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Mazza GL. Can time to deterioration in patient-reported outcomes be a surrogate for overall survival? J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1442-1444. [PMID: 37659104 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Mazza
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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2
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Black CM, Keeping S, Mojebi A, Ramakrishnan K, Chirovsky D, Upadhyay N, Maciel D, Ayers D. Correlation Between Early Time-to-Event Outcomes and Overall Survival in Patients With Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Receiving Definitive Chemoradiation Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:868490. [PMID: 35574411 PMCID: PMC9095900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overall survival (OS) is the most patient-relevant outcome in oncology; however, in early cancers, large sample sizes and extended follow-up durations are needed to detect statistically significant differences in OS between interventions. Use of early time-to-event outcomes as surrogates for OS can help facilitate faster approval of cancer therapies. In locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC), event-free survival (EFS) was previously evaluated as a surrogate outcome (Michiels 2009) and demonstrated a strong correlation with OS. The current study aimed to further assess the correlation between EFS and OS in LA-HNSCC using an updated systematic literature review (SLR) focusing on patients receiving definitive chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Methods An SLR was conducted on May 27, 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials assessing radiotherapy alone or CRT in the target population. Studies assessing CRT and reporting hazard ratios (HRs) or Kaplan-Meier data for OS and EFS were eligible for the analysis. CRT included any systemic treatments administered concurrently or sequentially with radiation therapy. Trial-level EFS/OS correlations were assessed using regression models, and the relationship strength was measured with Pearson correlation coefficient (R). Correlations were assessed across all CRT trials and in trial subsets assessing concurrent CRT, sequential CRT, RT+cisplatin, targeted therapies and intensity-modulated RT. Subgroup analysis was conducted among trials with similar EFS definitions (i.e. EFS including disease progression and/or death as events) and longer length of follow-up (i.e.≥ 5 years). Results The SLR identified 149 trials of which 31 were included in the analysis. A strong correlation between EFS and OS was observed in the overall analysis of all CRT trials (R=0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.93). Similar results were obtained in the sensitivity analyses of trials assessing concurrent CRT (R=0.88), sequential CRT (R=0.83), RT+cisplatin (R=0.82), targeted therapies (R=0.83) and intensity-modulated RT (R=0.86), as well as in trials with similar EFS definitions (R=0.87), with longer follow-up (R=0.81). Conclusion EFS was strongly correlated with OS in this trial-level analysis. Future research using individual patient-level data can further investigate if EFS could be considered a suitable early clinical endpoint for evaluation of CRT regimens in LA-HNSCC patients receiving definitive CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Black
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Sam Keeping
- Evidence Synthesis, PRECISIONheor, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Mojebi
- Evidence Synthesis, PRECISIONheor, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karthik Ramakrishnan
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Diana Chirovsky
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Navneet Upadhyay
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Former Employee of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Dylan Maciel
- Evidence Synthesis, PRECISIONheor, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dieter Ayers
- Evidence Synthesis, PRECISIONheor, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Kiss F, Pohóczky K, Görbe A, Dembrovszky F, Kiss S, Hegyi P, Szakó L, Tóth L, Somogyiné Ezer É, Szalai E, Helyes Z. Addition of EGFR inhibitors to standard chemotherapy increases survival of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 2022. [PMID: 35485982 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the common tumors associated with high mortality. The aim of our meta-analysis was to determine how additional anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) therapy to standard chemotherapy affects the progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the patients, besides the most common side effects. We used CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase databases until October 26, 2020, and included 13 eligible randomized controlled trials in our systematic research. The pooled hazard ratios (HR) for the main outcomes from the original data were estimated and for the other dichotomous outcomes, odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Addition of EGFR inhibitors to conventional chemotherapy significantly decreased the death and disease progression (for PFS HR:0.68, 95% CI:0.55-0.81, I2 =65.5%, p=0.005) and mortality (for OS HR:0.83, 95% CI:0.72-0.94, I2 =42.3%, p=0.076). In the EGFR inhibitor group, we revealed an increased chance of the over Grade 3 skin rashes (OR:4.86; 95% CI:1.52-15.49, I2 =2.3%, p=0.407), as well as all Grade skin rashes (OR:18.32, 95% CI:8.07-41.60, I2 =56.6 %, p=0.032). Despite their unwanted dermatological side effects, the addition of EGFR inhibitors are recommended to be included in advanced HNSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Kiss
- Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, H-7400, Kaposvár, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pohóczky
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fanni Dembrovszky
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kiss
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6702, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szakó
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lilla Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Eszter Szalai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
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4
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Lau A, Yang WF, Li KY, Su YX. Systemic Therapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:102984. [PMID: 32569853 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most effective regimen is unclear for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (R/M HNSCC). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating only systemic therapy for R/M HNSCC. METHODS This systematic review followed PRISMA and the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rates (ORR). RESULTS 55 RCTs from 1990-November 2019 qualified for review (n=12132). Only PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitors increased OS in R/M HNSCC platinum-resistant disease against their control (HR = 0·79, 95%CI 0·70-0.90, p<0·001), especially for PD-L1 ≥ 1% expressing tumours (HR = 0·72, 95%CI 0·60-0·86, p<0·001). PFS was prolonged for anti-EGFR agents against methotrexate when used in a second line setting (HR = 0·74, 95 %CI 0·62-0·87, p=0·001), and when cetuximab (HR = 0·60, 95%CI 0·49-0·72, p<0·0001) and panitumumab (HR = 0·76, 95%CI 0·65-0·89, p=0·001) were introduced to platinum-based regimens for first-line treatment. CONCLUSIONS PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors may represent the future of R/M HNSCC treatment. However, EGFR inhibitors may still play improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince Phillip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wei-Fa Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince Phillip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kar-Yan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince Phillip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prince Phillip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Pinto A, Naci H, Neez E, Mossialos E. Association Between the Use of Surrogate Measures in Pivotal Trials and Health Technology Assessment Decisions: A Retrospective Analysis of NICE and CADTH Reviews of Cancer Drugs. