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Petrou P, Kelepouri P, Petrou C. Evaluating Greek pharmacists' attitudes and barriers regarding medicines adherence. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2319746. [PMID: 38798765 PMCID: PMC11123515 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2319746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherence constitutes an integral aspect of achieving consistently good clinical results. Understanding pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes, along with existing barriers is essential on the roadmap of enhancing patient adherence. This constitutes the goal of this study. Methodology A validated questionnaire was sent to a sample of 280 community pharmacists. Pharmacists were notified both by email and telephone. A response rate of 55% was achieved. Results Most pharmacists agree that the identification of patients' suboptimal adherence falls under their professional responsibility and they engage in activities to promote it. There is evidence to support that the most popular interventions were self-management and indirect methods. Specific tools were used to a lesser degree. Finally, the current study illustrated that the most commonly identified barriers were the preference of patients for physicians regarding adherence, lack of information from patients and lack of time. Conclusion Although the important role of pharmacists in adherence is ascertained, significant discrepancies in the tools used to control and promote adherence among pharmacists were identified, and also in obstacles faced by themselves and their patients. The interventions should be more consistent and the notion of cooperation among health care professionals should be nurtured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Petrou
- Pharmacy School, Department of Health Sciences, School Of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Kelepouri
- Pharmacy School, Department of Health Sciences, School Of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Petrou
- Pharmacy School, Department of Health Sciences, School Of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Aloudah NM. A Qualitative Study on the Perception of Medication Adherence by the Social Circles of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:973-982. [PMID: 37051473 PMCID: PMC10084825 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s404092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies have indicated that half of all patients with diabetes do not take their medication as prescribed. Patient social circles, including professionals (health care providers) and nonprofessionals (family and friends) might contribute to low medication adherence. Therefore, this study explored the point of view of healthcare providers and family members of patients with diabetes on patient medication adherence. Methods Our study included health care providers and family members using in-depth, semi structured interviews. The theoretical domain framework (TDF) was used to explore their perspectives. TDF was used to build a topic guide and to frame the data analysis. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed using the MAXQDA 2022 program. Results The participants identified a variety of factors potentially associated with diabetes medication adherence. Most factors were related to the environmental context and resources such as the burden of polypharmacy, medication shortages, and long wait times for care. In addition, factors related to patient beliefs concerning diabetes complications and insulin injections were reported. Several factors were identified that related to knowledge and social influences. Discussion Interventions that target the factors identified by the social circle of patients with diabetes might improve medication adherence and promote better disease management outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Aloudah
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Nouf M Aloudah, Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud University, PO BOX 50351, Riyadh, 11523, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966504410662, Fax +966118052966, Email
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Chittem M, Sridharan SG, Pongener M, Maya S, Epton T. Experiences of barriers to self-monitoring and medication-management among Indian patients with type 2 diabetes, their primary family-members and physicians. Chronic Illn 2022; 18:677-690. [PMID: 34259058 DOI: 10.1177/17423953211032251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the subjective accounts of the main barriers to self-monitoring of blood-glucose (SMBG) and medication-management among Indian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), their primary family-members (PFMs) and physicians. METHODS Using convenience sampling, patients with T2DM, their PFMs, and physicians, residing in a South Indian capital city, were recruited for semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Fifty patients (female = 14; mean age = 42.5 years) and their PFMs (female = 38; mean age = 39 years), and 25 physicians (female = 4; mean age = 49.8 years) were recruited. Three superordinate themes were identified: (i) complex medication-regimen: confusion, forgetting and reduced motivation, (ii) family recommendations of alternative therapies due to the social pressures of avoiding stigma, intrusiveness and being misrepresented for injecting insulin, and (iii) an expensive illness: choosing to spend money on only medication. DISCUSSION Implications of the findings highlight the need to (i) train physicians in communication and empathy skills, (ii) empower patients to communicate their barriers to physicians through triadic communication models and question-prompt lists, (iii) educate communities on the benefits of insulin for managing T2DM to reduce stigma, and (iv) equip communities with information about health insurance to address the financial toll of T2DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahati Chittem
- Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, India
| | | | | | - Sravannthi Maya
- Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, India
| | - Tracy Epton
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, Division of Psychology & Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Sims TJ, Boye KS, Robinson S, Kennedy-Martin T. Treatment-Related Attributes of Diabetes Therapies and How People with Type 2 Diabetes Report Their Impact on Indicators of Medication-Taking Behaviors. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16:1919-1939. [PMID: 35958887 PMCID: PMC9359496 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s367046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Understanding the treatment-related attributes influencing medication-taking behaviors in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is important for delivery of patient-centered care. This review aimed to identify and summarize studies in which people with T2D (PwD) directly indicated the treatment-related attributes associated with medication-taking behaviors or intentions. Materials and Methods EMBASE and PubMed were searched for studies (Jan 2005-May 2021) reporting the link between PwD-expressed diabetes treatment-related attributes and the decision to initiate, adhere to, or discontinue a T2D medication. Eligible studies reported attributes associated with oral antidiabetes drugs or injectables (not insulin). Studies not explicitly exploring the link between attributes and indicators of behaviors (eg most discrete-choice experiments [DCE] and those interrogating electronic medical records or claims databases) were excluded, as were studies where the link between attribute and behavior came from anyone but the PwD. Results Of the 6464 studies identified, 16 were included. Studies were conducted across multiple countries; the USA was most represented (n = 8 studies). The impact of treatment attributes was described on indicators of initiation (n = 3), adherence (n = 12), and discontinuation (n = 4). Some studies evaluated multiple behaviors. PwD perspectives were solicited by structured questionnaires (n = 10), qualitative approaches (n = 4), or DCE explicitly exploring the link to medication-taking behaviors (n = 2). Closed- (n = 9) and open-ended questions (n = 7) were employed. Across studies, several factors including glycemic efficacy (n = 9), weight change (n = 9), dosing frequency (n = 9), hypoglycemia (n = 8), gastrointestinal adverse events (n = 8), regimen complexity (n = 6), route of administration (n = 3), and cardiovascular risk (n = 1) were reported as influencing behaviors, being motivators or barriers to initiation, adherence, or discontinuation. Conclusion Several attributes influence how PwD take their medications. Insights gained directly from PwD have the potential to assist stakeholders in making more informed, patient-centered, treatment decisions, thus choosing and managing medications that PwD are comfortable initiating and persisting with over the longer term.
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Gomez-Peralta F, Fornos Pérez JA, Molinero A, Sánchez Barrancos IM, Arranz Martínez E, Martínez-Pérez P, Mera Gallego I, Andrés-Rodríguez NF. Adherence to antidiabetic treatment and impaired hypoglycemia awareness in type 2 diabetes mellitus assessed in Spanish community pharmacies: the ADHIFAC study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/2/e002148. [PMID: 34845061 PMCID: PMC8633992 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adherence to treatment and hypoglycemia awareness are strongly linked to glycemic control and hypoglycemia risk in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Community pharmacies are suitable facilities to detect these conditions, and should be involved in the strategies to minimize the associated risks and burden. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study conducted at community pharmacies across Spain assessed the prevalence of low adherence to antidiabetic treatments, the frequency of impaired hypoglycemia awareness, and their predictive factors. Adherence was measured with the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and electronic records of dispensed treatments. The Clarke questionnaire was used to assess impaired hypoglycemia awareness. Healthcare counseling provided in the pharmacy was collected. RESULTS Seventy-nine pharmacists and 618 subjects with T2DM participated in the study. Mean age in the overall T2DM population was 67 years, being the majority (69%) pensioners. Adherence was high in 41% of participants, medium in 35%, and low in 24% according to the MMAS-8. Impaired hypoglycemia awareness was observed in 25% of participants. Main determinants of low adherence were the level of education, the number of treatments per patient, hypoglycemia awareness, and the type of pharmacy. Predictive factors of impaired hypoglycemia awareness were the level of education, information on diabetes-related complications, adherence levels, and the type of pharmacy. The proportion of participants who had healthcare counseling was 71% in the overall population and 100% in subjects with impaired hypoglycemia awareness and low adherence. Healthcare counseling comprised diabetes education (69%), pharmacotherapeutic assessment (20%), and physician referrals (11%). CONCLUSION Lack of adherence to antidiabetic treatments and impaired hypoglycemia awareness are frequent and correlate in T2DM. Community pharmacies can detect these conditions and should have an active role in the design of strategies to minimize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomez-Peralta
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Segovia Hospital Complex, Segovia, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - José A Fornos Pérez
- Community Pharmacy Cangas de Morrazo, Pontevedra, Spain
- Diabetes Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical, Family and Community Pharmacy (SEFAC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Molinero
