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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Ai H, Yang H, Li L, Ma J, Liu K, Li Z. Cancer/testis antigens: promising immunotherapy targets for digestive tract cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190883. [PMID: 37398650 PMCID: PMC10311965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive tract cancers, including esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers, are the major cause of death among cancer patients worldwide due to the heterogeneity of cancer cells, which limits the effectiveness of traditional treatment methods. Immunotherapy represents a promising treatment strategy for improving the prognosis of patients with digestive tract cancers. However, the clinical application of this approach is limited by the absence of optimal targets. Cancer/testis antigens are characterized by low or absent expression in normal tissues, but high expression in tumor tissues, making them an attractive target for antitumor immunotherapy. Recent preclinical trials have shown promising results for cancer/testis antigen-targeted immunotherapy in digestive cancer. However, practical problems and difficulties in clinical application remain. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of cancer/testis antigens in digestive tract cancers, covering their expression, function, and potential as an immunotherapy target. Additionally, the current state of cancer/testis antigens in digestive tract cancer immunotherapy is discussed, and we predict that these antigens hold great promise as an avenue for breakthroughs in the treatment of digestive tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihan Ai
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, China-United States (US) Hormel (Henan) Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Bykov Y, Dawodu G, Javaheri A, Garcia-Sastre A, Cuadrado-Castano S. Immune responses elicited by ssRNA(-) oncolytic viruses in the host and in the tumor microenvironment. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2023; 9:10. [PMID: 37974615 PMCID: PMC10653360 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2022.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are at the forefront of biologicals for cancer treatment. They represent a diverse landscape of naturally occurring viral strains and genetically modified viruses that, either as single agents or as part of combination therapies, are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings. As the field gains momentum, the research on OVs has been shifting efforts to expand our understanding of the complex interplay between the virus, the tumor and the immune system, with the aim of rationally designing more efficient therapeutic interventions. Nowadays, the potential of an OV platform is no longer defined exclusively by the targeted replication and cancer cell killing capacities of the virus, but by its contribution as an immunostimulator, triggering the transformation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) into a place where innate and adaptive immunity players can efficiently engage and lead the development of tumor-specific long-term memory responses. Here we review the immune mechanisms and host responses induced by ssRNA(-) (negative-sense single-stranded RNA) viruses as OV platforms. We focus on two ssRNA(-) OV candidates: Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus with one of the longest histories of utilization as an OV, and influenza A (IAV) virus, a well-characterized human pathogen with extraordinary immunostimulatory capacities that is steadily advancing as an OV candidate through the development of recombinant IAV attenuated platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonina Bykov
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gloria Dawodu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aryana Javaheri
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sara Cuadrado-Castano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Groeneveldt C, van den Ende J, van Montfoort N. Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:1-12. [PMID: 36732155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of antitumor immune responses. As many OVs circulate in the human population, preexisting OV-specific immune responses are prevalent. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are abundantly present in the human population for commonly used OVs, such as Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Vaccinia virus, Measles virus, and Reovirus. This review discusses (pre)clinical evidence regarding the effect of preexisting immunity against OVs on two distinct aspects of OV therapy; OV infection and spread, as well as the immune response induced upon OV therapy. Combined, this review provides evidence that consideration of preexisting immunity is crucial in realizing the full potential of the highly promising therapeutic implementation of OVs. Future investigation of current gaps in knowledge highlighted in this review should yield a more complete understanding of this topic, ultimately allowing for better and more personalized OV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper van den Ende
- Master Infection & Immunity, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Oladejo M, Paulishak W, Wood L. Synergistic potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:81-95. [PMID: 36526110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) function at different stages of the cancer immune cycle due to their distinct mechanisms of action. Therapeutic cancer vaccines enhance the activation and infiltration of cytotoxic immune cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME), while ICIs, prevent and/or reverse the dysfunction of these immune cells. The efficacy of both classes of immunotherapy has been evaluated in monotherapy, but they have been met with several challenges. Although therapeutic cancer vaccines can activate anti-tumor immune responses, these responses are susceptible to attenuation by immunoregulatory molecules. Similarly, ICIs are ineffective in the absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Further, ICIs are often associated with immune-related adverse effects that may limit quality of life and compliance. However, the combination of the improved immunogenicity afforded by cancer vaccines and restrained immunosuppression provided by immune checkpoint inhibitors may provide a suitable platform for therapeutic synergism. In this review, we revisit the history and various classifications of therapeutic cancer vaccines. We also provide a summary of the currently approved ICIs. Finally, we provide mechanistic insights into the synergism between ICIs and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Oladejo
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Wyatt Paulishak
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Laurence Wood
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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Basu R, Moles CM. Rational selection of an ideal oncolytic virus to address current limitations in clinical translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37541726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) is a promising modality that leverages the propensity of natural or engineered viruses to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. Over the past decade, (pre)clinical studies have focused on the development and testing of adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus-based vectors. These studies have identified barriers to success confronting the field. Here, we propose a set of selection criteria or ideal properties of a successful oncolytic virus, which include lack of pathogenicity, low seroprevalence, selectivity (infection and replication), transgene carrying capacity, and genome stability. We use these requirements to analyze the oncolytic virus landscape, and then identify a potentially optimal species for platform development - vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Engineered Oncolytic Adenoviruses: An Emerging Approach for Cancer Therapy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101146. [PMID: 36297203 PMCID: PMC9608483 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the major leading causes of mortality globally, and chemotherapy is currently one of the most effective cancer therapies. Unfortunately, chemotherapy is invariably accompanied by dose-dependent cytotoxic side effects. Recently, genetically engineered adenoviruses emerged as an alternative gene therapy approach targeting cancers. This review focuses on the characteristics of genetically modified adenovirus and oncology clinical studies using adenovirus-mediated gene therapy strategies. In addition, modulation of the tumor biology and the tumor microenvironment as well as the immunological responses associated with adenovirus-mediate cancer therapy are discussed.