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2020; 23:319-327. [PMID: 32197727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether using surrogate versus patient-relevant endpoints in pivotal trials of cancer drugs was associated with health technology assessment recommendations in England (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]) and Canada (Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health [CADTH]). METHODS Cancer drug approvals from 2012 to 2016 were categorized by demonstrating benefit on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival, disease response, or having no comparator. Approvals were analyzed by benefit category and health technology assessment recommendation. The association between benefit (surrogate vs OS) and recommending a drug was examined using descriptive statistics and linear probability models controlling for unmet need, orphan designation, and cost-effectiveness. RESULTS Of 42 cancer indications that NICE recommended, 15 (36%) demonstrated OS benefit. Cancer indications with OS benefit were less likely to receive a recommendation from NICE than those without (P = .04). In linear probability models, availability of OS benefit was no longer associated with a recommendation from NICE (P = .32). Cost-effective cancer drugs had a 55.6% (95% CI: 38.9%-72.3%) higher probability of receiving a recommendation from NICE than those that were not. In Canada, 15 of 37 (41%) cancer indications that were recommended showed OS benefit. There was no detectable association between surrogate measures and CADTH recommendations based on descriptive statistics (P = .62) or in linear probability models (P = .73). CONCLUSION When cost-effectiveness was considered, pivotal trial endpoints were not associated with NICE recommendations. Pivotal trial endpoints, unmet need, orphan status, and cost-effectiveness did not explain CADTH recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Pinto
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huseyin Naci
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England, UK.
| | - Emilie Neez
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England, UK
| | - Elias Mossialos
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England, UK
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6
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Zhang J, Liang W, Liang H, Wang X, He J. Endpoint surrogacy in oncological randomized controlled trials with immunotherapies: a systematic review of trial-level and arm-level meta-analyses. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:244. [PMID: 31317014 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Few cancer drugs or their indications achieved survival benefit in subsequent trials during postmarket period after approval based on surrogate endpoints. This causes a concern of using surrogate endpoints instead of overall survival (OS) as the primary endpoint for trial design, implementation and regulation approval. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the findings from published meta-analyses which have evaluated endpoint surrogacy for OS in oncological randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with immunotherapies. After searching articles indexed in PubMed prior to 24 February 2019, we identified a total of 11 meta-analyses for advanced multiple tumors, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma; most (91%; 10/11) focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Although the evaluation criteria adopted by these meta-analyses for validating endpoint surrogacy were not consistent (ranging from R2 ≥0.60 to R2 ≥0.80), the results were consistent. Few studies show an association between OS and progression-free survival (PFS)/objective response rate (ORR) that met the lowest evaluation criteria (R2 ≥0.60), based on treatment effects (8%; 2/26 indications) or absolute results from experimental arm (0%; 0/11 indications). However, the association between OS and 1-year survival rate met the lowest criteria based on both the trial-level results (4/4 indications) and the arm-level results (5/5 indications). In lieu of this finding, we are supportive of an alternative endpoint, e.g., 1-year survival rate, rather than the more conventional choices PFS and ORR, as promising surrogate endpoint for OS in immunotherapy RCTs. We encourage further investigation on endpoint surrogacy based on the same or different settings, especially an assessment on survival rate at milestone time (e.g., 1-year), which has been demonstrated valuable for predicting OS in meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Zhang
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hengrui Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China
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7
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Normann MC, Türzer M, Diep LM, Oldenburg J, Gajdzik B, Solheim O, Rud E. Early experiences with PD-1 inhibitor treatment of platinum resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2019; 30:e56. [PMID: 31074244 PMCID: PMC6543107 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we evaluated the toxicity and clinical efficacy of nivolumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, on patients with platinum resistant ovarian cancer. Methods Every second week, 18 patients with platinum resistance ovarian cancer received nivolumab until disease progression occurred. We assessed toxicity, disease control rate, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Radiological response evaluation according to irRECIST was performed every 12th week, while clinical evaluation was done every second week. Results The disease control rate was 44% (95% confidence interval [CI]=19–87) as 8 showed stable disease, 6 showed progressive disease and 4 died before the first radiological response evaluation. The median OS was 30 weeks (95% CI=14–42; range, 3–95), and PFS was 15 weeks (95% CI=13–17). The median follow-up time was 30 weeks (range, 3–123). The rate of grade 2–5 adverse events was 28% (5 out of 18). Two patients (11%) developed grade 2 and 3 adverse events, respectively, while no grade 4 events were observed. One patient died from intestinal perforation, believed to be caused by concomitant bevacizumab rather than nivolumab. Conclusion This study shows few adverse events, and promising clinical efficacy when using nivolumab for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Türzer
- Aleris Cancer Center, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Sykehuset Ostfold Kalnes, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Lien My Diep
- Oslo University Hospital, Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Oldenburg
- Aleris Cancer Center, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | | | - Olesya Solheim
- Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Rud
