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Winter P, Fuksiewicz M, Jagiello-Gruszfeld A, Nowecki Z, Kotowicz B. Expression of Soluble Form of Aurora A as a Predictive Factor for Neoadjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Single-Center Pilot Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5446. [PMID: 38001709 PMCID: PMC10670120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To search for new predictive breast cancer biomarkers. We analyzed the serum concentrations of biomarkers involved in carcinogenesis, which can also be targeted by therapy. METHODS In a single-center prospective study, the serum levels of Aurora A, thymidine kinase 1, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 3 (HER3) were determined in 119 women with BC before neoadjuvant treatment using ELISA kits. RESULTS The following clinical data were analyzed: age; TNM; the expression of ER, PGR, HER2, and Ki67; histological grade (G); and the response to neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) in the residual tumor burden classification (RCB). A complete pathological response (pCR) was achieved after NAT in 41 patients (34%). The highest proportion of the patients with a confirmed pCR was found for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (62.5%); non-luminal HER2-positive (52.6%) cancer subtypes (p = 0.0003); and in the G3 group (50%; p = 0.0078). The patients with higher levels of Aurora A were more likely to achieve pCR (p = 0.039). In the multivariate analysis, the serum Aurora A levels ≥ 4.75 ng/mL correlated with a higher rate of pCR (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.2-10.1; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS We showed that in a biologically heterogeneous group of BC patients, the pretreatment serum Aurora A levels were of significant value in predicting the response to NAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Winter
- Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.W.); (A.J.-G.); (Z.N.)
| | - Malgorzata Fuksiewicz
- Cancer Biomarker and Cytokines Laboratory Unit, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Jagiello-Gruszfeld
- Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.W.); (A.J.-G.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zbigniew Nowecki
- Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.W.); (A.J.-G.); (Z.N.)
| | - Beata Kotowicz
- Cancer Biomarker and Cytokines Laboratory Unit, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
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Rezac J, Hanouskova L, Vesely S, Kotaska K, Kantorova A, Linhartova A, Fiala V, Soukup V, Capoun O. Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 - Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker: A Clinical Study. Anticancer Res 2023; 43:1675-1680. [PMID: 36974824 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Serum thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) is a proliferation biomarker that has been used as a diagnostic marker of several malignant diseases. However, there are limited data for prostate cancer (PCa). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we retrospectively analysed serum samples from 169 patients with biopsy confirmed PCa, who had been indicated for radical prostatectomy (RP) between 2013-2016. The results were compared with those in serum samples from 39 healthy men. We used commercially available enzymatic immunoassay to determine the levels of STK1. The patients were divided into groups according to the Gleason score (GS) and risk factors for adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT), which were defined as GS 8-10, pT3, and a positive surgical margin. RESULTS The median serum level of STK1 in PCa patients was 0.289 pmol/l. In the control group, the median value was 0.0116 pmol/l (p<0.001). By comparing the patients with GS≤6 vs. 7 vs. ≥8 (p=0.01), we found statistically significant differences. In the correlation of STK1 values with risk factors, we found statistically significant differences both in comparison of 0 vs. 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 risk factors (p=0.021), as well as ≤1 vs. 2≥ risk factors (p=0.009). CONCLUSION The levels of STK1 are significantly higher in patients with PCa than those in healthy controls. Furthermore, STK1 values correlate with GS and predefined risk factors for aRT. Therefore, STK1 can be considered as a potential tumour marker of PCa diagnosis and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rezac
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hanouskova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Motol University Hospital, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Vesely
- Department of Urology, Motol University Hospital, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kotaska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Motol University Hospital, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Kantorova
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Linhartova
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Fiala
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Soukup
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Capoun
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic;
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Tribukait B, Lundgren PO, Kjellman A, Norming U, Nyman CR, Jagarlmundi K, Gustafsson O. Prediction of Overall Survival by Thymidine Kinase 1 Combined with Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men with Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065160. [PMID: 36982234 PMCID: PMC10049218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an intracellular enzyme involved in DNA-precursor synthesis. Increased serum TK1 levels are used as a biomarker in various malignancies. We combined serum TK1 with PSA and evaluated its capacity to predict overall survival (OS) in 175 men with prostate cancer (PCa), detected by screening in 1988-1989 (n = 52) and during follow-up (median 22.6 years) (n = 123). TK1 was measured in frozen serum, age was stratified into four groups, and dates of PCa diagnosis and dates of death were obtained from Swedish population-based registries. The median concentration of TK1 and PSA was 0.25 and 3.8 ng/ml. TK1 was an independent variable of OS. In the multivariate analysis, PSA was not statistically significant in combination with age whereas the significance remained for TK1 + PSA. Measured once, TK1 + PSA predicted a difference of up to 10 years (depending on patient subgroup) in OS at a median of 9 years before PCa diagnosis. The TK1 concentration in 193 controls without malignancies did not differ from that of the PCa patients, hence TK1 was likely not released from incidental PCa. Thus, TK1 in the blood circulation may indicate the release of TK1 from sources other than cancers, nonetheless associated with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Tribukait
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital Solna, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Cancer Centrum Karolinska, CCK, Plan 00, Visionsgatan 56, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Solna, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Kjellman
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norming
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes R Nyman
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kiran Jagarlmundi
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, 111 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ove Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cviič D, Jagarlamudi K, Meglič L, Škof E, Zore A, Lukanović D, Eriksson S, Osredkar J. A Dual Biomarker TK1 Protein and CA125 or HE4-Based Algorithm as a Better Diagnostic Tool than ROMA Index in Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36900385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early detection of ovarian cancer is presently not effective, and it is crucial to establish biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer to improve the survival of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate the role of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in combination with CA 125 or HE4 to serve as a potential diagnostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer. In this study, a set of 198 serum samples consisting of 134 ovarian tumor patients and 64 healthy age-matched controls were analyzed. The TK1 protein levels in serum samples were determined using the AroCell TK 210 ELISA. RESULTS A combination of TK1 protein with CA 125 or HE4 showed better performance than either of them alone in the differentiation of early stage ovarian cancer from the healthy control group, but also a significantly better performance than the ROMA index. However, this was not observed using a TK1 activity test in combination with the other markers. Furthermore, the combination of TK1 protein and CA 125 or HE4 could differentiate early stage disease (stage I, II) more efficiently from advanced-stage (stage III, IV) disease (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The combination of TK1 protein with CA 125 or HE4 increased the potential of detecting ovarian cancer at early stages.