- Diabetes Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical, Family and Community Pharmacy (SEFAC), Barcelona, Spain
- Community Pharmacy Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche - Campus of San Juan de Alicante, San Juan, Spain
| | - Inés Mera Gallego
- Diabetes Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical, Family and Community Pharmacy (SEFAC), Barcelona, Spain
- Community Pharmacy Maella, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - N Floro Andrés-Rodríguez
- Diabetes Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical, Family and Community Pharmacy (SEFAC), Barcelona, Spain
- Community Pharmacy Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Llorca CVY, Cortés Castell E, Ribera Casado JM, de Lucas Ramos P, Casteig Ayestarán JL, Casteig Blanco A, Gil Guillén VF, Rizo Baeza M. Factors Associated with Non-Adherence to Drugs in Patients with Chronic Diseases Who Go to Pharmacies in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4308. [PMID: 33921619 PMCID: PMC8073745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological non-adherence in chronic diseases is 40-65%. No predictive profile of non-adherence exists in patients with multiple chronic diseases. Our study aimed to quantify the prevalence of non-adherence to pharmacological treatment and its associated factors in patients who visit pharmacies in Spain. METHODS This observational cross-sectional study included patients with one or more chronic diseases. The variables analyzed were demographics, diseases involved, self-medication, information about disease, and lifestyle. The main variable was adherence using the Morisky-Green test. A total of 132 pharmacies collaborated, providing 6327 patients representing all Spain regions (April-December 2016). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated. RESULTS Non-adherence was 48.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 47.2-49.7%). The variables that reached significance in the multivariate model were: difficulty in taking medication, self-medication, desire for more information, smoking, lower physical activity, younger age and number of chronic treatments. Discrimination was satisfactory (area under the ROC curve = 70%). Our study found that 50% patients was non-adherent and we obtained a profile of variables associated with therapeutic non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS It is cause for concern that in patients with multiple diseases and taking multiple medications, there is an association between non-adherence, self-medication and worse lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Valdés y Llorca
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Scientific Committee Observatory Group Adherence to Treatment, 28231 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Cortés Castell
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Scientific Committee Observatory Group Adherence to Treatment, 28231 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel Ribera Casado
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Scientific Committee Observatory Group Adherence to Treatment, 28231 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar de Lucas Ramos
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Scientific Committee Observatory Group Adherence to Treatment, 28231 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Casteig Ayestarán
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Observatorio para la Adherencia al Tratamiento (OAT), 28231 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Casteig Blanco
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Observatorio para la Adherencia al Tratamiento (OAT), 28231 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Francisco Gil Guillén
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Scientific Committee Observatory Group Adherence to Treatment, 28231 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rizo Baeza
- Medical School, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (C.V.yL.); (J.M.R.C.); (P.d.L.R.); (J.L.C.A.); (A.C.B.); (V.F.G.G.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03550 Alicante, Spain
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Al Hayek A, Al Dawish M. Clinical and psychological characteristics of liraglutide treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:1065-1071. [PMID: 32318468 PMCID: PMC7113983 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_901_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the glycemic control, quality of life (QOL), and sleep quality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who are treated with liraglutide and to investigate whether the QOL and sleep quality were correlated with the glycemic control of this population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on T2DM patients who were treated with liraglutide. Data on body weight and glycemic control were recorded while the QOL and sleep quality were assessed using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires. Results: Eighty-four T2DM patients who initiated liraglutide with a mean age of 46.7 years were included in the study. The mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 7.76% (standard deviation [SD] =0.62), and about 88.1% of patients had HbA1c > 7%. The PSQI score showed not too bad sleep quality (mean 4.3 ± 1.9). The mean WHO-5 score of the study population showed a “moderate” QOL (12.4 ± 3). Patients had lowest SF-36 score (mean = 52.3) in the subscale of “energy and fatigue.” There was a significant positive correlation between HbA1C and the “energy and fatigue” (r = 0.232, P = 0.034) but not with the other subscales. Conclusion: Patients with T2DM taking liraglutide have moderate sleep difficulty and QOL score. Nonetheless, none of these outcomes was significantly correlated with glycemic control. Further well-designed studies with long-term follow-up and larger population sizes are needed to confirm our findings.