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Xie W, Halabi S, Tierney JF, Sydes MR, Collette L, Dignam JJ, Buyse M, Sweeney CJ, Regan MM. A Systematic Review and Recommendation for Reporting of Surrogate Endpoint Evaluation Using Meta-analyses. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 3:pkz002. [PMID: 31360890 PMCID: PMC6649812 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been widely conducted for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints in oncology, but little attention has been given to the adequacy of reporting and interpretation. This review evaluated the reporting quality of published meta-analyses on surrogacy evaluation and developed recommendations for future reporting. Methods We searched PubMed through August 2017 to identify studies that evaluated surrogate endpoints using the meta-analyses of RCTs in oncology. Both individual patient data (IPD) and aggregate data (AD) meta-analyses were included for the review. Results Eighty meta-analyses were identified: 22 used IPD and 58 used AD from multiple RCTs. We observed variability and reporting deficiencies in both IPD and AD meta-analyses, especially on reporting of trial selection, endpoint definition, study and patient characteristics for included RCTs, and important statistical methods and results. Based on these findings, we proposed a checklist and recommendations to improve completeness, consistency, and transparency of reports of meta-analytic surrogacy evaluation. We highlighted key aspects of the design and analysis of surrogate endpoints and presented explanations and rationale why these items should be clearly reported in surrogacy evaluation. Conclusions Our reporting of surrogate endpoint evaluation using meta-analyses (ReSEEM) guidelines and recommendations will improve the quality in reporting and facilitate the interpretation and reproducibility of meta-analytic surrogacy evaluation. Also, they should help promote greater methodological consistency and could also serve as an evaluation tool in the peer review process for assessing surrogacy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Xie
- Correspondence to: Wanling Xie, MS, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (e-mail: )
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Haslam A, Hey SP, Gill J, Prasad V. A systematic review of trial-level meta-analyses measuring the strength of association between surrogate end-points and overall survival in oncology. Eur J Cancer 2019; 106:196-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Schuller Y, Biegstraaten M, Hollak CEM, Klümpen HJ, Gispen-de Wied CC, Stoyanova-Beninska V. Oncologic orphan drugs approved in the EU - do clinical trial data correspond with real-world effectiveness? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:214. [PMID: 30486835 PMCID: PMC6263065 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of evidence for efficacy of orphan medicinal products (OMPs) for rare malignancies may be hampered by the use of tumor measurements instead of clinical endpoints. This may cause efficacy data to not always match effectiveness in the real-world. We investigated whether an efficacy-effectiveness gap exists for oncologic OMPs and aimed to identify which factors contribute to it. Also, the magnitude of the clinical efficacy of oncologic OMPs was evaluated. METHODS We included all oncologic OMPs authorized in the European Union from 2000 to 2017. Pivotal studies were evaluated by means of the European Society for Medical Oncology - Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS). To estimate real-world effectiveness, a literature search was performed to identify post-marketing studies, of which data on overall survival (OS) were extracted. OS of the new OMP was compared with OS data of standard of care. An OS gain of ≥3 months compared to pre-marketing data was considered clinically relevant. RESULTS Twenty OMPs were included, of which 5 were authorized based on OS as a primary endpoint. 10 OMPs had post-marketing data available, of which 40% did not show a clinically relevant OS gain in the real world. All OMPs that were studied with OS as primary endpoint in the pivotal study had a clinically relevant OS gain in the real world. Furthermore, all OMPs that had a high ESMO-MCBS score and post-marketing data available, resulted in a clinically relevant OS gain in the real world. CONCLUSIONS Although the sample size is small, our results indicate an efficacy-effectiveness gap for oncologic OMPs exists. Significant changes in PFS do not always lead to an increased OS. The use of PFS may be justified, but validation of surrogate endpoints is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schuller
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Biegstraaten
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla E. M. Hollak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz-Josef Klümpen
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Mangal N, Salem AH, Menon RM, Freise KJ. Use of depth of response to predict progression-free survival in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: Evaluation of results from 102 clinical trials. Hematol Oncol 2018; 36:547-553. [PMID: 29672885 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Progression-free survival (PFS) is the standard endpoint for demonstration of clinical effectiveness of novel therapies in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). However, the long evaluation times for PFS limits its usefulness in the development of new therapies. Therefore, the objective of this analysis was to determine the relationship between response rates and median PFS in RRMM. A database was systematically developed from 268 identified RRMM trials reported from 1999 to 2016. Evaluated covariates for the relationship between response rates and PFS included age, sex, drug class(es), and number of drug classes. One-hundred two (102) trials involving 136 cohorts were included in the meta-analysis, representing 13 322 patients in total. Regression analysis using response rates and median PFS indicated that the correlation between very good partial response (VGPR) or better and median PFS was higher (R2 = 0.63) than the separately analyzed correlations between clinical benefit, overall response, or complete response rate and median PFS (R2 = 0.47 - 0.52). Subsequent covariate analysis revealed that treatment with an immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD) further improved the relationship (R2 = 0.69), with a longer median PFS at a given VGPR or better rate when at least 1 drug treatment was an IMiD. Number of drug classes was not found to alter this relationship. In conclusion, VGPR or better rate can be used to predict the median PFS, with adjustment for the additional PFS provided by an IMiD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Mangal
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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12
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Savina M, Gourgou S, Italiano A, Dinart D, Rondeau V, Penel N, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, Bellera C. Meta-analyses evaluating surrogate endpoints for overall survival in cancer randomized trials: A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:21-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Suciu S, Eggermont AMM, Lorigan P, Kirkwood JM, Markovic SN, Garbe C, Cameron D, Kotapati S, Chen TT, Wheatley K, Ives N, de Schaetzen G, Efendi A, Buyse M. Relapse-Free Survival as a Surrogate for Overall Survival in the Evaluation of Stage II-III Melanoma Adjuvant Therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:4091329. [PMID: 28922786 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We assessed whether relapse-free survival (RFS; time until recurrence/death) is a valid surrogate for overall survival (OS) among resected stage II-III melanoma patients through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods Individual patient data (IPD) on RFS and OS were collected from 5826 patients enrolled in 11 randomized adjuvant trials comparing interferon (IFN) to observation. In addition, IPD from two studies comparing IFN and vaccination in 989 patients were included. A two-level modeling approach was used for assessing Spearman's patient-level correlation (rho) of RFS and OS and the trial-level coefficient of determination (R²) of the treatment effects on RFS and on OS. The results were validated externally in 13 adjuvant studies without available IPD. We then tested the results on the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 18071 double-blind trial comparing ipilimumab 10 mg/kg with placebo, which showed a statistically significant impact of the checkpoint inhibitor on RFS and OS. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results With a median follow-up of seven years, 12 of 13 trials showed a consistency between the IFN vs No IFN differences regarding RFS (hazard ratio [HR]RFS = 0.88) and OS (HROS = 0.91), but the small trial, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 2696, was an outlier (HRRFS = 0.72 vs HROS = 1.11). Therefore, even if rho was high, R² was low and could not reliably be estimated. Based on the 12 trials, rho remained high (0.89), and the hazard ratios for RFS and OS were strongly correlated (R² = 0.91). The surrogate threshold effect for RFS was estimated to be 0.77. For the EORTC 18071 trial, the hazard ratio for RFS was 0.75, predicting an effect of ipilimumab on OS. This was subsequently confirmed (HROS = 0.72, 95.1% confidence interval = 0.58 to 0.88, P = .001). Conclusions In high-risk stage II-III melanoma, RFS appeared to be a valid surrogate end point for OS for adjuvant randomized studies assessing interferon or a checkpoint inhibitor. In future similar adjuvant studies, a hazard ratio for RFS of 0.77 or less would predict a treatment impact on OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Suciu