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Fang X, Ma L, Wang Y, Ren F, Yu Y, Yuan Z, Wei H, Zhang H, Sun Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps accelerate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via Akt/CDKN1b/TK1 accompanying with the occurrence of hypertension. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2045-57. [PMID: 35950975 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can trigger pathological changes in vascular cells or vessel wall components, which are vascular pathological changes of hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized that NETs would be associated with the occurrence of hypertension. METHODS To evaluate the relationship between NETs and hypertension, we evaluated both the NETs formation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and the blood pressure of mice injected phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) via the tail vein to induce NETs formation in arterial wall. Meanwhile, proliferation and cell cycle of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which were co-cultured with NETs were assessed. In addition, the role of exosomes from VSMCs co-cultured with NETs on proliferation signaling delivery was assessed. RESULTS Formation of NETs increased in the arteries of SHR. PMA resulted in up-regulation expression of citrullinated Histone H3 (cit Histone H3, a NETs marker) in the arteries of mice accompanied with increasing of blood pressure. NET treatment significantly increased VSMCs count and accelerated G1/S transition in vitro . Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1b (CDKN1b) was down-regulated and Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) was up-regulated in VSMCs. Exosomes from VSMCs co-cultured with NETs significantly accelerated the proliferation of VSMCs. TK1 was up-regulated in the exosomes from VSMCs co-cultured with NETs and in both the arterial wall and serum of mice with PMA. CONCLUSION NETs promote VSMCs proliferation via Akt/CDKN1b/TK1 and is related to hypertension development. Exosomes from VSMCs co-cultured with NETs participate in transferring the proliferation signal. These results support the role of NETs in the development of hypertension.
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Xie H, Guo L, Wang Z, Peng S, Ma Q, Yang Z, Shang Z, Niu Y. Assessing the Potential Prognostic and Immunological Role of TK1 in Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:778850. [PMID: 35559045 PMCID: PMC9086852 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.778850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) was up-regulated in multiple malignancies and participated in the regulation of tumor malignant behavior. However, its specific role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Methods: TK1 expression in PCa patients and cell lines was identified via crossover analysis of the public datasets. A series of in vitro experiments and in vivo models was applied to investigate the function of TK1 in PCa. Functional enrichment analyses were further conducted to explore the underlying mechanism. Additionally, TISIDB was applied to explore the correlation between TK1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immune subtypes, and immune regulatory factors. Results: TK1 expression was significantly up-regulated in PCa patients and cell lines. TK1 ablation inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration potential, and in vivo experiments showed that TK1 inactivation can significantly restrain tumor growth. Functional enrichment analysis revealed TK1-related hub genes (AURKB, CCNB2, CDC20, CDCA5, CDK1, CENPA, CENPM, KIF2C, NDC80, NUF2, PLK1, SKA1, SPC25, ZWINT), and found that TK1 was closely involved in the regulation of cell cycle. Moreover, elevated mRNA expression of TK1 was related with higher Gleason score, higher clinical stage, higher pathological stage, higher lymph node stage, shorter overall survival, and DFS in PCa patients. Particularly, TK1 represented attenuated expression in C3 PCa and was related with infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells as well as immunomodulator expression. Conclusion: Our study indicates that TK1 is a prognostic predictor correlated with poor outcomes of PCa patients, and for the first time represented that TK1 can promote the progression of PCa. Therefore, TK1 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linpei Guo
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuanghe Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianwang Ma
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Zuo S, Wang H, Li L, Pan H, Lu L. Thymidine Kinase 1 Drives Skin Cutaneous Melanoma Malignant Progression and Metabolic Reprogramming. Front Oncol 2022; 12:802807. [PMID: 35311151 PMCID: PMC8927676 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.802807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a cell cycle-dependent kinase that catalyzes the addition of a gamma-phosphate group to thymidine. The protumorigenic role of TK1 has been reported in various malignancies. However, the role of TK1 in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the molecular function of TK1 in SKCM progression. Methods Bioinformatics data were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Subcutaneous xenografts were established to observe the effect of TK1 knockdown on the proliferation of SKCM cells in vivo. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq; deposited in Sequence Read Archive, SRX10950283-SRX10950285 for A375 control cells and SRX10950286-SRX10950288 for TK1-silenced A375 cells) and immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry (IP-MS) were used to analyze TK1-related genes and pathways. Seahorse XF Cell Mito tests and glycolysis stress assays were conducted for metabolic testing. Results TK1 was upregulated in malignant SKCM compared to that in normal tissues and cell lines. Elevated expression of TK1 was associated with poor prognosis. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that TK1 promoted the proliferation and migration of SKCM cells. Moreover, TK1 was strongly associated with multiple intracellular metabolic pathways, facilitating cell mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in SKCM malignant progression. Conclusions TK1 drives SKCM malignant progression and supports metabolic reprogramming, indicating that TK1 serves as a therapeutic target for SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipeng Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixue Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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8
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Wu X, Fan Y, Liu Y, Shen B, Lu H, Ma H. Long Non-Coding RNA CCAT2 Promotes the Development of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Inhibiting miR-200b to Upregulate the IGF2BP2/TK1 Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:680642. [PMID: 34386421 PMCID: PMC8353391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.680642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in human cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In the current study, we identified CCAT2 as a relevant lncRNA and investigated its role in the progression of ESCC. RT-qPCR was adopted to detect CCAT2 expression in collected clinical samples, ESCC cell lines, and a normal cell line. We tested the correlation between CCAT2 expression and the prognosis of ESCC. RT-qPCR or immunoblotting was adopted to detect the expression of relevant factors in ESCC tissues or cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were examined by colony formation assay, flow cytometry, scratch assay, and Transwell assay, respectively, while subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice was adopted to examine the role of CCAT2 in tumorigenesis of ESCC cells in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, dual luciferase reporter assay, and RIP were conducted for the target relationship profiling. Me-RIP was adopted to detect m6A modification level of TK1 in ESCC tissues or cells. Upregulated CCAT2, IGF2BP2, and TK1 expression and inhibited miR-200b expression were observed in ESCC cells and tissues. CCAT2 bound to miR-200b and reduced its expression, leading to upregulated IGF2BP2 expression. IGF2BP2 improved TK1 mRNA stability to enhance its expression by recognizing its m6A modification. CCAT2 promoted the migration and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro, and tumorigenesis in vivo by upregulating TK1 expression, while overexpression of miR-200b reversed these effects of CCAT2. Overall, this study suggests that CCAT2 competitively binds to miR-200b to alleviate its inhibitory effects on IGF2BP2 expression, resulting in elevated TK1 expression, and an ensuing promotion of the development of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Biao Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Haimin Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Matikas A, Wang K, Lagoudaki E, Acs B, Zerdes I, Hartman J, Azavedo E, Bjöhle J, Carlsson L, Einbeigi Z, Hedenfalk I, Hellström M, Lekberg T, Loman N, Saracco A, von Wachenfeldt A, Rotstein S, Bergqvist M, Bergh J, Hatschek T, Foukakis T. Prognostic role of serum thymidine kinase 1 kinetics during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100076. [PMID: 33714010 PMCID: PMC7957142 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging data support the use of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity as a prognostic marker and for monitoring of response in breast cancer (BC). The long-term prognostic value of