aqueous humour were detected suggesting that tear and aqueous humour are not identical in terms of inflammation response. Furthermore, the levels of IFN-γ, GM-CSF and IL-5 in tear were significantly lower in patients who developed complications after one year, but no statistically significant changes in cytokine levels were observed in aqueous humour. These three molecules may have potential as predictive biomarkers for the appearance of late flap-related complications of trabeculectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Csősz
- Biomarker Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
- Proteomics Core FacilityDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
| | - Eszter Deák
- Biomarker Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
- Department of OphthalmologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
| | - Noémi Tóth
- Biomarker Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
- Department of OphthalmologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- Clinica OculisticaDiNOGMIUniversity of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
| | - Adrienne Csutak
- Department of OphthalmologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Biomarker Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
- Proteomics Core FacilityDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenHungary
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21
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Lim H, Poleksic A, Xie L. Exploring Landscape of Drug-Target-Pathway-Side Effect Associations. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 2017:132-141. [PMID: 29888057 PMCID: PMC5961812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Side effects are the second and the fourth leading causes of drug attrition and death in the US. Thus, accurate prediction of side effects and understanding their mechanism of action will significantly impact drug discovery and clinical practice. Here, we show REMAP, a neighborhood-regularized weighted and imputed one-class collaborative filtering algorithm, is effective in predicting drug-side effect associations from a drug-side effect association network, and significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art multi-target learning algorithm for predicting rare side effects. We also apply FASCINATE, an extension of REMAP for multi-layered networks, to infer associations among side effects and drug targets from drug-target-side effect networks. Then, using random permutation analysis and gene overrepresentation tests, we infer statistically significant side effect-pathway associations. The predicted drug-side effect associations and side effect-causing pathways are consistent with clinical evidences. We expect more novel drug-side effect associations and side effect-causing pathways to be identified when applying REMAP and FASCINATE to large-scale chemical-gene-side effect networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansaim Lim
- PhD program in Biochemistry, the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aleksandar Poleksic
- Department of Computer Science, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, the CityUniversity of New York, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Ban N, Siegfried CJ, Apte RS. Monitoring Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Therapeutic Implications. Trends Mol Med 2017; 24:7-17. [PMID: 29233479 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness globally, and is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Because vision loss in glaucoma is not reversible, therapeutic interventions early in disease are highly desirable. However, owing to the current limitations in evaluating glaucomatous neurodegeneration, it is challenging to monitor the disease severity and progression objectively, and to design rational therapeutic strategies accordingly. Therefore, there is a clear need to identify quantifiable molecular biomarkers of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. As such, in our opinion, molecular biomarker(s) that specifically reflect stress or death of RGCs, and which correlate with disease severity, progression, and response to therapy, are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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