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M M Eggermont
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Paul Lorigan
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - John M Kirkwood
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Svetomir N Markovic
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claus Garbe
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Cameron
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Srividya Kotapati
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tai-Tsang Chen
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Keith Wheatley
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Natalie Ives
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gaetan de Schaetzen
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Achmad Efendi
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marc Buyse
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany; University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT; Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of lymphoproliferative malignancies with varying treatment responses and progression-free survival (PFS) times. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of treatment and patient-population characteristics on PFS in patients with NHL. METHODS A database was developed from 513 NHL clinical trials reported from 1993 to 2015. Summary-level PFS was obtained from 112 of these trials, which included 155 cohorts and 11,824 patients. Characteristics evaluated for their impact on PFS included cohort treatment, percentage of patients with each NHL subtype, percentage of patients with different numbers of prior treatments, percentage of subjects previously administered rituximab, performance status, disease stage, median age, and sex distribution. RESULTS Rituximab, bendamustine, CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone combination)/CHOP-like, and other nonchemotherapy drugs, aside from bortezomib, prolonged median PFS time 2 to 4-fold. Follicular lymphoma patients had 60% longer median PFS time than mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients, while diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients had a median PFS time that was 25% of MCL patients. Patients who received ≤1 prior treatment had median PFS times > 10-fold longer than patients who received ≥2 prior treatments. The final model predicted the hazard ratio in 75% of the studies within 25% of the observed value and the observed median PFS time of 92% of the studies fell within the predicted 90% confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS The developed PFS model predicts the median PFS time and hazard ratio for specific populations and treatment combinations quantitatively and can potentially be extended to link short-term and long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
- Current address: Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ
| | | | - Ahmed Hamed Salem
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Li L, Pan Z. Progression-Free Survival and Time to Progression as Real Surrogate End Points for Overall Survival in Advanced Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 37 Trials. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:63-70. [PMID: 28818493 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) have been reported to correlate with overall survival (OS) in several cancer types. To our knowledge, however, the correlation between them is unclear. METHODS A literature-based meta-analysis was performed to assess whether PFS and TTP can be considered reliable surrogate end points for OS in a phase 3 clinical trial of advanced breast cancer (ABC). The median hazard ratios of PFS/TTP and OS were analyzed by determining their nonparametric Spearman rank correlation coefficients (Rs). RESULTS A total of 37 trials with 38 treatment arms and 14,966 patients were selected for analysis. The Rs between the median PFS/TTP and OS was 0.405 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.191-0.582; P = .003), and the correlation coefficient between the hazard ratios of PFS/TTP and OS was 0.555 (95% CI, 0.277-0.748; P = .003). PFS/TTP was closely correlated with OS in the trials of targeted therapy-based treatment (Rs = 0.872; 95% CI, 0.619-0.962; P = .0001) and of PFS/TTP or OS benefit (Rs = 0.753 and Rs = 0.821, respectively) for ABC. CONCLUSIONS Both PFS and TTP can be considered valid surrogate end points for OS in the trials of targeted therapy-based treatments and clinical benefits for ABC. Further research is necessary to clarify the surrogacy of PFS/TTP for OS in other trials of targeted therapy-based treatments for ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanyu Pan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
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Mangal N, Salem AH, Li M, Menon R, Freise KJ. Relationship between response rates and median progression-free survival in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A meta-analysis of published clinical trials. Hematol Oncol 2017; 36:37-43. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Mangal
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology; University of Florida; Orlando FL USA
- Abbvie, Inc.; North Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Mengyao Li
- Abbvie, Inc.; North Chicago IL USA
- Merck and Co.; Rahway NJ USA
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17
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Lakdawalla DN, Shafrin J, Hou N, Peneva D, Vine S, Park J, Zhang J, Brookmeyer R, Figlin RA. Predicting Real-World Effectiveness of Cancer Therapies Using Overall Survival and Progression-Free Survival from Clinical Trials: Empirical Evidence for the ASCO Value Framework. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2017; 20:866-875. [PMID: 28712615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the relationship between randomized controlled trial (RCT) efficacy and real-world effectiveness for oncology treatments as well as how this relationship varies depending on an RCT's use of surrogate versus overall survival (OS) endpoints. METHODS We abstracted treatment efficacy measures from 21 phase III RCTs reporting OS and either progression-free survival or time to progression endpoints in breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. For these treatments, we estimated real-world OS as the mortality hazard ratio (RW MHR) among patients meeting RCT inclusion criteria in Surveillance and Epidemiology End Results-Medicare data. The primary outcome variable was real-world OS observed in the Surveillance and Epidemiology End Results-Medicare data. We used a Cox proportional hazard regression model to calibrate the differences between RW MHR and the hazard ratios on the basis of RCTs using either OS (RCT MHR) or progression-free survival/time to progression surrogate (RCT surrogate hazard ratio [SHR]) endpoints. RESULTS Treatment arm therapies reduced mortality in RCTs relative to controls (average RCT MHR = 0.85; range 0.56-1.10) and lowered progression (average RCT SHR = 0.73; range 0.43-1.03). Among real-world patients who used either the treatment or the control arm regimens evaluated in the relevant RCT, RW MHRs were 0.6% (95% confidence interval -3.5% to 4.8%) higher than RCT MHRs, and RW MHRs were 15.7% (95% confidence interval 11.0% to 20.5%) higher than RCT SHRs. CONCLUSIONS Real-world OS treatment benefits were similar to those observed in RCTs based on OS endpoints, but were 16% less than RCT efficacy estimates based on surrogate endpoints. These results, however, varied by tumor and line of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius N Lakdawalla