TK1 kinetics during neoadjuvant chemotherapy is unclear, which this study aimed to elucidate. Methods Material from patients enrolled to the single-arm prospective PROMIX trial of neoadjuvant epirubicin, docetaxel and bevacizumab for early BC was used. Ki67 in baseline biopsies was assessed both centrally and by automated digital imaging analysis. TK1 activity was measured from blood samples obtained at baseline and following two cycles of chemotherapy. The associations of TK1 and its kinetics as well as Ki67 with event-free survival and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using multivariable Cox regression models. Results Central Ki67 counting had excellent correlation with the results of digital image analysis (r = 0.814), but not with the diagnostic samples (r = 0.234), while it was independently prognostic for worse OS [adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) = 2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-6.21, P = 0.02]. Greater increase in TK1 activity after two cycles of chemotherapy resulted in improved event-free survival (HRadj = 0.50, 95% CI 0.26-0.97, P = 0.04) and OS (HRadj = 0.46, 95% CI 0.95, P = 0.04). There was significant interaction between the prognostic value of TK1 kinetics and Ki67 (pinteraction 0.04). Conclusion Serial measurement of serum TK1 activity during neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides long-term prognostic information in BC patients. The ease of obtaining serial samples for TK1 assessment motivates further evaluation in larger studies. This is a correlative analysis of a prospective phase II study on neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Serial measurement of serum TK1 activity during treatment provides independent long-term prognostic information. We demonstrate the validity and clinical utility of both central and automated image analysis-based Ki67 assessment. Finally, we explore the biologic correlations between TK1 and Ki67.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matikas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - K Wang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Lagoudaki
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - B Acs
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Zerdes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Hartman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Azavedo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Bjöhle
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Carlsson
- Department of Oncology, Sundsvall General Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Z Einbeigi
- Department of Medicine and Department of Oncology, Southern Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Hellström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Lekberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Loman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Saracco
- Breast Center, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A von Wachenfeldt
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Rotstein
- Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bergqvist
- Biovica International, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Bergh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Hatschek
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Foukakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Singh S, Kumar R, Kumar U, Kumari R. Clinical Significance and Role of TK1, CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 levels in Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:3133-3136. [PMID: 33247667 PMCID: PMC8033132 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.11.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To explore the diagnostic value, pre-operative serum thymidine kinase 1(TK1), CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 levels were measured in 106 patients with colorectal carcinoma (53 colon and 53 rectal carcinoma patients) and 53 healthy controls. Sandwich Elisa, biotin-labeled antibody kit was used for TK1, and other tumor markers were measured using electro-chemiluminescence. Serum TK1 levels were significantly higher in CRC than in healthy controls (p<0.05) and showed significant associations with tumor stage, histopathological grade, lymph node status and metastasis (p<0.01). TK1 showed the highest (0.824-0.862) area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) in comparison to other markers, and the AUC of the panel of combination tests performed even better (0.935-0.952). Significant variation was observed between the single biomarker test and their combination (Z test, p<0.01) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed an adequate model of calibration. The algorithm based on combination of TK1, CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 can improve the diagnostic efficiency in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnima Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Uday Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Rekha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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11
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Tang Y, Li K, Cai Z, Xie Y, Tan X, Su C, Li J. HSP90α combined with AFP and TK1 improved the diagnostic value for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Med 2020; 14:869-878. [PMID: 32490681 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the effect of the combination of heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods & results: A total of 409 patients with HCC, 101 patients with benign liver disorder and 78 healthy individuals were retrospectively analyzed. HSP90α level was higher in HCC patients than in controls. The expression of HSP90α showed a positive correlation with tumor stage, differentiation, lymph node metastasis and tumor thrombus formation. The combination of HSP90α, AFP and TK1 improved the diagnostic sensitivity (89.24%) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.919). Conclusion: The detection of HSP90α, AFP and TK1 is more efficient than a single tumor marker for the diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Kezhi Li
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Zhengmin Cai
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Xie
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Chenglin Su
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Jilin Li
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
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12
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Sun R, Eriksson S, Wang L. The expression and activity of thymidine kinase 1 and deoxycytidine kinase are modulated by hydrogen peroxide and nucleoside analogs. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2020; 39:1347-1358. [PMID: 32189555 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1720234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) are required for the activation of thymidine and deoxycytidine analogs used in antiviral and anticancer therapies. Many anticancer drugs cause oxidative stress, and the rise of GSSG and other reactive oxygen species may lead to alteration in gene expression, protein, nucleic acids and lipid modifications. Here, we investigated the effects of oxidative stress and nucleoside analog on the expression and activity of TK1 and dCK. Treatment with GSSG resulted in glutathionylation of dCK and dGK but not TK1 and Dm-dNK, and glutathionylation led to increased dCK activity but decreased dGK activity. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide resulted in induction of TK1, however, the TK1 activity did not correlate with TK1 protein levels, indicating that TK1 protein was inactive. The cellular expression of dCK, however, was reduced but dCK activity was not affected at concentration ≤ 4 mM. Treatment with TFT or 5FdU resulted in downregulation of both TK1 and dCK. However, araC and dFdC treatment led to increased dCK protein but decreased dCK activity. In contrast, both TK1 protein and activity were upregulated after araC and dFdC treatment. Doxorubicin treatment led to upregulation of the TK1 but downregulation of dCK. In conclusion TK1 and dCK expression and activity are apparently affected by oxidative stress and treatment by nucleoside analogs. These results demonstrate the pharmacokinetic importance of characterizing the expression and activity of TK1 and dCK during chemotherapy with thymidine and deoxycytidine analogs in order to optimize their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Dang L, Ma H, Hei A, Xu S, Zhou J, He E, Skog S. A meta-analysis of serological thymidine kinase 1 as a marker for colorectal benign and malignant tumor risk assessment. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 12:440-450. [PMID: 32257201 PMCID: PMC7087469 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether a concentration of serum thymidine kinase 1 (STK1p) could be used to distinguish between healthy individuals, patients with colorectal benign tumors and individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC). The effectiveness of surgery on patients with CRC was monitored. A total of 20 publications containing patients with CRC (n=1,836), patients with colorectal benign tumors (n=774) and healthy controls (n=1,701) were analysed in the present meta-analysis. The publications were collected from PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and SinoMed databases from January 1, 2009 until August 31, 2019. Articles were analyzed according to sensitivity (Forest plot) and publication bias (Begg's plot, Egger's linear regression) using fixed or random effect models to calculate the weighted mean difference. Study quality was checked using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Document Quality Assessment Scale. The meta-analysis followed the PRISMA statement. The results revealed that STK1p significantly distinguished healthy individuals and those with colorectal benign tumors from patients with CRC, and from patients with benign tumors (P<0.000001). STK1p levels also decreased by 40% following surgery (P<0.0001), which corresponded to half-life of ~1 month. The quality of the present study was high and no bias was identified among publication. It was concluded that STK1p was a reliable biomarker for the early detection of benign lesions, which may therefore prevent their future development into colorectal malignancies. STK1p may also be used for the clinical dynamic monitoring of the effectiveness of surgery in patients with CRC. Combining STK1p with colorectal-associated biomarkers, in addition to the determination of tumor stage and grade may therefore be of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dang