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Lauer UM, Beil J. Oncolytic viruses: challenges and considerations in an evolving clinical landscape. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2713-2732. [PMID: 35818970 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Although treatment strategies are continually progressing, cancers have evolved many mechanisms for evading therapies and the host immune system. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could provide a much-needed option for cancers that are resistant to existing treatments. OVs can be engineered to specifically target and kill cancer cells, while simultaneously triggering an immune response at the site of infection. This review will focus on the challenges of developing a successful OV and translation to clinical practice, discussing the innovative strategies that are being used to optimize the potential of OVs. Here, we will also explore the current clinical landscape and the prospects of OVs in early clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Virotherapy Center Tübingen, Medical Oncology & Pneumology, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Julia Beil
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Virotherapy Center Tübingen, Medical Oncology & Pneumology, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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9
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Zhang Y, Nagalo BM. Immunovirotherapy Based on Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2022; 13:898631. [PMID: 35837384 PMCID: PMC9273848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus of the Vesiculovirus genus, has demonstrated encouraging anti-neoplastic activity across multiple human cancer types. VSV is particularly attractive as an oncolytic agent because of its broad tropism, fast replication kinetics, and amenability to genetic manipulations. Furthermore, VSV-induced oncolysis can elicit a potent antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response to viral proteins and tumor-associated antigens, resulting in a long-lasting antitumor effect. Because of this multifaceted immunomodulatory property, VSV was investigated extensively as an immunovirotherapy alone or combined with other anticancer modalities, such as immune checkpoint blockade. Despite these recent opportunities to delineate synergistic and additive antitumor effects with existing anticancer therapies, FDA approval for the use of oncolytic VSV in humans has not yet been granted. This mini-review discusses factors that have prompted the use of VSV as an immunovirotherapy in human cancers and provides insights into future perspectives and research areas to improve VSV-based oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Bolni Marius Nagalo,
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, which is the second after heart diseases. Adenoviruses (Ads) have become the promise of new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The objective of this review is to discuss current advances in the applications of adenoviral vectors in cancer therapy. Adenoviral vectors can be engineered in different ways so as to change the tumor microenvironment from cold tumor to hot tumor, including; 1. by modifying Ads to deliver transgenes that codes for tumor suppressor gene (p53) and other proteins whose expression result in cell cycle arrest 2. Ads can also be modified to express tumor specific antigens, cytokines, and other immune-modulatory molecules. The other strategy to use Ads in cancer therapy is to use oncolytic adenoviruses, which directly kills tumor cells. Gendicine and Advexin are replication-defective recombinant human p53 adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against several types of cancer. Gendicine was approved for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency in 2003 as a first-ever gene therapy product. Oncorine and ONYX-015 are oncolytic adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against some types of cancer. The Chiness FDA agency has also approved Oncorin for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Ads that were engineered to express immune-stimulatory cytokines and other immune-modulatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-2, BiTE, CD40L, 4-1BBL, GM-CSF, and IFN have shown promising outcome in treatment of cancer. Ads can also improve therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells). In addition, different replication-deficient adenoviral vectors (Ad5-CEA, Ad5-PSA, Ad-E6E7, ChAdOx1-MVA and Ad-transduced Dendritic cells) that were tested as anticancer vaccines have been demonstrated to induce strong antitumor immune response. However, the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy is limited by several factors such as pre-existing immunity to adenoviral vectors and high immunogenicity of the viruses. Thus, innovative strategies must be continually developed so as to overcome the obstacles of using adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Tsegaye Tseha
- Lecturer of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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11
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Robinson C, Xu MM, Nair SK, Beasley GM, Rhodin KE. Oncolytic viruses in melanoma. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2022; 27:63. [PMID: 35227006 PMCID: PMC9888358 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2702063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma recurrence remains heterogeneous in presentation, ranging from locoregional disease (i.e., local recurrence, satellites, in transit disease) to distant dermal and visceral metastases. This diverse spectrum of disease requires a personalized approach to management and has resulted in the development of both local (e.g., surgery, radiation, intralesional injection) and systemic (intravenous or oral) treatment strategies. Intralesional agents such as oncolytic viruses may also evoke local immune stimulation to induce and enhance the antitumor immune response. Further, it is hypothesized that these oncolytic viruses may convert immunologically "cold" tumors to more reactive "hot" tumor microenvironments and thereby overcome anti-PD-1 therapy resistance. Currently, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a modified herpes virus, is FDA-approved in this population, with many other oncolytic viruses under investigation in both preclinical and trial settings. Herein, we detail the scientific rationale, current landscape, and future directions of oncolytic viruses in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria M Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia M Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Correspondence: (Kristen Rhodin)