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Ningqi Hou
- Precision Health Economics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Desi Peneva
- Precision Health Economics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seanna Vine
- Precision Health Economics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinhee Park
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Wilson MK, Pujade-Lauraine E, Aoki D, Mirza MR, Lorusso D, Oza AM, du Bois A, Vergote I, Reuss A, Bacon M, Friedlander M, Gallardo-Rincon D, Joly F, Chang SJ, Ferrero AM, Edmondson RJ, Wimberger P, Maenpaa J, Gaffney D, Zang R, Okamoto A, Stuart G, Ochiai K. Fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference of the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup: recurrent disease. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:727-732. [PMID: 27993805 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reports the consensus statements regarding recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC), reached at the fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference (OCCC), which was held in Tokyo, Japan, in November 2015. Three important questions were identified: (i) What are the subgroups for clinical trials in ROC? The historical definition of using platinum-free interval (PFI) to categorise patients as having platinum-sensitive/resistant disease was replaced by therapy-free interval (TFI). TFI can be broken down into TFIp (PFI), TFInp (non-PFI) and TFIb (biological agent-free interval). Additional criteria to consider include histology, BRCA mutation status, number/type of previous therapies, outcome of prior surgery and patient reported symptoms. (ii) What are the control arms for clinical trials in ROC? When platinum is considered the best option, the control arm should be a platinum-based therapy with or without an anti-angiogenic agent or a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. If platinum is not considered the best option, the control arm could include a non-platinum drug, either as single agent or in combination. (iii) What are the endpoints for clinical trials in ROC? Overall survival (OS) is the preferred endpoint for patient cohorts with an expected median OS < or = 12 months. Progression-free survival (PFS) is an alternative, and it is the preferred endpoint when the expected median OS is > 12 months. However, PFS alone should not be the only endpoint and must be supported by additional endpoints including pre-defined patient reported outcomes (PROs), time to second subsequent therapy (TSST), or time until definitive deterioration of quality of life (TUDD).
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Siddiqui MK, Tyczynski J, Pahwa A, Fernandes AW. Objective response rate is a possible surrogate endpoint for survival in patients with advanced, recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146:44-51. [PMID: 28395896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.03.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate literature to assess response rate as a surrogate endpoint of survival in ovarian cancer (OC). METHODS Systematic review consistent with PRISMA criteria, identified randomized, controlled trials reporting overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR) in recurrent OC. MEDLINE® and Embase® searches (year 2000-March 23, 2015) were augmented by bibliographic screening. Proposed surrogate measures (independent variables) were ORR and disease control rate. True clinical outcomes (dependent variables) were median OS and PFS. Analyses were performed on unweighted and weighted data using correlation analysis, linear regression, and surrogate threshold effect (STE). Smaller STE indicates greater predictive precision with magnitude of STE dependent on variance of prediction. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies were included for review, representing 9223 platinum-sensitive and resistant patients. Objective response rate (r=0.82; P<0.001) was a better predictor than disease control rate (r=0.58; P<0.001) and strongly correlated with PFS (r=0.85; P<0.0001). Weighted-regression analysis demonstrated that for each 10% increase in ORR, PFS increased by 1.20months and OS by 2.83months. Regression analysis of treatment effects (odds ratio of response, hazard ratio of survival) suggests that a 10% increase in odds ratio of ORR would result in 2.5% reduction in the hazard ratio of OS. Based on weighted data, STE indicated that an ORR of ≥1% is needed to achieve nonzero OS benefit. CONCLUSION This systematic review supports ORR as a possible surrogate clinical trial endpoint for OS in recurrent OC with at least second-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerzy Tyczynski
- Global Medical Evidence and Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ankit Pahwa
- PAREXEL International, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
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Surrogacy of progression free survival for overall survival in metastatic breast cancer studies: Meta-analyses of published studies. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 53:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Validation of surrogate endpoints in advanced solid tumors: systematic review of statistical methods, results, and implications for policy makers. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2016; 30:312-24. [PMID: 25308694 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462314000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Licensing of, and coverage decisions on, new therapies should rely on evidence from patient-relevant endpoints such as overall survival (OS). Nevertheless, evidence from surrogate endpoints may also be useful, as it may not only expedite the regulatory approval of new therapies but also inform coverage decisions. It is, therefore, essential that candidate surrogate endpoints be properly validated. However, there is no consensus on statistical methods for such validation and on how the evidence thus derived should be applied by policy makers. METHODS We review current statistical approaches to surrogate-endpoint validation based on meta-analysis in various advanced-tumor settings. We assessed the suitability of two surrogates (progression-free survival [PFS] and time-to-progression [TTP]) using three current validation frameworks: Elston and Taylor's framework, the German Institute of Quality and Efficiency in Health Care's (IQWiG) framework and the Biomarker-Surrogacy Evaluation Schema (BSES3). RESULTS A wide variety of statistical methods have been used to assess surrogacy. The strength of the association between the two surrogates and OS was generally low. The level of evidence (observation-level versus treatment-level) available varied considerably by cancer type, by evaluation tools and was not always consistent even within one specific cancer type. CONCLUSIONS Not in all solid tumors the treatment-level association between PFS or TTP and OS has been investigated. According to IQWiG's framework, only PFS achieved acceptable evidence of surrogacy in metastatic colorectal and ovarian cancer treated with cytotoxic agents. Our study emphasizes the challenges of surrogate-endpoint validation and the importance of building consensus on the development of evaluation frameworks.