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ailian Hei
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ellen He
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Sven Skog
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Sino-Swed Precision Medicine Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
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Liu C, Wang J, Zhao L, He H, Zhao P, Peng Z, Liu F, Chen J, Wu W, Wang G, Dong F. Knockdown of Thymidine Kinase 1 Suppresses Cell Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1475. [PMID: 32064235 PMCID: PMC7000458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma have poor prognosis with low overall survival. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms of thyroid carcinoma progression remain unclear. The elevated expression of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) has been implicated in the progression of thyroid carcinoma, while the role of TK1 in thyroid carcinoma progression has not been explored. The present study aimed to determine the role TK1 in the progression of thyroid cancer and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, it was found that serum TK1 levels were markedly increased in the patients with thyroid nodules. Further online data mining showed that TK1 expression was upregulated in thyroid carcinoma tissues, and higher expression of TK1 was correlated with shorter disease-free survival of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Silencing of TK1 suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and also induced cell apoptosis in the thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Animal studies showed that TK1 knockdown inhibited in vivo tumor growth of thyroid carcinoma cells. Importantly, miR-34a-5p was found to be downregulated in the thyroid carcinoma cells. Furthermore, miR-34a-5p targeted the 3′ untranslated region of TK1 and suppressed the expression of TK1 in thyroid carcinoma cell lines. In summary, first, these results demonstrated the upregulation of TK1 in thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma tissues; second, TK1 promoted thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; lastly, TK1 was negatively regulated by miR-34a-5p. Our study may provide novel insights into the role of TK1 in regulating thyroid carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Central Lab, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Clinical Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiyuan Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Shenzhen Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiqing Wu
- Department of Health Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangsuo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fajin Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Abstract
Elevated proliferation rates in cancer can be visualized with positron emission tomography (PET) using 3'-deoxy-3'-l-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). This study investigates whether [18F]FLT transport proteins are regulated through hypoxia. Expression and function of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT)-1, hENT2, and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) were studied under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and assessed with [18F]FLT-PET in estrogen receptor positive (ER+)-MCF7, triple-negative MDA-MB231 breast cancer (BC) cells, and MCF10A cells (human mammary epithelial cells). Functional involvement of hENT2 [18F]FLT transport was demonstrated in all cell lines. In vitro [18F]FLT uptake was higher in MDA-MB231 than in MCF7: 242 ± 9 vs. 147 ± 18% radioactivity/mg protein after 60 min under normoxia. Hypoxia showed no significant change in radiotracer uptake. Protein analysis revealed increased hENT1 (P < 0.0963) in MDA-MB231. Hypoxia did not change expression of either hENT1, hENT2, or TK1. In vitro inhibition experiments suggested involvement of hENT1, hENT2, and human concentrative nucleoside transporters during [18F]FLT uptake into all cell lines. In vivo PET imaging revealed comparable tumor uptake in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 tumors over 60 min, reaching standardized uptake values of 0.96 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.08 (n = 3). Higher hENT1 expression in MDA-MB231 seems to drive nucleoside transport, whereas TK1 expression in MCF7 seems responsible for comparable [18F]FLT retention in ER+ tumors. Our study demonstrates that hypoxia does not significantly affect nucleoside transport as tested with [18F]FLT in BC.-Krys, D., Hamann, I., Wuest, M., Wuest, F. Effect of hypoxia on human equilibrative nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hENT2 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krys
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ingrit Hamann
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Ashek A, Spruijt OA, Harms HJ, Lammertsma AA, Cupitt J, Dubois O, Wharton J, Dabral S, Pullamsetti SS, Huisman MC, Frings V, Boellaard R, de Man FS, Botros L, Jansen S, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Wilkins MR, Bogaard HJ, Zhao L. 3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]Fluorothymidine Positron Emission Tomography Depicts Heterogeneous Proliferation Pathology in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patient Lung. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 11:e007402. [PMID: 30354494 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.007402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary vascular cell hyperproliferation is characteristic of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. A noninvasive imaging biomarker is needed to track the pathology and assess the response to novel treatments targeted at resolving the structural changes. Here, we evaluated the application of radioligand 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]-fluorothymidine (18FLT) using positron emission tomography. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed dynamic 18FLT positron emission tomography in 8 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and applied in-depth kinetic analysis with a reversible 2-compartment 4k model. Our results show significantly increased lung 18FLT phosphorylation (k3) in patients with IPAH compared with nonpulmonary arterial hypertension controls (0.086±0.034 versus 0.054±0.009 min-1; P<0.05). There was heterogeneity in the lung 18FLT signal both between patients with IPAH and within the lungs of each patient, compatible with histopathologic reports of lungs from patients with IPAH. Consistent with 18FLT positron emission tomographic data, TK1 (thymidine kinase 1) expression was evident in the remodeled vessels in IPAH patient lung. In addition, hyperproliferative pulmonary vascular fibroblasts isolated from patients with IPAH exhibited upregulated expression of TK1 and the thymidine transporter, ENT1 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1). In the monocrotaline and SuHx (Sugen hypoxia) rat pulmonary arterial hypertension models, increased lung 18FLT uptake was strongly associated with peripheral pulmonary vascular muscularization and the proliferation marker, Ki-67 score, together with prominent TK1 expression in remodeled vessels. Importantly, lung 18FLT uptake was attenuated by 2 antiproliferative treatments: dichloroacetate and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic 18FLT positron emission tomography imaging can be used to report hyperproliferation in pulmonary hypertension and merits further study to evaluate response to treatment in patients with IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ashek
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.A., J.C., O.D., J.W., M.R.W., L.Z.)
| | - Onno A Spruijt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine (O.A.S., H.J.H., F.S.d.M., L.B., S.J., A.V.N., H.J.B.)
| | - Hendrik J Harms
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine (O.A.S., H.J.H., F.S.d.M., L.B., S.J., A.V.N., H.J.B.)
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., M.C.H., V.F., R.B., F.S.d.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Cupitt
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.A., J.C., O.D., J.W., M.R.W., L.Z.)
| | - Olivier Dubois
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.A., J.C., O.D., J.W., M.R.W., L.Z.)
| | - John Wharton
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.A., J.C., O.D., J.W., M.R.W., L.Z.)
| | - Swati Dabral
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim (S.D., S.S.P.)
