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Ceravolo I, Granata F, Gitto E, Iapadre G, Chimenz R, Giannitto N, Mancuso A, Ceravolo MD, Macchia TL, Rissotto F, Farello G, Cuppari C. Ophthalmological Findings in Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by congenital malformation of the mid-hindbrain, cerebellar ataxia, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis resulting in breathing defects, ataxia, and delayed development. Ophthalmological examination reveals eye involvement with nystagmus and retinal defects. Genetic counseling is important for the prevention of new cases. Great advances have been made in recent years. Management is symptomatic and multidisciplinary. In the present review, we discussed the most frequent ophthalmological anomalies associated with JS and speculated on the role of ciliary physiology in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Eloisa Gitto
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Chimenz
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nino Giannitto
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Mancuso
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Ceravolo
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso La Macchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Rissotto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Pediatric Clinic–Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences–Piazzale Salvatore, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Caterina Cuppari
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Fiore L, Takata N, Acosta S, Ma W, Pandit T, Oxendine M, Oliver G. Optic vesicle morphogenesis requires primary cilia. Dev Biol 2020; 462:119-128. [PMID: 32169553 PMCID: PMC8167498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arl13b is a gene known to regulate ciliogenesis. Functional alterations in this gene's activity have been associated with Joubert syndrome. We found that in Arl13 null mouse embryos the orientation of the optic cup is inverted, such that the lens is abnormally surrounded by an inverted optic cup whose retina pigmented epithelium is oddly facing the surface ectoderm. Loss of Arl13b leads to the disruption of optic vesicle's patterning and expansion of ventral fates. We show that this phenotype is consequence of miss-regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and demonstrate that the Arl13b-/- eye phenotype can be rescued by deletion of Gli2, a downstream effector of the Shh pathway. This work identified an unexpected role of primary cilia during the morphogenetic movements required for the formation of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Fiore
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nozomu Takata
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute of Evolutive Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wanshu Ma
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tanushree Pandit
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Oxendine
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Review of Ocular Manifestations of Joubert Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120605. [PMID: 30518138 PMCID: PMC6315342 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a group of rare disorders that stem from defects in a sensory organelle, the primary cilia. Affected patients often present with disorders involving multiple organ systems, including the brain, eyes, and kidneys. Common symptoms include breathing abnormalities, mental developmental delays, loss of voluntary muscle coordination, and abnormal eye movements, with a diagnostic “molar tooth” sign observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the midbrain. We reviewed the ocular phenotypes that can be found in patients with Joubert syndrome. Ocular motor apraxia is the most frequent (80% of patients), followed by strabismus (74%) and nystagmus (72%). A minority of patients also present with ptosis (43%), chorioretinal coloboma (30%), and optic nerve atrophy (22%). Although mutations in 34 genes have been found to be associated with Joubert syndrome, retinal degeneration has been reported in only 38% of patients. Mutations in AHI1 and CEP290, genes critical to primary cilia function, have been linked to retinal degeneration. In conclusion, Joubert syndrome is a rare pleiotropic group of disorders with variable ocular presentations.
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Song P, Dudinsky L, Fogerty J, Gaivin R, Perkins BD. Arl13b Interacts With Vangl2 to Regulate Cilia and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4517-26. [PMID: 27571019 PMCID: PMC5015978 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the gene ARL13B cause the classical form of Joubert syndrome, an autosomal recessive ciliopathy with variable degrees of retinal degeneration. As second-site modifier alleles can contribute to retinal pathology in ciliopathies, animal models provide a unique platform to test how genetic interactions modulate specific phenotypes. In this study, we analyzed the zebrafish arl13b mutant for retinal degeneration and for epistatic relationships with the planar cell polarity protein (PCP) component vangl2. METHODS Photoreceptor and cilia structure was examined by light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine ciliary markers. Genetic interactions were tested by pairwise crosses of heterozygous animals. Genetic mosaic animals were generated by blastula transplantation and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS At 5 days after fertilization, photoreceptor outer segments were shorter in zebrafish arl13b-/- mutants compared to wild-type larvae, no overt signs of retinal degeneration were observed by light or electron microscopy. Starting at 14 days after fertilization (dpf) and continuing through 30 dpf, cells lacking Arl13b died following transplantation into wild-type host animals. Photoreceptors of arl13b-/-;vangl2-/- mutants were more compromised than the photoreceptors of single mutants. Finally, when grown within a wild-type retina, the vangl2-/- mutant cone photoreceptors displayed normal basal body positioning. CONCLUSIONS We show that arl13b-/- mutants have shortened cilia and photoreceptor outer segments and exhibit a slow, progressive photoreceptor degeneration that occurs over weeks. The data suggest that loss of Arl13b leads to slow photoreceptor degeneration, but can be exacerbated by the loss of vangl2. Importantly, the data show that Arl13b can genetically and physically interact with Vangl2 and this association is important for normal photoreceptor structure. The loss of vangl2, however, does not affect basal body positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Lynn Dudinsky
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert Gaivin
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 2Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
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May-Simera H, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Wolfrum U. Cilia - The sensory antennae in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:144-180. [PMID: 28504201 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like projections found on almost all cells in the human body. Originally believed to function merely in motility, the function of solitary non-motile (primary) cilia was long overlooked. Recent research has demonstrated that primary cilia function as signalling hubs that sense environmental cues and are pivotal for organ development and function, tissue hoemoestasis, and maintenance of human health. Cilia share a common anatomy and their diverse functional features are achieved by evolutionarily conserved functional modules, organized into sub-compartments. Defects in these functional modules are responsible for a rapidly growing list of human diseases collectively termed ciliopathies. Ocular pathogenesis is common in virtually all classes of syndromic ciliopathies, and disruptions in cilia genes have been found to be causative in a growing number of non-syndromic retinal dystrophies. This review will address what is currently known about cilia contribution to visual function. We will focus on the molecular and cellular functions of ciliary proteins and their role in the photoreceptor sensory cilia and their visual phenotypes. We also highlight other ciliated cell types in tissues of the eye (e.g. lens, RPE and Müller glia cells) discussing their possible contribution to disease progression. Progress in basic research on the cilia function in the eye is paving the way for therapeutic options for retinal ciliopathies. In the final section we describe the latest advancements in gene therapy, read-through of non-sense mutations and stem cell therapy, all being adopted to treat cilia dysfunction in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cilia Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Baba S, Takeshita E, Yamazaki H, Tarashima M, Sasaki M. Disruption of the Photoreceptor Inner Segment-Outer Segment Junction in a 6-Year-Old Girl with Joubert Syndrome. Neuroophthalmology 2017; 41:19-23. [PMID: 28228833 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2016.1236391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a spectrum of genetic disorders characterised by cerebellar and brainstem malformation called "molar tooth sign", resulting in hypotonia, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. Here we describe a young female JS patient with "salt-and-pepper" fundus and inner segment-outer segment junction (IS/OS line) discontinuity, with a lack of external limiting membrane. Ocular coherence tomography (OCT) detected blurred external retinal layers in the macula centre. Although JS patients often have retinal degeneration with varying severity, few investigators have utilised OCT in their investigations. Our findings will help clarify the precise mechanisms of retinal involvement in JS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Baba
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Takeshita
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikako Tarashima
- Sakura-so Rehabilitation and Nursery Center for Disabled Children , Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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