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Neykov M, Hejblum BP, Sinnott JA. Kernel machine score test for pathway analysis in the presence of semi-competing risks. Stat Methods Med Res 2016; 27:1099-1114. [PMID: 27255336 DOI: 10.1177/0962280216653427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In cancer studies, patients often experience two different types of events: a non-terminal event such as recurrence or metastasis, and a terminal event such as cancer-specific death. Identifying pathways and networks of genes associated with one or both of these events is an important step in understanding disease development and targeting new biological processes for potential intervention. These correlated outcomes are commonly dealt with by modeling progression-free survival, where the event time is the minimum between the times of recurrence and death. However, identifying pathways only associated with progression-free survival may miss out on pathways that affect time to recurrence but not death, or vice versa. We propose a combined testing procedure for a pathway's association with both the cause-specific hazard of recurrence and the marginal hazard of death. The dependency between the two outcomes is accounted for through perturbation resampling to approximate the test's null distribution, without any further assumption on the nature of the dependency. Even complex non-linear relationships between pathways and disease progression or death can be uncovered thanks to a flexible kernel machine framework. The superior statistical power of our approach is demonstrated in numerical studies and in a gene expression study of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matey Neykov
- 1 Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Boris P Hejblum
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Sueoka-Aragane N, Kobayashi N, Bonnard E, Charbonnier C, Yamamichi J, Mizobe H, Kimura S. Evaluation of a cloud-based local-read paradigm for imaging evaluations in oncology clinical trials for lung cancer. Acta Radiol Open 2015; 4:2058460115588103. [PMID: 26668754 PMCID: PMC4668993 DOI: 10.1177/2058460115588103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although tumor response evaluated with radiological imaging is frequently used as a primary endpoint in clinical trials, it is difficult to obtain precise results because of inter- and intra-observer differences. Purpose To evaluate usefulness of a cloud-based local-read paradigm implementing software solutions that standardize imaging evaluations among international investigator sites for clinical trials of lung cancer. Material and Methods Two studies were performed: KUMO I and KUMO I Extension. KUMO I was a pilot study aiming at demonstrating the feasibility of cloud implementation and identifying issues regarding variability of evaluations among sites. Chest CT scans at three time-points from baseline to progression, from 10 patients with lung cancer who were treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were evaluated independently by two oncologists (Japan) and one radiologist (France), through a cloud-based software solution. The KUMO I Extension was performed based on the results of KUMO I. Results KUMO I showed discordance rates of 40% for target lesion selection, 70% for overall response at the first time-point, and 60% for overall response at the second time-point. Since the main reason for the discordance was differences in the selection of target lesions, KUMO I Extension added a cloud-based quality control service to achieve a consensus on the selection of target lesions, resulting in an improved rate of agreement of response evaluations. Conclusion The study shows the feasibility of imaging evaluations at investigator sites, based on cloud services for clinical studies involving multiple international sites. This system offers a step forward in standardizing evaluations of images among widely dispersed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Sueoka-Aragane
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Naomi Kobayashi
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Eric Bonnard
- Radiology Department, NICE University Hospital, France
| | | | | | | | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Ahmadizar F, Onland-Moret NC, de Boer A, Liu G, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Efficacy and Safety Assessment of the Addition of Bevacizumab to Adjuvant Therapy Agents in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136324. [PMID: 26331473 PMCID: PMC4558033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in the adjuvant cancer therapy setting within different subset of patients. METHODS & DESIGN/ RESULTS PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and Clinical trials.gov databases were searched for English language studies of randomized controlled trials comparing bevacizumab and adjuvant therapy with adjuvant therapy alone published from January 1966 to 7th of May 2014. Progression free survival, overall survival, overall response rate, safety and quality of life were analyzed using random- or fixed-effects models according to the PRISMA guidelines. We obtained data from 44 randomized controlled trials (30,828 patients). Combining bevacizumab with different adjuvant therapies resulted in significant improvement of progression free survival (log hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.84-0.89), overall survival (log hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98) and overall response rate (relative risk, 1.46; 95% CI: 1.33-1.59) compared to adjuvant therapy alone in all studied tumor types. In subgroup analyses, there were no interactions of bevacizumab with baseline characteristics on progression free survival and overall survival, while overall response rate was influenced by tumor type and bevacizumab dose (p-value: 0.02). Although bevacizumab use resulted in additional expected adverse drug reactions except anemia and fatigue, it was not associated with a significant decline in quality of life. There was a trend towards a higher risk of several side effects in patients treated by high-dose bevacizumab compared to the low-dose e.g. all grade proteinuria (9.24; 95% CI: 6.60-12.94 vs. 2.64; 95% CI: 1.29-5.40). CONCLUSIONS Combining bevacizumab with different adjuvant therapies provides a survival benefit across all major subsets of patients, including by tumor type, type of adjuvant therapy, and duration and dose of bevacizumab therapy. Though bevacizumab was associated with increased risks of some adverse drug reactions such as hypertension and bleeding, anemia and fatigue were improved by the addition of bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Ahmadizar