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim (S.D., S.S.P.)
| | - Marc C Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., M.C.H., V.F., R.B., F.S.d.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virginie Frings
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., M.C.H., V.F., R.B., F.S.d.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., M.C.H., V.F., R.B., F.S.d.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frances S de Man
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine (O.A.S., H.J.H., F.S.d.M., L.B., S.J., A.V.N., H.J.B.).,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., M.C.H., V.F., R.B., F.S.d.M.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Botros
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine (O.A.S., H.J.H., F.S.d.M., L.B., S.J., A.V.N., H.J.B.)
| | - Samara Jansen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine (O.A.S., H.J.H., F.S.d.M., L.B., S.J., A.V.N., H.J.B.)
| | | | - Martin R Wilkins
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.A., J.C., O.D., J.W., M.R.W., L.Z.)
| | - Harm J Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine (O.A.S., H.J.H., F.S.d.M., L.B., S.J., A.V.N., H.J.B.)
| | - Lan Zhao
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.A., J.C., O.D., J.W., M.R.W., L.Z.)
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Jagarlamudi KK, Zupan M, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Hlebič G, Eriksson S, Osredkar J, Smrkolj T. The combination of AroCell TK 210 ELISA with Prostate Health Index or prostate-specific antigen density can improve the ability to differentiate prostate cancer from noncancerous conditions. Prostate 2019; 79:856-863. [PMID: 30889628 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an established tumour marker for prostate cancer (PCa). Serum thymidine kinase 1 is a possible new marker for the detection of PCa. The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the AroCell TK 210 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) together with free PSA, [-2]proPSA, and Prostate Health Index (PHI) in differentiating PCa from benign urological conditions. METHODS Serum samples from 140 patients with PSA values in the range between 2 and 10 µg/L were collected at the Ljubljana University Medical Centre and the Maribor University Medical Centre. Thymidine kinase (TK1) protein levels were determined using the AroCell TK 210 ELISA and PSA-related parameters analysed with commercial assays. RESULTS Serum TK1 protein, total and free PSA, proPSA, PSA density (PSAD), and PHI levels in patients with confirmed PCa were significantly higher than in patients with benign urological conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, the AroCell TK 210 ELISA results showed a significant correlation with PHI ( r = 0.25, P = 0.0031). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses were used to compare the area under the curve (AUC) of TK 210 ELISA, PHI, and PSA density. For PHI, the AUC was 0.73, comparable to those of TK 210 ELISA (0.67) and PSAD (0.66), with no significant differences in pairwise comparisons (PHI vs TK 210 ELISA P = 0.32, PHI vs PSAD P = 0.24, and TK 210 ELISA vs PSAD P = 0.95). The AUC for the combination of TK1 plus PSAD was significantly higher than those for the individual PSA-related biomarkers and marginally PHI, while the AUC for the combination of TK1 plus PHI was significantly higher than those for the individual PSA-related biomarkers except for PHI and marginally for PSAD. Total PSA concentration was the only marker, that was significantly higher in patients with an increasing Gleason grade. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TK1 protein determinations together with PHI or PSAD could be a valuable additional tool in PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mojca Zupan
- Department of Immunohematology, Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Blood transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Kumer
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Hlebič
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Research and Development Division, AroCell AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Research and Development Division, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Smrkolj
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Wei YT, Luo YZ, Feng ZQ, Huang QX, Mo AS, Mo SX. TK1 overexpression is associated with the poor outcomes of lung cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomark Med 2018; 12:403-413. [PMID: 29575921 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to unveil the effect of TK1 expression on the clinicopathological significance and prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Results & methodology: Studies for meta-analysis were selected according to a thorough literature search in databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese databases). Ten studies containing 1393 lung cancer patients were investigated in our analysis. The TK1 overexpression was associated with poorer overall survival(OS) in lung cancer patients (hazard ratio = 1.881; 95% CI:1.318-2.684, Z = 3.48; p = 0.001). Furthermore, The TK1 expression is associated with the clinicopathological features of lung cancer patients (tumor type, age, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor, node, metastasis [TNM] stages). Discussion & conclusion: The TK1 expression might have a supportive implication in assessing biological behavior and prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhong Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Qiang-Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - An-Sheng Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Shao-Xiong Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
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19
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Lou X, Zhou J, Ma H, Xu S, He E, Skog S, Wang H. The Half-Life of Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 Concentration Is an Important Tool for Monitoring Surgical Response in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:471-478. [PMID: 28817340 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the usefulness of serum thymidine kinase 1 concentration (STK1c) for monitoring the outcome of extensive open surgery in patients with lung cancer. We also compared STK1c between a healthy population and patients with benign and malignant lung tumors to assess its potential value for early detection of lung cancer and for distinguishing between benign lung disease and malignant cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related studies were retrieved from publications in PubMed, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang databases, and Internet searches. Correlation was evaluated using weighted mean difference. Fixed or random effect models were selected for data analyses based on heterogeneity tested with the chi-square test. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. RESULTS Twenty studies were selected for analysis, which showed that STK1c was significantly (p < 0.00001) reduced by 41.7% 1 month after extensive open surgery, approximately corresponding to an STK1c half-life of 1 month. STK1c levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in healthy persons (p < 0.00001) or in patients with benign lung disease (p < 0.00001). There was also a significant difference in STK1c between patients with benign and malignant lung disease (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The half-life of STK1c may be an important tool in the clinical evaluation of surgical response in patients with lung cancer. STK1c may also be beneficial in the early detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Lou
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- 2 Sino-Swed TongKang Bio-Tech, Inc. , Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen He
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Sven Skog
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , Shanghai, China .,3 Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell Biology, Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute , Shanghai, China
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Weagel EG, Meng W, Townsend MH, Velazquez EJ, Brog RA, Boyer MW, Weber KS, Robison RA, O'Neill KL. Biomarker analysis and clinical relevance of TK1 on the cell membrane of Burkitt's lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4355-4367. [PMID: 28919785 PMCID: PMC5593407 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s141239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TK1 is an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and repair. TK1 is usually found elevated in cancer patients’ serum, which makes it a useful tumor proliferation biomarker that strongly correlates with cancer stage, metastatic capabilities, and recurrence risk. In this study, we show that TK1 is upregulated and localizes on the plasma membrane of Burkitt’s lymphoma, acute promyelocytic leukemia, T cell leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using flow cytometry, we confirmed that TK1 localizes on the surface of Raji, HL60, and Jurkat cell lines and on ALL clinical samples. Using fluorescent microscopy, we found a strong association of TK1 with the plasma membrane in Raji, HL60, and Jurkat cell lines. These findings were also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Our study also shows that this phenomenon does not occur on normal resting or proliferating lymphocytes. In addition, we show that membrane TK1 is found in all oligomeric forms ranging from monomer to tetramer and exhibits enzymatic activity. These findings suggest TK1 as a possible target for immunotherapy with the potential to be utilized in the treatment of hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evita G Weagel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Michelle H Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Edwin J Velazquez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Rachel A Brog