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Wang K, Chen Y, Strizek A, Boye K, Gu L, Liu Y, Qu S. Comparison of Characteristics Between Chinese Patients Taking Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Insulin: A Cross-sectional Database Analysis. Clin Ther 2019; 41:2057-2065. [PMID: 31514971 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In China, although insulin has been prescribed for decades, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs) have been available as an injectable treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since 2009. GLP-1 RAs are listed as second-line treatment in the 2017 Chinese Guideline for patients with T2DM in whom prior oral antidiabetic therapy has failed. This study compares the baseline characteristics of Chinese patients with T2DM taking different prescriptions of first injectable therapy (GLP-1-RA or insulin). METHODS The IQVIA Patient Diary Study database, which captures data from a patient medical record-based physician online survey, was the data source used in this study. Cross-sectional patient data were collected from hospitals in 15 major Chinese cities from June 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018. Adults with T2DM commencing either GLP-1-RA or insulin use as their first injectable antidiabetic therapy were included. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the GLP-1-RA and insulin treatment groups, using t tests and χ2 or Fisher exact tests. FINDINGS Overall, 563 patients using GLP-1-RAs and 2387 using insulin were identified. In general, patients using GLP-1-RA were younger (mean [SD], 49.6 [10.8] years vs 59.3 [10.9] years), had lower mean (SD) glycosylated hemoglobin levels (8.5% [1.2%] vs 9.6 [1.7%]), had lower mean (SD) fasting plasma glucose levels (9.0 [1.9] mmol/L vs 10.8 [2.6] mmol/L), higher mean (SD) body mass indexes (29.4 [3.9] kg/m2 vs 24.6 [3.1] kg/m2), had higher comorbidity of obesity (75% vs 15%), had a higher occurrence of hyperlipidemia (63% vs 44%), and had lower occurrence of neuropathy (13% vs 34%) when compared with those using insulin (P < 0.0001 for all). The results of multivariate logistic regression model indicate that when controlling other variables in the multivariate logistic regression model, a higher fasting plasma glucose level and a longer diagnosis duration are associated with higher odds of insulin therapy commencement, but higher body mass index and some comorbidities, such as obesity and hyperlipidemia, are associated with higher odds of being a GLP-1-RA user. IMPLICATIONS Significant differences were identified between selected baseline characteristics of patients initiating GLP-1-RA and insulin therapy, suggesting that these medicines are more likely to be prescribed to different types of patients with T2DM in China. These findings may help to inform Chinese physicians regarding the characteristics of those patients with T2DM who are initiating treatment with a GLP-1-RA or insulin. Because the Patient Diary Study data were collected from hospitals in 15 major cities in China, one noteworthy limitation is that the results may not represent the overall treatment pattern in rural areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Liqun Gu
- Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Real World Insights, IQVIA, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuli Qu
- Real World Insights, IQVIA, Shanghai, China.