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke H. Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Beauchemin C, Johnston JB, Lapierre MÈ, Aissa F, Lachaine J. Relationship between progression-free survival and overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a literature-based analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:e148-56. [PMID: 26089725 DOI: 10.3747/co.22.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endpoints of progression-free survival (pfs) and time-to-progression (ttp) are frequently used to evaluate the clinical benefit of anticancer drugs. However, the surrogacy of those endpoints for overall survival (os) is not validated in all cancer settings. In the present study, we used a trial-based approach to assess the relationship between median pfs or ttp and median os in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). METHODS The pico (population, interventions, comparators, outcomes) method was used to conduct a systematic review of the literature. The population consisted of patients with cll; the interventions and comparators were standard therapies for cll; and the outcomes were median pfs, ttp, and os. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full papers for eligibility and then extracted data from selected studies. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between median pfs or ttp and median os. Subgroup correlation analyses were also conducted according to the characteristics of the selected studies (such as line of treatment and type of treatment under investigation). RESULTS Of the 1263 potentially relevant articles identified during the literature search, twenty-three were included. On average, median pfs or ttp was 16.0 months (standard deviation: 12.4 months) and median os was 43.5 months (standard deviation: 31.2 months). Results of the correlation analysis indicated that median pfs or ttp is highly correlated with median os (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.813; p ≤ 0.001). A significant correlation between median pfs or ttp and median os was observed in second- and subsequent-line therapies, but not in the first-line setting. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a strong correlation between median pfs or ttp and median os in previously treated cll, which reinforce the hypothesis that pfs and ttp could be adequate surrogate endpoints for os in this cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J B Johnston
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, MB
| | | | - F Aissa
- Lundbeck Canada, Montreal, QC
| | - J Lachaine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, QC
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Which Metrics Are Appropriate to Describe the Value of New Cancer Therapies? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:865101. [PMID: 26161418 PMCID: PMC4486603 DOI: 10.1155/2015/865101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with certain cancers are treated with curative intent, but for others the results are less favorable and different therapeutic approaches are needed. Early data suggest that new therapies, which modulate immune responses to cancers, may have potential for long-term survival in a proportion of cases. Therefore, it is timely to consider whether metrics generally used to describe the medical value of therapies for patients with common solid tumors remain appropriate for therapies with curative potential. Literature reviews were conducted to define how various stakeholders describe cure in oncology and to identify the endpoints used in clinical trials for selected solid tumors. The results showed that “cure” is described using various terms that can be divided broadly into lack of disease progression, eradication of cancerous cells, and survival. The review of trial endpoints showed frequent use of median overall survival (OS) and progression- and response-related endpoints. Because these endpoints were mainly described in the context of chemotherapies that are not generally curative, they may not adequately capture outcomes of new therapeutic modalities with potential for long-term survival. More appropriate endpoints may include mean OS, cure fraction, and OS rate at landmark time points.
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Sacks W, Braunstein GD. Clinically meaningful end points in the evolving treatment paradigm for radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:337-344. [PMID: 30298771 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive iodine (RAI) is often used post-operatively for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), but many patients develop RAI-refractory disease. Patients with RAI-refractory DTC may be asymptomatic and stable for long periods of time, so identifying tumors that are no longer likely to respond to RAI treatment and determining when to transition to systemic therapy are critical issues for optimal patient care. The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the end points used in studies of RAI-refractory DTC in relation to the issues facing clinicians in transitioning patients to systemic therapy. Our goals are to provide a framework to help evaluate whether study results are clinically meaningful in guiding treatment decisions and to make recommendations to better define these end points for RAI-refractory DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn D Braunstein
- a Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Simon R, Blumenthal GM, Rothenberg ML, Sommer J, Roberts SA, Armstrong DK, LaVange LM, Pazdur R. The role of nonrandomized trials in the evaluation of oncology drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:502-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Simon
- National Cancer Institute; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - GM Blumenthal
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA); Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | | | - J Sommer
- Chordoma Foundation; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - SA Roberts
- Friends of Cancer Research; Washington DC USA
| | - DK Armstrong
- Johns-Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - LM LaVange
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA); Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - R Pazdur
- Pfizer, Inc.; New York New York USA
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Endpoints and cutpoints in head and neck oncology trials: methodical background, challenges, current practice and perspectives. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:837-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Makuch RW, Shi R. Comparison of Drug Approvals in Europe Versus the United States. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2014; 48:362-366. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479013517103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wilson MK, Karakasis K, Oza AM. Outcomes and endpoints in trials of cancer treatment: the past, present, and future. Lancet Oncol 2014; 16:e32-42. [PMID: 25638553 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment should allow patients to live better or longer lives, and ideally, both. Trial endpoints should show clinically meaningful improvements in patient survival or quality of life. Alternative endpoints such as progression-free survival, disease-free survival, and objective response rate have been used to identify benefit earlier, but their true validity as surrogate endpoints is controversial. In this Review we discuss the measurement, assessment, and benefits and limitations of trial endpoints in use for cancer treatment. Many stakeholders are affected, including regulatory agencies, industry partners, clinicians, and most importantly, patients. In an accompanying Review, reflections from individual stakeholders are incorporated into a discussion of what the future holds for clinical trial endpoints and design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit M Oza
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.