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Michael W Boyer
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Kim L O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Fan L, Wang F, Bu L, Ma T, Du Y, Zhang C, Wang H, Sun G. Serum expression and significance of MicroRNA-30d-5p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2017; 10:8677-8685. [PMID: 31966725 PMCID: PMC6965463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess serum microRNA-30d-5p (miR-30d-5p) expression in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma before and after operation, exploring its associations with clinical pathological parameters. A total of 30 esophageal cancer patients who underwent radical resection and were pathologically confirmed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, from April to May in 2013, were enrolled, alongside 19 healthy controls. The expression levels of miRNA in serum from patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma before and after operation were assessed by microarrays and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The associations of miR-30d-5p expression with clinical pathological parameters were determined. Serum hsa-miR-30d-5p levels in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (study group) were significantly associated with the tumor depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor location and length, histopathological type and degree of differentiation, as well as history of smoking and drinking (P<0.05). Moreover, changes of serum miRNA levels were more prominent than that of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). There were significant differences in hsa-miR-30d-5p expression levels between the study and control groups (P<0.05). These results indicated that microRNA-30d-5p is a potential marker of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, with high expression having a certain promoting role in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiatao Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lulu Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lijia Bu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tai Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yingying Du
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Congjun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
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Wang J, Liu Q, Zhou X, He Y, Guo Q, Shi Q, Eriksson S, Zhou J, He E, Skog S. Thymidine kinase 1 expression in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma is superior to Ki-67: A new prognostic biomarker. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28651488 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with abnormally proliferating cells and therefore proliferation rate is an important index for assessing tumour growth. Ki-67 is a commonly used proliferation marker considered to be an unfavourable prognostic marker in some tumors, while Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an interesting proliferation marker because its levels are highly dependent on the growth stage of cells. To define the immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression of the TK1 in patients with ovarian serous adenocarcinoma and establish its potential role as a new biomarker for progressive disease, we analyzed the expression patterns of TK1 and Ki-67 in 109 patients with ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. TK1 and Ki-67 expression both showed a statistically significant correlation to MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) grade, but not to age, tumour size, lymph node metastasis or pathological TNM (pTNM) stages. TK1 expression, MDACC grades, pathological stages and lymph node metastasis correlate to relapse incident rate and overall survival, but Ki-67 does not. Although TK1 expression, MDACC grade, pTNM stage and lymph node metastasis significantly correlate to relapse in the Cox univariate analysis, in the multivariate Cox analysis only TK1 expression and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. The overall survival also correlated significantly to TK1 expression, MDACC grade, pTNM stage and lymph node metastasis in the Cox univariate analysis. However, only the pTNM stage was found to be an independent prognostic factor for survival in the Cox multivariate analysis. Therefore, though TK1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for relapse, but not for survival, TK1 is a more informative expression than Ki-67 for LI, relapse and overall survival rates. Thus, when TK1 is combined with MDACC grading, pTNM staging and lymph node metastasis, IHC determination of TK1 expression may improve the overall prediction of prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- 2 Department of Gynaecology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodie Zhou
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan He
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Guo
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunli Shi
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- 3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ji Zhou
- 4 Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen He
- 4 Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Sven Skog
- 4 Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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Lee HJ, Kim DOH, Lee SJ. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin-induced Changes in [ 18F]Fluorothymidine Uptake. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:2993-2999. [PMID: 28551637 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation status of tumor cells can be imaged using [18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), which is trapped by cell cycle-dependent thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). Targeting of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) disrupts multiple client proteins, leading to heterogeneous cell-cycle phenotypes. To investigate whether [18F]FLT uptake reflects the growth arrest caused by various mechanisms of HSP90 inhibition, we used HCT116 cells that were arrested at G0/G1 phase, and Hep3B cells at G2/M phase, by the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG. In HCT116 cells, 17-AAG did not induce significant changes in [18F]FLT uptake despite the decreased expression of TK1, cyclin A, and cyclin B. The mRNA level of 5'3'-deoxynucleotidase 1 (NT5C), which antagonizes TK1 by de-phosphorylating [18F]FLT monophosphate, was also decreased in 17-AAG-treated HCT116 cells by 55.3±18.1% compared to vehicle-treated cells. In Hep3B cells, 17-AAG treatment did not induce TK1 expression, TK1 activity nor [18F]FLT uptake. Nucleoside transporter activity in the plasma membrane was unchanged in both cell lines. These results showed that a HSP90 inhibitor exerts multifaceted effects on [18F]FLT uptake before inducing cell death in a cell-cycle-independent manner. Therefore, the use of [18F]FLT-positron emission tomography for monitoring treatment by HSP90 inhibitor would be more appropriate when tumor cell death is induced after growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Jung Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - DO Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Serum biomarkers of canine lymphoma activity for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring have been of clinical interest for more than a decade. Tumor products, biochemical enzymes, cytokines, metabolic profiling, leakage enzymes, as well as serum proteins have been studied as biomarkers for lymphoma. Multiple biomarkers combined have been shown to be most sensitive and specific. C-reactive protein, thymidine kinase 1, and haptoglobin have been most extensively studied and commercialized in diagnostic tests, the TK Canine Cancer Panel and the Canine Lymphoma Blood Test. These tests have been evaluated either in cohorts of diseased and healthy dogs or in prospective studies of ill dogs, respectively, for application to clinical decision-making. Some evidence exists for application of these tests, but large-scale studies are lacking in a broad range of lymphoma forms. These biomarkers are commonly elevated at diagnosis and at relapse. Further study is necessary to determine if early intervention guided by biomarker elevation will improve quantity or quality of life for dogs with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Comparative Oncology Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA
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25
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Chen Z, Guan H, Yuan H, Cao X, Liu Y, Zhou JI, He E, Skog S. Serum thymidine kinase 1 is a reliable maker for the assessment of the risk of developing malignancy: A case report. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1669-1673. [PMID: 26622729 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With regard to different types of malignancies, thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a useful prognostic marker in clinical oncology, both as a serum proliferation marker and in immunohistochemistry. The present study investigated the use of serum TK1 protein (STK1p) for the identification of multiple proliferating diseases linked to the risk of developing cancer, by following one patient during the period of 2003-2014. The patient presented with adenomatous polyps in the stomach in 2003, follicular cervicitis in 2007 and hyperplasia of the breast/fibrocystic breasts in 2010. The breast cysts increased from 4×5 mm in size in 2010 to 8×7 mm in size in 2013, and were assessed as a suspicious malignancy at the end of this period. In parallel, the STK1p values increased from 2.0 to 7.6 pM. Based on this information, a minimally invasive surgery using the Mammotome® Biopsy System was performed. Immunohistochemistry on the cyst tissue showed strong staining of TK1 in the ductal epithelial cells and thus confirmed the abnormal proliferation in the lesion. One week after the surgery, the STK1p value had decreased to almost normal values (1.6 pM), but then fluctuated above 2.0 pM for the next 7 months. After the surgery, the patient was re-examined and small foci with squamous cell hyperplasia and a suspected ulcerated cervix, as well as flat gastric erosive, were identified, but not treated; this may explain why the STK1 P-values did not return to within normal values. The patient is currently being followed up using STK1p analysis combined with imaging/pathology in order to begin therapeutic intervention as early as possible to avoid the risk of developing cancer. Overall, STK1p is useful in health screening to identify individuals at risk of developing premalignancy/malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Chen