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Mould RC, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Walsh SR, de Jong J, Susta L, Mutsaers AJ, Petrik JJ, Wood GA, Wootton SK, Karimi K, Bridle BW. Using a Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategy That Proved Effective for High Resolution Epitope Mapping to Characterize the Elusive Immunogenicity of Survivin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246270. [PMID: 34944889 PMCID: PMC8699342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The generation of tumor-specific T cells remains a pillar of modern cancer immunotherapy. Exogenous vaccines often rely on targeting tumor-associated antigens. The anti-apoptotic protein survivin has been deemed a high priority target due to its overexpression in a wide variety of tumor types. To support the analysis of tumor-associated T cell responses, optimization of epitope mapping would be valuable. A heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy was designed to target survivin to induce anti-tumor immune responses. However, survivin-specific T cell responses could not be detected in mice. Potential mechanisms to explain this failure were explored. To confirm the robustness of the vaccination platform, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was targeted since it has been defined as a protein with relatively low immunogenicity. In this context the vaccination strategy uncovered novel T cell epitopes from eGFP in two strains of mice. This research highlighted the utility of the vaccine platform to triage potential target antigens based on their immunogenicity. Abstract Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins and has been reported to be highly expressed in a variety of cancer types, making it a high priority target for cancer vaccination. We previously described a heterologous prime-boost strategy using a replication-deficient adenovirus, followed by an oncolytic rhabdovirus that generates unprecedented antigen-specific T cell responses. We engineered each vector to express a mutated version of full-length murine survivin. We first sought to uncover the complete epitope map for survivin-specific T cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice by flow cytometry. However, no T cell responses were detected by intracellular cytokine staining after re-stimulation of T cells. Survivin has been found to be expressed by activated T cells, which could theoretically cause T cell-mediated killing of activated T cells, known as fratricide. We were unable to recapitulate this phenomenon in experiments. Interestingly, the inactivated survivin construct has been previously shown to directly kill tumor cells in vitro. However, there was no evidence in our models of induction of death in antigen-presenting cells due to treatment with a survivin-expressing vector. Using the same recombinant virus-vectored prime-boost strategy targeting the poorly immunogenic enhanced green fluorescent protein proved to be a highly sensitive method for mapping T cell epitopes, particularly in the context of identifying novel epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells. Overall, these results suggested there may be unusually robust tolerance to survivin in commonly used mouse strains that cannot be broken, even when using a particularly potent vaccination platform. However, the vaccination method shows great promise as a strategy for identifying novel and subdominant T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Amanda W. K. AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Scott R. Walsh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada;
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.J.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.J.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-9824-4120 (ext. 54657)
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13
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Paillet J, Plantureux C, Lévesque S, Le Naour J, Stoll G, Sauvat A, Caudana P, Tosello Boari J, Bloy N, Lachkar S, Martins I, Opolon P, Checcoli A, Delaune A, Robil N, de la Grange P, Hamroune J, Letourneur F, Autret G, Leung PS, Gershwin ME, Zhu JS, Kurth MJ, Lekbaby B, Augustin J, Kim Y, Gujar S, Coulouarn C, Fouassier L, Zitvogel L, Piaggio E, Housset C, Soussan P, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G, Pol JG. Autoimmunity affecting the biliary tract fuels the immunosurveillance of cholangiocarcinoma. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200853. [PMID: 34495298 PMCID: PMC8429038 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) results from the malignant transformation of cholangiocytes. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are chronic diseases in which cholangiocytes are primarily damaged. Although PSC is an inflammatory condition predisposing to CCA, CCA is almost never found in the autoimmune context of PBC. Here, we hypothesized that PBC might favor CCA immunosurveillance. In preclinical murine models of cholangitis challenged with syngeneic CCA, PBC (but not PSC) reduced the frequency of CCA development and delayed tumor growth kinetics. This PBC-related effect appeared specific to CCA as it was not observed against other cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The protective effect of PBC was relying on type 1 and type 2 T cell responses and, to a lesser extent, on B cells. Single-cell TCR/RNA sequencing revealed the existence of TCR clonotypes shared between the liver and CCA tumor of a PBC host. Altogether, these results evidence a mechanistic overlapping between autoimmunity and cancer immunosurveillance in the biliary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Paillet
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céleste Plantureux
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Paris, France
| | - Jimena Tosello Boari
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Lachkar
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Martins
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Andrea Checcoli
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U900, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Juliette Hamroune
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris, France
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Bouchra Lekbaby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Augustin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Département de Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Rennes 1, Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, UMR_S 1242, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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14
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Das K, Belnoue E, Rossi M, Hofer T, Danklmaier S, Nolden T, Schreiber LM, Angerer K, Kimpel J, Hoegler S, Spiesschaert B, Kenner L, von Laer D, Elbers K, Derouazi M, Wollmann G. A modular self-adjuvanting cancer vaccine combined with an oncolytic vaccine induces potent antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5195. [PMID: 34465781 PMCID: PMC8408233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells elicited by therapeutic cancer vaccination in combination with oncolytic viruses offer opportunities to address resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy. Two cancer vaccines, the self-adjuvanting protein vaccine KISIMA, and the recombinant oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with LCMV-GP expressing tumor-associated antigens, termed VSV-GP-TAA, both show promise as a single agent. Here we find that, when given in a heterologous prime-boost regimen with an optimized schedule and route of administration, combining KISIMA and VSV-GP-TAA vaccinations induces better cancer immunity than individually. Using several mouse tumor models with varying degrees of susceptibility for viral replication, we find that priming with KISIMA-TAA followed by VSV-GP-TAA boost causes profound changes in the tumor microenvironment, and induces a large pool of poly-functional and persistent antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in the periphery. Combining this heterologous vaccination with checkpoint blockade further improves therapeutic efficacy with long-term survival in the spectrum. Overall, heterologous vaccination with KISIMA and VSV-GP-TAA could sensitize non-inflamed tumors to checkpoint blockade therapy. Successful cancer immune therapy correlates with a T cell-inflamed tumour microenvironment. Authors show here that co-administration of a self-adjuvanting protein vaccine and an antigen-expressing oncolytic virus in an optimised regimen strongly enhances T cell immunogenicity and may turn non-inflamed tumours proinflammatory and less resistant to checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Das
