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Huang J, Zhang Z, He P, Zhou J. Possible mechanisms underlying the regulation of postmenopausal osteoporosis by follicle-stimulating hormone. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35405. [PMID: 39170318 PMCID: PMC11336567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the possible mechanisms by which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates postmenopausal osteoporosis through the FSH/FSH receptor (FSHr)/G protein/C/EBPβ/heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α) signalling pathways. Methods We measured serum FSH, luteinising hormone (LH), and HSP90α levels in the serum and adipose tissue of women of childbearing age and menopausal status. In the in vivo studies, 12 B57CL female mice were divided equally into Sham, OVX, and OVX + FSHr Blocker groups. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, FSH, and HSP90α, along with StRACP vitality, were determined, and femur micro-computed tomography was performed. Additionally, FSH, FSHr, G protein, C/EBPβ, and HSP90α levels were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Finally, we divided the human multiple myeloma cell line U266 into three groups. The activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the supernatant at different stages was detected, and myeloma cells were stained with TRAP. Results HSP90α levels in adipose tissue supernatant and serum were lower in women of childbearing age than in menopausal women (P < 0.05). Serum FSH and HSP90α levels demonstrated a strong correlation. Treatment with FSHr blockers resulted in decreased FSH, FSHr, G protein, C/EBPβ, and HSP90α levels in mice. TRAP staining of osteoclast-like cells exhibited a significantly higher intensity in the M-CSF + RANKL + recombinant HSP90α group than in the M-CSF + RANKL and blank control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results indicate that FSH promotes HSP90α secretion by adipocytes via the FSHr/G protein/C/EBPβ pathway. This mechanism affects osteoclast activity and exacerbates osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Hangzhou Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pei He
- Department of Obstetrics, Hangzhou Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhong L, Wu Y, Huang C, Liu K, Ye CF, Ren Z, Wang Y. Acute toxicological evaluation of AT-533 and AT-533 gel in Sprague-Dawley rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:54. [PMID: 37833798 PMCID: PMC10576390 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AT-533 is a novel heat shock protein 90 inhibitor that exerting anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, the gel made of AT-533 as raw material named AT-533 gel has the function of repairing keratitis and dermatitis caused by herpes virus infection. However, the acute safety evaluation of AT-533 and AT-533 gel has not been conducted. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we performed acute toxicological studies of AT-533 and AT-533 gel in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifteen-day acute toxicity study of AT-533 was conducted in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg and AT-533 gel at 5 g/kg in the study. During experiment, food consumption and mortality were observed and body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry and histopathological assessment of rats were carried out. No abnormal changes were observed in rats percutaneously treated with AT-533 at 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg and AT-533 gel. However, loss of appetite and body weight, adverse reactions, toxicologically relevant alterations in hematology and biochemistry were found in rats percutaneously treated with AT-533 at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg during 15-day acute dermic toxicity study. CONCLUSIONS The aforementioned results suggested that the LD50 of AT-533 is 228.382 mg/kg and the LD50 of AT-533 gel is greater than 5 g/kg. These findings indicated that AT-533 is non-toxic in rats when the dose less than 50 mg/kg and AT-533 gel can be considered a gel with no toxicity at doses less than 5 g/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cui-Fang Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
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Chang C, Tang X, Woodley DT, Chen M, Li W. The Distinct Assignments for Hsp90α and Hsp90β: More Than Skin Deep. Cells 2023; 12:277. [PMID: 36672211 PMCID: PMC9857327 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the undisputable definition of the cytosolic Hsp90α and hsp90β proteins being evolutionarily conserved, ATP-driven chaperones has ruled basic research and clinical trials. The results of recent studies, however, have fundamentally challenged this paradigm, not to mention the spectacular failures of the paradigm-based clinical trials in cancer and beyond. We now know that Hsp90α and Hsp90β are both ubiquitously expressed in all cell types but assigned for distinct and irreplaceable functions. Hsp90β is essential during mouse