- Health Management Centre, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Guan
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 322000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Research Center of Sub-Health's Diagnose and Intervention Technology and Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xia Cao
- Health Management Centre, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Liu
- Health Management Centre, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - J I Zhou
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, representing one-third of pediatric cancers. Thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) is expressed in proliferating cells so elevated TK-1 indicates active tumor growth. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical significance of TK-1 in children with ALL. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was carried out on 40 children with newly diagnosed ALL who were admitted to Oncology Unit, Pediatric department, Tanta University (26 males and 14 females) with their ages ranged from 4 to 10 years and 30 healthy children of matched age and sex as a control group. For all patients the following were done: Complete blood picture, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping and TK-1 serum levels. RESULTS Mean TK-1 level was significantly higher in patients at diagnosis than controls and significantly higher in patients with unfavorable outcome than patients with favorable outcome. Mean TK-1 level was significantly higher in patients in relapse than patients in remission and controls. No significant differences in mean TK-1 level between patients in remission and controls. There were statistically significant differences in disease free survival and overall survival between patients with favorable and unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSION From this study we concluded that TK is a helpful marker in diagnosis and follow-up of patients with ALL. RECOMMENDATIONS Thymidine kinase-1 should be routinely assessed at diagnosis and during follow-up in ALL patients for better diagnostic and prognostic assessment and should be taken in consideration in designing future therapeutic strategies based on patients-specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Hagag
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sohair A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Xu Y, Liu B, Shi QL, Huang PL, Zhou XJ, Ma HH, Lu ZF, Bo Y, Eriksson S, He E, Skog S. Thymidine kinase 1 is a better prognostic marker than Ki-67 for pT1 adenocarcinoma of the lung. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:2120-2128. [PMID: 25232396 PMCID: PMC4161556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The sensitivity and reliability of the biomarkers thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and Ki-67 were studied in relation to clinical features and prognosis of survival for pathological-T1 (pT1) lung adenocarcinoma patients. METHODS TK1 and Ki-67 expression was determined in 80 patients with pT1 adenocarcinoma of the lung and in 20 specimens from normal lung tissues, using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS TK1 was found in most lung tumor cells both in the cytoplasm and the nuclei. The positive labelling index (LI) for total TK1 was significantly higher than that for Ki-67. There was a significant correlation between the LI of total TK1 and lymph node metastasis, degree of tumor invasion and pathologic stages, which was not found for Ki-67. In addition, the overall 5-year survival of patients was statistically significant different between low and high levels of TK1 expression, but not in cases of Ki-67. A multivariate analysis revealed that expression of TK1, lymph node involvement and TNM pathology staging could serve as independent prognostic factors for the disease progression of pT1 lung adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Compared with Ki-67, TK1 is a more reliable proliferation index in pT1 adenocarcinoma of lung, which can evaluate the invasion and the prognosis of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhong Da Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Biao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Qun-Li Shi
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Pei-Lin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhong Da Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Heng-Hui Ma
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Zhen-Feng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Yu Bo
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of MedicineNanjing, P.R.China
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research InstituteShenzhen, China
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research InstituteShenzhen, China
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Alegre MM, Weyant MJ, Bennett DT, Yu JA, Ramsden MK, Elnaggar A, Robison RA, O'Neill KL. Serum detection of thymidine kinase 1 as a means of early detection of lung cancer. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:2145-2151. [PMID: 24778016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a biomarker elevated in several malignancies, including lung cancer. Up-regulation of TK1 is an early event in carcinogenesis and therefore a target for early cancer detection. We have developed a novel Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to detect TK1 in serum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients with pulmonary nodules and 18 healthy individuals had their serum collected prior to surgery. All samples were analyzed using a radioassay and ELISA. RESULTS TK1 was significantly elevated in all lung cancer samples. Patients with stage I (n=16) and stage II (n=17) disease had significantly higher TK1 levels than controls. The area under the curve was 0.792, using 4.9 nM TK1 as cut-off, for early-stage lung cancer. The sensitivity and specificity were 75.0 and 83.3, respectively. TK1 concentration was a more sensitive and accurate indicator of lung cancer than TK1 activity. CONCLUSION TK1 is significantly elevated in serum from patients with stage I and stage II lung cancer as measured using the established ELISA. This novel TK1 ELISA is both sensitive and specific for the detection of early-stage and advanced lung cancer, and therefore may be an important tool in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Alegre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, U.S.A.
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Fang JL, Han T, Wu Q, Beland FA, Chang CW, Guo L, Fuscoe JC. Differential gene expression in human hepatocyte cell lines exposed to the antiretroviral agent zidovudine. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:609-23. [PMID: 24292225 PMCID: PMC5901687 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT) is the most widely used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of AIDS patients and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Previously, we demonstrated that AZT had significantly greater growth inhibitory effects upon the human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2 as compared to the immortalized human liver cell line THLE2. We have now used gene expression profiling to determine the molecular pathways associated with toxicity in both cell lines. HepG2 cells were incubated with 0, 2, 20, or 100 μM AZT for 2 weeks; THLE2 cells were treated with 0, 50, 500, or 2,500 μM AZT, concentrations that were equi-toxic to those used in the HepG2 cells. After the treatment, total RNA was isolated and subjected to microarray analysis. Global analysis of gene expression, with a false discovery rate ≤0.01 and a fold change ≥1.5, indicated that 6- to 70-fold more genes were differentially expressed in a significant concentration-dependent manner in HepG2 cells when compared to THLE2 cells. Comparative analysis indicated that 7 % of these genes were common to both cell lines. Among the common differentially expressed genes, 70 % changed in the same direction, most of which were associated with cell death and survival, cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and DNA replication, recombination, and repair. As determined by the uptake of [methyl-(3)H]AZT, the intracellular levels of total AZT were approximately twofold higher in THLE2 cells than in HepG2 cells. The expression of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) genes that regulate the metabolic activation and deactivation of AZT, respectively, was increased in HepG2 cells but decreased in THLE2 cells after treatment with AZT. This differential response in AZT metabolism was confirmed by real-time PCR, western blotting, and/or enzymatic assays. These data indicate that molecular pathways involved with cell death and survival, cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and DNA replication, recombination, and repair are involved in the toxicities associated with AZT in both human cell lines, and that the difference in expression of TK1 and UGT2B7 in response to AZT treatment in HepG2 cells and THLE2 cells might explain why HepG2 cells are more sensitive than THLE2 cells to the toxicity of AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA,