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elodie Belnoue
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Matteo Rossi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Tamara Hofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Danklmaier
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Nolden
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Liesa-Marie Schreiber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Hoegler
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart Spiesschaert
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Knut Elbers
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Madiha Derouazi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lei T, Xu B. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707290. [PMID: 34367111 PMCID: PMC8334181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Zawit M, Swami U, Awada H, Arnouk J, Milhem M, Zakharia Y. Current status of intralesional agents in treatment of malignant melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1038. [PMID: 34277838 PMCID: PMC8267328 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of metastatic melanoma has undergone substantial improvement with the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have improved the median overall survival (OS) of metastatic melanoma from 6 months to more than 3 years. However, still about half of the patients die due to uncontrolled disease. Therefore, multiple strategies are currently being investigated to improve outcomes. One such strategy is intralesional/intratumoral (IT) therapies which can either directly kill the tumor cells or make the tumor more immunogenic to be recognized by the immune system. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oncolytic virus, is the first FDA approved IT therapy. This review focuses on the current status of IT agents currently under clinical trials in melanoma. Reviewed therapies include T-VEC, T-VEC with immune checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab or other agents, RP1, OrienX010, Canerpaturev (C-REV, HF10), CAVATAK (coxsackievirus A21, CVA21) alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO), MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus, VSV-IFNbetaTYRP1, suicide gene therapy, ONCOS-102, OBP-301 (Telomelysin), Stimulation of Interferon Genes Pathway (STING agonists) including DMXAA, MIW815 (ADU-S100) and MK-1454, PV-10, toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists including TLR-9 agonists (SD-101, CMP-001, IMO-2125 or tilsotolimod, AST-008 or cavrotolimod, MGN1703 or lefitolimod), CV8102, NKTR-262 plus NKTR-214, LHC165, G100, intralesional interleukin-2, Daromun (L19IL2 plus L19TNF), Hiltonol (poly-ICLC), electroporation including calcium electroporation and plasmid interleukin-12 electroporation (pIL-12 EP), IT ipilimumab, INT230-6 (cisplatin and vinblastine with an amphiphilic penetration enhancer), TTI-621 (SIRPαFc), CD-40 agonistic antibodies (ABBV-927 and APX005M), antimicrobial peptide LL37 and other miscellaneous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misam Zawit
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hassan Awada
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joyce Arnouk
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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17
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Heidbuechel JPW, Engeland CE. Oncolytic viruses encoding bispecific T cell engagers: a blueprint for emerging immunovirotherapies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:63. [PMID: 33863363 PMCID: PMC8052795 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) are an innovative class of immunotherapeutics that redirect T cells to tumor surface antigens. While efficacious against certain hematological malignancies, limited bioavailability and severe toxicities have so far hampered broader clinical application, especially against solid tumors. Another emerging cancer immunotherapy are oncolytic viruses (OVs) which selectively infect and replicate in malignant cells, thereby mediating tumor vaccination effects. These oncotropic viruses can serve as vectors for tumor-targeted immunomodulation and synergize with other immunotherapies. In this article, we discuss the use of OVs to overcome challenges in BiTE therapy. We review the current state of the field, covering published preclinical studies as well as ongoing clinical investigations. We systematically introduce OV-BiTE vector design and characteristics as well as evidence for immune-stimulating and anti-tumor effects. Moreover, we address additional combination regimens, including CAR T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and further strategies to modulate the tumor microenvironment using OV-BiTEs. The inherent complexity of these novel therapeutics highlights the importance of translational research including correlative studies in early-phase clinical trials. More broadly, OV-BiTEs can serve as a blueprint for diverse OV-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P W Heidbuechel
- Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine E Engeland
- Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Biomedical Research and Education (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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18
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Jenner AL, Cassidy T, Belaid K, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Craig M. In silico trials predict that combination strategies for enhancing vesicular stomatitis oncolytic virus are determined by tumor aggressivity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001387. [PMID: 33608375 PMCID: PMC7898884 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapies, driven by immune-mediated antitumorigenicity, offer the potential for significant improvements to the treatment of multiple cancer types. Identifying therapeutic strategies that bolster antitumor immunity while limiting immune suppression is critical to selecting treatment combinations and schedules that offer durable therapeutic benefits. Combination oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, wherein complementary OVs are administered in succession, offer such promise, yet their translation from preclinical studies to clinical implementation is a major challenge. Overcoming this obstacle requires answering fundamental questions about how to effectively design and tailor schedules to provide the most benefit to patients. Methods We developed a computational biology model of combined oncolytic vaccinia (an enhancer virus) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) calibrated to and validated against multiple data sources. We then optimized protocols in a cohort of heterogeneous virtual individuals by leveraging this model and our previously established in silico clinical trial platform. Results Enhancer multiplicity was shown to have little to no impact on the average response to therapy. However, the duration of the VSV injection lag was found to be determinant for survival outcomes. Importantly, through treatment individualization, we found that optimal combination schedules are closely linked to tumor aggressivity. We predicted that patients with aggressively growing tumors required a single enhancer followed by a VSV injection 1 day later, whereas a small subset of patients with the slowest growing tumors needed multiple enhancers followed by a longer VSV delay of 15 days, suggesting that intrinsic tumor growth rates could inform the segregation of patients into clinical trials and ultimately determine patient survival. These results were validated in entirely new cohorts of virtual individuals with aggressive or non-aggressive subtypes. Conclusions Based on our results, improved therapeutic schedules for combinations with enhancer OVs can be studied and implemented. Our results further underline the impact of interdisciplinary approaches to preclinical planning and the importance of computational approaches to drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L Jenner