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Blencowe NS, Chana P, Whistance RN, Stevens D, Wong NACS, Falk SJ, Blazeby JM. Outcome Reporting in Neoadjuvant Surgical Trials: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Proposals for New Standards. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju217. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Beauchemin C, Cooper D, Lapierre MÈ, Yelle L, Lachaine J. Progression-free survival as a potential surrogate for overall survival in metastatic breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1101-10. [PMID: 24971020 PMCID: PMC4069144 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s63302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) are frequently used to establish the clinical efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. However, the surrogacy of PFS/TTP for overall survival (OS) remains a matter of uncertainty in metastatic breast cancer (mBC). This study assessed the relationship between PFS/TTP and OS in mBC using a trial-based approach. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review according to the PICO method: ‘Population’ consisted of women with mBC; ‘Interventions’ and ‘Comparators’ were standard treatments for mBC or best supportive care; ‘Outcomes’ of interest were median PFS/TTP and OS. We first performed a correlation analysis between median PFS/TTP and OS, and then conducted subgroup analyses to explore possible reasons for heterogeneity. Then, we assessed the relationship between the treatment effect on PFS/TTP and OS. The treatment effect on PFS/TTP and OS was quantified by the absolute difference of median values. We also conducted linear regression analysis to predict the effects of a new anti-cancer drug on OS on the basis of its effects on PFS/TTP. Results A total of 5,041 studies were identified, and 144 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. There was a statistically significant relationship between median PFS/TTP and OS across included trials (r=0.428; P<0.01). Correlation coefficient for the treatment effect on PFS/TTP and OS was estimated at 0.427 (P<0.01). The obtained linear regression equation was ΔOS =−0.088 (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.347–1.172) + 1.753 (95% CI 1.307–2.198) × ΔPFS (R2=0.86). Conclusion Results of this study indicate a significant association between PFS/TTP and OS in mBC, which may justify the use of PFS/TTP in the approval for commercialization and reimbursement of new anti-cancer drugs in this cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Cooper
- Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lapierre
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de pharmacie, Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louise Yelle
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal - Hôpital Notre-Dame, Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Lachaine
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de pharmacie, Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Assessment of progression-free survival as a surrogate end-point for overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1766-1771. [PMID: 24768571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine suitability of progression-free survival (PFS) as a surrogate end-point for overall survival (OS), we evaluated the relationship between PFS and OS in 750 treatment-naïve metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients who received sunitinib or interferon-alpha (IFN-α) in a phase III study. METHODS The relationship between PFS and post-progression survival (PPS; the difference between PFS and OS) was studied, which correctly removes inherent dependencies between PFS and OS, to properly estimate whether and to what extent PFS can serve as a surrogate for OS. A Weibull parametric model to failure time data was fit to determine whether longer PFS was significantly and meaningfully predictive of longer PPS. In a sensitivity analysis by Kaplan-Meier non-parametric method, PPS curves for three approximately equal numbered groups of patients categorised by PFS were compared by log-rank test. RESULTS In the Weibull parametric model, longer PFS was significantly predictive of longer PPS (P<0.001). The model also allowed prediction of estimated median PPS duration from actual PFS times. In the Kaplan-Meier (non-parametric) analysis, incrementally longer PFS was also associated with longer PPS, and the PPS curves for the three PFS groups were significantly different (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A positive relationship was found between PFS and PPS duration in individual mRCC patients randomised to first-line treatment with sunitinib or IFN-α. These results indicate that PFS can act as a surrogate end-point for OS in the first-line mRCC setting and provide clinical researchers with a potentially useful approach to estimate median PPS based on PFS.
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Effect of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Wound Healing and Tissue Repair: Implications for Surgery in Cancer Patients. Drug Saf 2014; 37:135-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-014-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Knollmann FD, Kumthekar R, Fetzer D, Socinski MA. Assessing response to treatment in non--small-cell lung cancer: role of tumor volume evaluated by computed tomography. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 15:103-9. [PMID: 24361250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We set out to investigate whether volumetric tumor measurements allow for a prediction of treatment response, as measured by patient survival, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with nonresectable NSCLC (stage III or IV, n = 100) who were repeatedly evaluated for treatment response by computed tomography (CT) were included in a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant retrospective study. Tumor response was measured by comparing tumor volumes over time. Patient survival was compared with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) using Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS The median overall patient survival was 553 days (standard error, 146 days); for patients with stage III NSCLC, it was 822 days, and for patients with stage IV disease, 479 days. The survival differences were not statistically significant (P = .09). According to RECIST, 5 patients demonstrated complete response, 39 partial response, 44 stable disease, and 12 progressive disease. Patient survival was not significantly associated with RECIST class, the change of the sum of tumor diameters (P = .98), nor the change of the sum of volumetric tumor dimensions (P = .17). CONCLUSION In a group of 100 patients with advanced-stage NSCLC, neither volumetric CT measurements of changes in tumor size nor RECIST class significantly predicted patient survival. This observation suggests that size response may not be a sufficiently precise surrogate marker of success to steer treatment decisions in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan Kumthekar
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David Fetzer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark A Socinski
- University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Niemann CU, Jones J, Wiestner A. Towards Targeted Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 792:259-91. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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