development and Hsp90α only maintains male reproductivity in adult mice. Neither Hsp90β nor Hsp90α could substitute each other under these biological processes. Hsp90β alone maintains cell survival in culture and Hsp90α cannot substitute it. Hsp90α also has extracellular functions under stress and Hsp90β does not. The dramatic difference in the steady-state expression of Hsp90 in different mouse organs is due to the variable expressions of Hsp90α. The lowest expression of Hsp90 is less than 2% and the highest expression of Hsp90 is 9% among non-transformed cell lines. The two linker regions only take up less than 5% of the Hsp90 proteins, but harbor 21% of the total amino acid substitutions, i.e., 40% in comparison to the 86% overall amino acid homology. A full understanding of the distinctions between Hsp90α and Hsp90β could lead to new, safe and effective therapeutics targeting Hsp90 in human disorders such as cancer. This is the first comprehensive review of a comparison between the two cytosolic Hsp90 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California Keck Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Sager RA, Khan F, Toneatto L, Votra SD, Backe SJ, Woodford MR, Mollapour M, Bourboulia D. Targeting extracellular Hsp90: A unique frontier against cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:982593. [PMID: 36060252 PMCID: PMC9428293 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.982593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein-90 (Hsp90) is known to interact with over 300 client proteins as well as regulatory factors (eg. nucleotide and proteins) that facilitate execution of its role as a chaperone and, ultimately, client protein activation. Hsp90 associates transiently with these molecular modulators during an eventful chaperone cycle, resulting in acquisition of flexible structural conformations, perfectly customized to the needs of each one of its client proteins. Due to the plethora and diverse nature of proteins it supports, the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is critical for normal cellular function particularly in response to stress. In diseases such as cancer, the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is hijacked for processes which encompass many of the hallmarks of cancer, including cell growth, survival, immune response evasion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Elevated levels of extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) enhance tumorigenesis and the potential for metastasis. eHsp90 has been considered one of the new targets in the development of anti-cancer drugs as there are various stages of cancer progression where eHsp90 function could be targeted. Our limited understanding of the regulation of the eHsp90 chaperone machinery is a major drawback for designing successful Hsp90-targeted therapies, and more research is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Farzana Khan
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Lorenzo Toneatto
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - SarahBeth D. Votra
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Sarah J. Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mark R. Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Dimitra Bourboulia,
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Extracellular Heat Shock Protein-90 (eHsp90): Everything You Need to Know. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070911. [PMID: 35883467 PMCID: PMC9313274 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
“Extracellular” Heat Shock Protein-90 (Hsp90) was initially reported in the 1970s but was not formally recognized until 2008 at the 4th International Conference on The Hsp90 Chaperone Machine (Monastery Seeon, Germany). Studies presented under the topic of “extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90)” at the conference provided direct evidence for eHsp90’s involvement in cancer invasion and skin wound healing. Over the past 15 years, studies have focused on the secretion, action, biological function, therapeutic targeting, preclinical evaluations, and clinical utility of eHsp90 using wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and tumour models both in vitro and in vivo. eHsp90 has emerged as a critical stress-responding molecule targeting each of the pathophysiological conditions. Despite the studies, our current understanding of several fundamental questions remains little beyond speculation. Does eHsp90 indeed originate from purposeful live cell secretion or rather from accidental dead cell leakage? Why did evolution create an intracellular chaperone that also functions as a secreted factor with reported extracellular duties that might be (easily) fulfilled by conventional secreted molecules? Is eHsp90 a safer and more optimal drug target than intracellular Hsp90 chaperone? In this review, we summarize how much we have learned about eHsp90, provide our conceptual views of the findings, and make recommendations on the future studies of eHsp90 for clinical relevance.