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tyler Cassidy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Katia Belaid
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Statistique et Informatique Décisionnelle, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Morgan Craig
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Wyżewski Z, Świtlik W, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. The Role of Bcl-xL Protein in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041956. [PMID: 33669408 PMCID: PMC7920434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-xL represents a family of proteins responsible for the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Due to its anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-xL co-determines the viability of various virally infected cells. Their survival may determine the effectiveness of viral replication and spread, dynamics of systemic infection, and viral pathogenesis. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of Bcl-xL in the context of host infection by eight different RNA and DNA viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), Maraba virus (MRBV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and coronavirus (CoV). We have described an influence of viral infection on the intracellular level of Bcl-xL and discussed the impact of Bcl-xL-dependent cell survival control on infection-accompanying pathogenic events such as tissue damage or oncogenesis. We have also presented anti-viral treatment strategies based on the pharmacological regulation of Bcl-xL expression or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 728-208-338
| | - Weronika Świtlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
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20
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Hwang JK, Hong J, Yun CO. Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Preclinical Developments to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8627. [PMID: 33207653 PMCID: PMC7697902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology (IO) has been an active area of oncology research. Following US FDA approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), ipilimumab (human IgG1 k anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody), in 2011, and of the first oncolytic virus, Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec), in 2015, there has been renewed interest in IO. In the past decade, ICIs have changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers by enabling better therapeutic control, resuming immune surveillance, suppressing tumor immunosuppression, and restoring antitumor immune function. However, ICI therapies are effective only in a small subset of patients and show limited therapeutic potential due to their inability to demonstrate efficacy in 'cold' or unresponsive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Relatedly, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been shown to induce antitumor immune responses, augment the efficacy of existing cancer treatments, and reform unresponsive TME to turn 'cold' tumors 'hot,' increasing their susceptibility to checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. For this reason, OVs serve as ideal complements to ICIs, and multiple preclinical studies and clinical trials are demonstrating their combined therapeutic efficacy. This review will discuss the merits and limitations of OVs and ICIs as monotherapy then progress onto the preclinical rationale and the results of clinical trials of key combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Kyu Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.H.); (J.H.)
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.H.); (J.H.)
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
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21
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Abstract
Tumors represent a hostile environment for the effector cells of cancer immunosurveillance. Immunosuppressive receptors and soluble or membrane-bound ligands are abundantly exposed and released by malignant entities and their stromal accomplices. As a consequence, executioners of antitumor immunity inefficiently navigate across cancer tissues and fail to eliminate malignant targets. By inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, oncolytic viruses profoundly reshape the tumor microenvironment. They trigger the local spread of danger signals and tumor-associated (as well as viral) antigens, thus attracting antigen-presenting cells, promoting the activation and expansion of lymphocytic populations, facilitating their infiltration in the tumor bed, and reinvigorating cytotoxic immune activity. The present review recapitulates key chemokines, growth factors and other cytokines that orchestrate this ballet of antitumoral leukocytes upon oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Kemp V, Lamfers MLM, van der Pluijm G, van den Hoogen BG, Hoeben RC. Developing oncolytic viruses for clinical use: A consortium approach. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:133-140. [PMID: 32553482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses forms an appealing approach for cancer treatment. On the one hand the viruses replicate in, and kill, tumor cells, leading to their intra-tumoral amplification. On the other hand the viral infection will activate virus-directed immune responses, and may trigger immune responses directed against tumor cells and tumor antigens. To date, a wide variety of oncolytic viruses is being developed for use in cancer treatment. While the development of oncolytic viruses has often been initiated by researchers in academia and other public institutions, a large majority of the final product development and the testing of these products in clinical trials is industry led. As a consequence relatively few pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluated different oncolytic viruses in competitive side-by-side preclinical or clinical studies. In this review we will summarize the steps and considerations essential in the development and characterization of oncolytic viruses, and describe our multidisciplinary academic consortium, which involves a dozen departments in three different Dutch universities, collaborating in the development of oncolytic viruses. This consortium has the ambition to develop a small series of oncolytic viruses and to evaluate these in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kemp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands.