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30
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Chen F, Tang L, Xia T, He E, Hu G, Li Y, Zhang M, Zhou J, Eriksson S, Skog S. Serum thymidine kinase 1 levels predict cancer-free survival following neoadjuvant, surgical and adjuvant treatment of patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:894-902. [PMID: 24649267 PMCID: PMC3915673 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the use of serum thymidine kinase 1 protein (STK1p) concentration for the prognosis of the overall survival of patients with locally advanced breast cancer (n=51) following routine treatment (neoadjuvant treatment, surgery and chemotherapy) was investigated. The patients were followed up for 44 months and the STK1p values were determined by a high-sensitivity enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) dot blot assay. The variables investigated in relation to metastasis and survival were STK1p, clinical stage, tumor size and age, by the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test and Cox uni- and multivariate analyses. Patients with high STK1p values (≥2.0 pM) 3–6 months after surgery exhibited a positive correlation to clinical stage, tumor size, occurrence of metastasis and survival. The hazard risk for the development of metastatic disease and mortality among breast cancer patients was 11–12 times higher in patients with high compared to those with low STK1p values (<2.0 pM). Notably, patients with stage III/IV disease and low STK1p values exhibited statistically significantly improved survival compared to patients with high STK1p values. A multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that the STK1p levels 6 months after surgery was the only independent prognostic factor for metastasis and survival. In conclusion, STK1p is a prognostic marker in patients with locally advanced breast cancer and it may help identify a subgroup of stage III/IV patients with improved cancer-free survival expectancy, enabling personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xia
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guozhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swedish Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Xiang Y, Zeng H, Liu X, Zhou H, Luo L, Duan C, Luo X, Yan H. Thymidine kinase 1 as a diagnostic tumor marker is of moderate value in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:629-637. [PMID: 24648999 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an enzyme involved in nucleic acid synthesis and is therefore considered to be an important tumor proliferation marker. The aim of the present study was to determine the diagnostic role of TK1 measurement in cancer. An extensive electronic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library using the keywords 'thymidine kinase 1' and 'tumor' and synonyms. This study was conducted as part of a project to establish evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A total of 453 abstracts were screened, after which the full text of 40 studies were selected for further investigation, including screening of the references cited by studies in the original search. Fifteen studies were enrolled following full-text evaluation. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the radioenzymatic assay (REA), the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and the total were 0.88, 0.75 and 0.8, respectively. These results were all between <0.9 and >0.7, which suggested a moderate diagnostic efficacy. The positive likelihood ratio of the CLIA method was the highest (10.229), which demonstrated that CLIA exhibited a satisfactory specificity in tumor diagnosis. However, TK1 as a single diagnostic tumor marker was not of significant value and the combination of more tumor markers in the diagnosis of tumors may be preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xiang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Departments of Ear-Nose-Throat, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Gynaecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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ZHOU JI, HE ELLEN, SKOG SVEN. The proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in clinical use. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:18-28. [PMID: 24649117 PMCID: PMC3956229 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-related biomarkers are used for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of treatments and follow-up of cancer patients, although only a few are fully accepted for the detection of invisible/visible tumors in health screening. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), a cell cycle-dependent and thus a proliferation-related marker, has been extensively studied during the last decades, using both biochemical and immunological techniques. Therefore, TK1 is an emerging potential proliferating biomarker in oncology that may be used for the prognosis and monitoring of tumor therapy, relapse and survival. In addition, TK1 concentration in serum (STK1p) is a useful biomarker in healthy screening for the detection of potential malignancy development as well as the identification of early-stage tumors, with a few false-positive cases (ROC value, 0.96; tumor proliferation sensitivity, 0.80; specificity, 0.99). In this review, we examine results regarding the expression of STK1p and TK1 in relation to cancer patients and STK1p in health screening published between 2000 and 2012. The use of tumor-related markers recommended by international cancer organizations is also discussed. This review provides valuable information for applications in tumor patients, in health screening and for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- JI ZHOU
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - ELLEN HE
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - SVEN SKOG
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
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Chen ZH, Huang SQ, Wang Y, Yang AZ, Wen J, Xu XH, Chen Y, Chen QB, Wang YH, He E, Zhou J, Skog S. Serological thymidine kinase 1 is a biomarker for early detection of tumours--a health screening study on 35,365 people, using a sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot assay. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:11064-80. [PMID: 22247653 DOI: 10.3390/s111211064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serological thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) is a reliable proliferation marker for prognosis, monitoring tumour therapy, and relapse. Here we investigated the use of STK1 in health screening for early detection of pre-malignant and malignant diseases. The investigation was based on 35,365 participants in four independent health screening studies in China between 2005–2011. All participants were clinically examined. The concentration of STK1 was determined by a sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot ECL assay. The ROCvalue of the STK1 assay was 0.96. At a cut-off STK1 value of 2.0 pM, the likelihood (+) value was 236.5, and the sensitivity and the specificity were 0.78 and 0.99, respectively. The relative number of city-dwelling people with elevated STK1 values (≥2.0 pM) was 0.8% (198/26,484), while the corresponding value for the group of oil-field workers was 5.8% (514/8,355). The latter group expressed significantly higher frequency of refractory anaemia, fatty liver, and obesity, compared to the city dwellers, but no cases of breast hyperplasia or prostate hyperplasia. Furthermore, people working in oil drilling/oil transportation showed higher STK1 values and higher frequency of pre-malignancies and benign diseases than people working in the oil-field administration. In the STK1 elevated group of the city-dwelling people, a statistically significantly higher number of people were found to have malignancies, pre-malignancies of all types, moderate/severe type of hyperplasia of breast or prostate, or refractory anaemia, or to be at high risk for hepatitis B, compared to people with normal STK1 values (<2.0 pM). No malignancies were found in the normal STK1 group. In the elevated STK1 group 85.4% showed diseases linked to a higher risk for pre-/early cancerous progression, compared to 52.4% of those with normal STK1 values. Among participants with elevated STK1 values, 8.8% developed new malignancies or progress in their pre-malignancies within 5 to 72 months, compared to 0.2% among people with normal STK1 values. People who showed elevated STK1 values were at about three to five times higher risk to develop malignancies compared to a calculated risk based on a cancer incidence rate of 0.2–0.3%. We conclude that serological TK1 protein concentration is a reliable marker for risk assessment of pre/early cancerous progression.
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Abstract
The cytosolic thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is one of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. Based on biochemical studies, TK1 is activated at late G1 of cell cycle, and its activity correlates with the cell proliferation. We have developed a polyclonal anti-TK1 antibody against a synthetic peptide from the C-terminus of human TK1. Using this antibody, here we demonstrate the exclusive location of TK1 in the cytoplasm of cells. Cell cycle dependent TK1 expression was studied by simultaneous fluorescence staining for TK1 and bromodeoxyuridine, by using elutriated cells, and by quantitation of the amount TK1 in relation to the cellular DNA content. TK1, which was strongly expressed in the cells in S+G2 period, raised at late G1 and decreased during mitosis. The amount of TK1 increased three folds from late G1 to G2. TK1 positive cells were demonstrated in areas of proliferation activity of various normal and malignant tissues. The new anti-TK1 antibody works in archival specimens and is a specific marker of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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