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Ma YH, Ma WT, Zhou ZK, Huang X, Jiang XR, Du KJ, Sun MZ, Zhang H, Fang H, Zhao Y, Zhu HM, Liu HX, Chen P, Liu YQ. Synthesis of 8-Fluoroneocryptolepine and Evaluation for Cytotoxic Activity against AGS Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:963-971. [PMID: 35191714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neocryptolepine derivatives have attracted great interest because of their unique cytotoxic activity. 8-Fluoroneocryptolepine (8FNC) was synthesized, and its cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay in AGS gastric cancer cells and gastric mucosa GES-1 cells. 8-Fluoroneocryptolepine showed greater selectivity and cytotoxicity to AGS cells than the cisplatin (CIS) and fluorouracil (5-Fu) commonly used in clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Most importantly, we significantly improved the cytotoxic effect of 8FNC against AGS cells by structural modification and reduced the cytotoxicity against GES-1 cells compared with neocryptolepine. We further evaluated the activity of 8FNC against AGS cells in vitro. Our results indicate that 8FNC arrests the AGS cell cycle in the G2/M phase, reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential of AGS cells, and drives the initiation of apoptotic body formation in 8FNC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, 8FNC exhibits strong inhibitory effects on AGS cell migration. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxic activities of 8FNC revealed that it may play a significant role in the inhibitory effect on AGS human gastric cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, 8FNC may become a promising lead compound in the development of potential clinical drug candidates for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Tong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Kun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Jia Du
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ze Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Xiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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Seclì L, Fusella F, Avalle L, Brancaccio M. The dark-side of the outside: how extracellular heat shock proteins promote cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4069-4083. [PMID: 33544155 PMCID: PMC8164615 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to exerting several essential house-keeping activities in the cell, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial players in a well-structured molecular program activated in response to stressful challenges. Among the different activities carried out by HSPs during emergency, they reach the extracellular milieu, from where they scout the surroundings, regulate extracellular protein activity and send autocrine and paracrine signals. Cancer cells permanently experience stress conditions due to their altered equilibrium and behaviour, and constantly secrete heat shock proteins as a result. Other than supporting anti-tumour immunity, extracellular heat shock proteins (eHSPs), can also exacerbate cancer cell growth and malignancy by sustaining different cancer hallmarks. eHSPs are implicated in extracellular matrix remodelling, resistance to apoptosis, promotion of cell migration and invasion, induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and activation of stromal cells, supporting ultimately, metastasis dissemination. A broader understanding of eHSP activity and contribution to tumour development and progression is leading to new opportunities in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Seclì
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Fusella
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lidia Avalle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma heat shock protein 90alpha in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107145. [PMID: 33162344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of plasma heat shock protein 90alpha (Hsp90α) in gastric cancers remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma Hsp90α in gastric cancer. METHODS Data regarding 976 gastric cancer, 50 gastric inflammatory diseases, and 100 healthy controls were collected. Plasma Hsp90α levels in gastric cancer were compared to those in controls. Its correlation with tumor biomarkers and immune cells was examined. The association of plasma Hsp90α with clinical features and the diagnostic and prognostic value in gastric cancer were also determined. RESULTS Plasma Hsp90α levels were remarkably increased in gastric cancer, compared to those in gastric inflammatory diseases and healthy controls. Moreover, plasma Hsp90α was correlated with CEA, CA125, CA153, CA199, T cells, Th/Ts ratio, and B cells. Plasma Hsp90α was also associated with the metastasis stage. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Hsp90α, B cells, and T cells were significantly associated with gastric cancer. Plasma Hsp90α has a moderate diagnostic value, which increased when combined with B cell, T cells. Finally, plasma Hsp90α was not associated with the survival of gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSION Plasma Hsp90α was elevated in gastric cancer and correlated with tumor biomarkers and immune cells. Plasma Hsp90α was associated with the metastasis stage and had moderate diagnostic performance but little prognostic value in gastric cancer.
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Tang Y, Li K, Cai Z, Xie Y, Tan X, Su C, Li J. HSP90α combined with AFP and TK1 improved the diagnostic value for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Med 2020; 14:869-878. [PMID: 32490681 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the effect of the combination of heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods & results: A total of 409 patients with HCC, 101 patients with benign liver disorder and 78 healthy individuals were retrospectively analyzed. HSP90α level was higher in HCC patients than in controls. The expression of HSP90α showed a positive correlation with tumor stage, differentiation, lymph node metastasis and tumor thrombus formation. The combination of HSP90α, AFP and TK1 improved the diagnostic sensitivity (89.24%) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.919). Conclusion: The detection of HSP90α, AFP and TK1 is more efficient than a single tumor marker for the diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Kezhi Li
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Zhengmin Cai
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Xie
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Chenglin Su
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Jilin Li
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
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