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23
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Sato-Dahlman M, LaRocca CJ, Yanagiba C, Yamamoto M. Adenovirus and Immunotherapy: Advancing Cancer Treatment by Combination. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051295. [PMID: 32455560 PMCID: PMC7281656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy with viral vectors has significantly advanced in the past few decades, with adenovirus being one of the most commonly employed vectors for cancer gene therapy. Adenovirus vectors can be divided into 2 groups: (1) replication-deficient viruses; and (2) replication-competent, oncolytic (OVs) viruses. Replication-deficient adenoviruses have been explored as vaccine carriers and gene therapy vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are designed to selectively target, replicate, and directly destroy cancer cells. Additionally, virus-mediated cell lysis releases tumor antigens and induces local inflammation (e.g., immunogenic cell death), which contributes significantly to the reversal of local immune suppression and development of antitumor immune responses ("cold" tumor into "hot" tumor). There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the host immune response may provide a critical boost for the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. Additionally, genetic engineering of oncolytic viruses allows local expression of immune therapeutics, thereby reducing related toxicities. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic virus and immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on adenovirus-based vectors and discuss recent progress in combination therapy of adenoviruses with immunotherapy in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Sato-Dahlman
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. LaRocca
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chikako Yanagiba
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-624-9131
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24
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Gesundheit B, Ben-David E, Posen Y, Ellis R, Wollmann G, Schneider EM, Aigner K, Brauns L, Nesselhut T, Ackva I, Weisslein C, Thaller A. Effective Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme With Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Case-Series. Front Oncol 2020; 10:702. [PMID: 32477944 PMCID: PMC7241257 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains an incurable condition, associated with a median survival time of 15 months with best standard of care and 5-year survival rate of <10%. We report on four GBM patients on combination treatment regimens that included oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy, who achieved clinical and radiological responses with long-term survival, thus far, of up to 14 years, and good quality of life. We discuss the radiological findings that provide new insights into this treatment, the scientific rationale of this innovative and promising therapy, and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliel Ben-David
- Department of Radiology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Marion Schneider
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid Ackva
- Praxisklinik fuer Allgemeinmedizin, Markt Berolzheim, Germany
| | | | - Arno Thaller
- Praxisklinik fuer Allgemeinmedizin, Markt Berolzheim, Germany
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25
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Shi T, Song X, Wang Y, Liu F, Wei J. Combining Oncolytic Viruses With Cancer Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Generation of Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:683. [PMID: 32411132 PMCID: PMC7198760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent successes of tumor immunotherapy approaches, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, have revolutionized cancer treatment, improving efficacy and extending treatment to a larger proportion of cancer patients. However, due to high heterogeneity of cancer, poor tumor cell targeting, and the immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment (TME), combinatorial agents are required to obtain more effective and consistent therapeutic responses in a wide range of cancers. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are able to selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells and subsequently induce systematic anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, they are ideal for combining with cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of OVs, as well as the latest preclinical and clinical progress of combining OVs with cancer immunotherapies, including ICB, CAR-T therapy, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), and cancer vaccines. Moreover, we consider future directions for applying OVs to personalized cancer immunotherapies, which could potentially launch a new generation of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shi
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueru Song
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangcen Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Measles Vaccines Designed for Enhanced CD8 + T Cell Activation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020242. [PMID: 32098134 PMCID: PMC7077255 DOI: 10.3390/v12020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming and activation of CD8+ T cell responses is crucial to achieve anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. Live attenuated measles vaccine strains have been used successfully for immunization for decades and are currently investigated in trials of oncolytic virotherapy. The available reverse genetics systems allow for insertion of additional genes, including heterologous antigens. Here, we designed recombinant measles vaccine vectors for priming and activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. For proof-of-concept, we used cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines specific for the melanoma-associated differentiation antigen tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), or the model antigen chicken ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. We generated recombinant measles vaccine vectors with TRP-2 and OVA epitope cassette variants for expression of the full-length antigen or the respective immunodominant CD8+ epitope, with additional variants mediating secretion or proteasomal degradation of the epitope. We show that these recombinant measles virus vectors mediate varying levels of MHC class I (MHC-I)-restricted epitope presentation, leading to activation of cognate CTLs, as indicated by secretion of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) in vitro. Importantly, the recombinant OVA vaccines also mediate priming of naïve OT-I CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells. While all vaccine variants can prime and activate cognate T cells, IFNγ release was enhanced using a secreted epitope variant and a variant with epitope strings targeted to the proteasome. The principles presented in this study will facilitate the design of recombinant vaccines to elicit CD8+ responses against pathogens and tumor antigens.
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27
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Wedekind MF, Cripe TP. Oncolytic Viruses and Their Potential as a Therapeutic Opportunity in Osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1258:77-89. [PMID: 32767235 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43085-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma remains an unmet medical need. Oncolytic viruses are gaining traction as novel cancer therapeutics. These viruses are either naturally nonpathogenic or engineered to be safe by specific genetic deletions yet retain the ability to infect and kill human cancer cells and elicit anticancer immunity. Some versions are being specifically designed and tested in patients with osteosarcoma, though due to their generalized mechanism of action most are being tested in patients across a broad range of cancer types. The activity of these viruses is impacted not only by the susceptibility of tumor cells to infection but also by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and by tumor immunogenicity. Here we review the field of oncolytic viruses with a particular emphasis on highlighting any available data in preclinical osteosarcoma models or in patients with osteosarcoma. While in general the viruses have been shown safe to administer to patients by a variety of routes, their therapeutic efficacy to date has been limited. Given the low rate of adverse events and the likely absence of long-term side effects, the utility of oncolytic viruses will most likely be realized when used in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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28
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Pol JG, Bridle BW, Lichty BD. Detection of Tumor Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses After Oncolytic Vaccination. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2058:191-211. [PMID: 31486039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccines, which consist of recombinant oncolytic viruses (OV) encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), have demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy in preclinical models and are currently evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. On one hand, oncolysis of OV-infected malignant entities reinstates cancer immunosurveillance. On the other hand, overexpression of TAAs in infected cells further stimulates the adaptive arm of antitumor immunity. Particularly, the presence of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment, as well as in the periphery, has demonstrated prognostic value for cancer treatments. These effector CD8+ T cells can be detected through their production of the prototypical Tc1 cytokine: IFN-γ. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of this immune cell subset remains critical in the development process of efficient cancer vaccines, including oncolytic vaccines. The present chapter will describe a single-cell immunological assay, namely the intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), that allows the enumeration of IFN-γ-producing TAA-specific CD8+ T cells in various tissues (tumor, blood, lymphoid organs) following oncolytic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France. .,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France. .,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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29
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Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Poirier JT, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions: Structural Insights For Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2019; 8:39-56. [PMID: 31754615 PMCID: PMC6825474 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s218494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in oncolytic virotherapy commend a special attention to developing new strategies for targeting cancer cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Modifications of the viral envelope or coat proteins serve as a logical mean of repurposing viruses for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss how detailed structural knowledge of the interactions between OVs and their natural receptors provide valuable insights into tumor specificity of some viruses and re-targeting of alternate receptors for broad tumor tropism or improved tumor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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Ogino M, Fedorov Y, Adams DJ, Okada K, Ito N, Sugiyama M, Ogino T. Vesiculopolins, a New Class of Anti-Vesiculoviral Compounds, Inhibit Transcription Initiation of Vesiculoviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090856. [PMID: 31540123 PMCID: PMC6783830 DOI: 10.3390/v11090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) represents a promising platform for developing oncolytic viruses, as well as vaccines against significant human pathogens. To safely control VSV infection in humans, small-molecule drugs that selectively inhibit VSV infection may be needed. Here, using a cell-based high-throughput screening assay followed by an in vitro transcription assay, compounds with a 7-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one structure and an aromatic group at position 4 (named vesiculopolins, VPIs) were identified as VSV RNA polymerase inhibitors. The most effective compound, VPI A, inhibited VSV-induced cytopathic effects and in vitro mRNA synthesis with micromolar to submicromolar 50% inhibitory concentrations. VPI A was found to inhibit terminal de novo initiation rather than elongation for leader RNA synthesis, but not mRNA capping, with the VSV L protein, suggesting that VPI A is targeted to the polymerase domain in the L protein. VPI A inhibited transcription of Chandipura virus, but not of human parainfluenza virus 3, suggesting that it specifically acts on vesiculoviral L proteins. These results suggest that VPIs may serve not only as molecular probes to elucidate the mechanisms of transcription of vesiculoviruses, but also as lead compounds to develop antiviral drugs against vesiculoviruses and other related rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Ogino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Small Molecule Drug Development Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Gifu Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nanosciences and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Ogino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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31
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Lévesque S, Le Naour J, Pietrocola F, Paillet J, Kremer M, Castoldi F, Baracco EE, Wang Y, Vacchelli E, Stoll G, Jolly A, De La Grange P, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Pol JG. A synergistic triad of chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and caloric restriction mimetics eradicates tumors in mice. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1657375. [PMID: 31646107 PMCID: PMC6791453 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1657375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that chemotherapy with immunogenic cell death (ICD)-inducing agents can be advantageously combined with fasting regimens or caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) to achieve superior tumor growth control via a T cell-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that the blockade of the CD11b-dependent extravasation of myeloid cells blocks such a combination effect as well. Based on the characterization of the myeloid and lymphoid immune infiltrates, including the expression pattern of immune checkpoint proteins (and noting a chemotherapy-induced overexpression of programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1, on both cancer cells and leukocytes, as well as a reduced frequency of exhausted CD8+ T cells positive for programmed cell death 1 protein, PD-1), we then evaluated the possibility to combine ICD inducers, CRMs and targeting of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. While fasting or CRMs failed to improve tumor growth control by PD-1 blockade, ICD inducers alone achieved a partial sensitization to treatment with a PD-1-specific antibody. However, definitive cure of most of the tumor-bearing mice was only achieved by a tritherapy combining (i) ICD inducers exemplified by mitoxantrone and oxaliplatin, (ii) CRMs exemplified by hydroxycitrate and spermidine and substitutable for by fasting, and (iii) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Altogether, these results point to the possibility of synergistic interactions among distinct classes of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Margerie Kremer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elisa E. Baracco
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yan Wang
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT), Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Marchini A, Daeffler L, Pozdeev VI, Angelova A, Rommelaere J. Immune Conversion of Tumor Microenvironment by Oncolytic Viruses: The Protoparvovirus H-1PV Case Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1848. [PMID: 31440242 PMCID: PMC6692828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress anticancer immune responses creating a “cold” immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising approach to revert tumor immunosuppression and enhance the efficacy of other forms of immunotherapy. Growing evidence indicates that oncolytic viruses (OVs) act in a multimodal fashion, inducing immunogenic cell death and thereby eliciting robust anticancer immune responses. In this review, we summarize information about OV-mediated immune conversion of the tumor microenvironment. As a case study we focus on the rodent protoparvovirus H-1PV and its dual role as an oncolytic and immune modulatory agent. Potential strategies to improve H-1PV anticancer efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vitaly I Pozdeev
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Assia Angelova
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ajina A, Maher J. Synergistic combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:217-292. [PMID: 31383406 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with advanced hematological malignancies the therapeutic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of adoptive cell transfer utilizing autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells. However, solid tumors have proved far more resistant to this approach. Here, we summarize the numerous challenges faced by CAR T-cells designed to target solid tumors, highlighting, in particular, issues related to impaired trafficking, expansion, and persistence. In parallel, we draw attention to exciting developments in the burgeoning field of oncolytic virotherapy and posit strategies for the synergistic combination of oncolytic viruses with CAR T-cells to improve outcomes for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, United Kingdom
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McGray AJR, Huang RY, Battaglia S, Eppolito C, Miliotto A, Stephenson KB, Lugade AA, Webster G, Lichty BD, Seshadri M, Kozbor D, Odunsi K. Oncolytic Maraba virus armed with tumor antigen boosts vaccine priming and reveals diverse therapeutic response patterns when combined with checkpoint blockade in ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:189. [PMID: 31315674 PMCID: PMC6637574 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapies are emerging as promising treatment strategies for ovarian cancer patients that experience disease relapse following first line therapy. As such, identifying strategies to bolster anti-tumor immunity and limit immune suppression, while recognizing diverse patterns of tumor response to immunotherapy is critical to selecting treatment combinations that lead to durable therapeutic benefit. METHODS Using a pre-clinical mouse model, we evaluated a heterologous prime/boost vaccine in combination with checkpoint blockade to treat metastatic intraperitoneal ovarian cancer. Vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cell responses and changes in the tumor microenvironment following treatment were analyzed and compared to treatment outcome. Kinetics of intraperitoneal tumor growth were assessed using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Vaccine priming followed by antigen-armed oncolytic Maraba virus boosting elicited robust tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses that improved tumor control and led to unique immunological changes in the tumor, including a signature that correlated with improved clinical outcome of ovarian cancer patients. However, this treatment was not curative and T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were functionally suppressed. Combination PD-1 blockade partially overcame the adaptive resistance in the tumor observed in response to prime/boost vaccination, restoring CD8+ T cell function in the TME and enhancing the therapeutic response. Non-invasive MRI of tumors during the course of combination treatment revealed heterogeneous radiologic response patterns following treatment, including pseudo-progression, which was associated with improved tumor control prior to relapse. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point to a key hierarchical role for PD-1 signaling and adaptive immune resistance in the ovarian TME in determining the functional fate of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, even in the context of robust therapy mediated anti-tumor immunity, as well as the ability of multiple unique patterns of therapeutic response to result in durable tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Robert McGray
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ruea-Yea Huang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Cheryl Eppolito
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Anthony Miliotto
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Kyle B Stephenson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Gill Webster
- Innate Immunotherapeutics, Auckland, NZ, New Zealand
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Danuta Kozbor
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Sivanandam V, LaRocca CJ, Chen NG, Fong Y, Warner SG. Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: The Best of Both Worlds. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 13:93-106. [PMID: 31080879 PMCID: PMC6503136 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors have markedly changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers. They function to disrupt cancer cell evasion of the immune response and activate sustained anti-tumor immunity. Oncolytic viruses have also emerged as an additional therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. These viruses are designed to target and kill tumor cells while leaving the normal cells unharmed. As part of this process, oncolytic virus infection stimulates anti-cancer immune responses that augment the efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. These viruses have the capability of transforming a “cold” tumor microenvironment with few immune effector cells into a “hot” environment with increased immune cell and cytokine infiltration. For this reason, there are multiple ongoing clinical trials that combine oncolytic virotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review will detail the key oncolytic viruses in preclinical and clinical studies and highlight the results of their testing with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Sivanandam
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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