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Hening WN, Sartika RAD, Sauriasari R. Effect of Hospital Pharmacist Counseling on Clinical Outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients. J Res Pharm Pract 2019; 8:155-161. [PMID: 31728347 PMCID: PMC6830025 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_19_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In Indonesia, the role of a hospital pharmacist in pharmaceutical care is still limited or even absent. This study aimed to determine whether counseling by a pharmacist could improve medication adherence, controlling the glycemic status, lipid profile, and blood pressure of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outpatients. Methods: We conducted an interventional study at RSUD Kota Depok, a secondary public hospital, Indonesia, from April to October 2018. Counseling was given three times during the 4-month study. The study design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest group design on 77 respondents divided into intervention group (IGs) (n = 39 people) who received counseling and booklets from the hospital pharmacist and control group (CG) (n = 38 people) who were only given the booklets. We measured adherence with the Medication Adherence Questionnaire and conducted blood tests for fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TG), and blood pressure measurements. Findings: In the IG, adherence parameters such as HbA1c and lipid profile improved, whereas in the CG, there were no statistically significant changes in clinical parameters and even nonadherence score increased (P = 0.008). IG showed statistically significant improvement in medication adherence, in parameters such as FBG, PPBG, and HbA1c, compared to CG. Based on the Chi-square test, IG also showed a statistically significant improvement in the number of controlled FBG (P = 0.05) and HbA1c (P < 0.001) compared to CG. In addition, a multivariate analysis showed that counseling by hospital pharmacist was 2.764 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.096–6.794) and 9.964 times (95% CI: 3.434–28.917) better than no counseling in improvement of FBG and HbA1c, respectively. However, the significance disappeared after adjusted by type of medicine, duration of diabetes mellitus drug use, and medication adherence. Conclusion: Hospital pharmacist counseling is an important and significant factor in improving FBG and HbA1c levels of T2DM outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Rani Sauriasari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Aziz MM, Yang S, Masood I, Zhu S, Raza MA, Ji W, Anwar N, Saeed A, Fang Y. An assessment of counseling quality provided by community pharmacies to type 2 diabetic adult patients for oral therapy: a simulated patient study from Pakistan. Endocr J 2019; 66:233-239. [PMID: 30726787 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess quality of counseling provided to type 2 diabetic patients. For this cross-sectional study, a simulated patient method was applied in 562 selected community pharmacies of Punjab, Pakistan. A scenario for the metformin oral therapy was developed that illustrates direct counseling for adult diabetic patients. Counseling and communication skills were also assessed. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis. Only 29.4% of simulated patients received medication counseling directly; 47.6% received it on request. About 32.8% of clients were referred to a physician without counseling. The most frequently provided information was dietary instruction (94.8%) and dose of therapy (84.5%). Only one quarter (25.3%) of simulated patients were asked about disease duration and similar rate (25.0%) was found for discussions of special warnings. The side effects, drug storage, drug-drug interactions and duration of therapy were ignored. Minimal information was provided about other medication during therapy (0.2%) and effect of medicine withdrawal (2.7%). About 59.5% simulated patients were instructed for compliance to medication. Counseling to type 2 diabetic patients in Pakistani community pharmacies is not very satisfactory. Pharmacies' staff have little focus on counseling. Professional training of staff could improve counseling and communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Majid Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Shimin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Imran Masood
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, Railway Road Campus, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Wenjing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Naveed Anwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Saeed
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
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11
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Franch-Nadal J, García-Gollarte F, Pérez Del Molino A, Orera-Peña ML, de Miguel MR, Melogno-Klinkas M, de Paz HD, Aceituno S, Rodríguez-Fortúnez P. Physicians' and Pharmacists' Clinical Considerations for Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The IMPLICA2 Study. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 39:73-84. [PMID: 30315498 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-018-0713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex due to their age-related conditions. Several clinical guidelines provide specific recommendations for management of these patients but little is known about their implementation in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To describe physician and community pharmacist perceptions and routine clinical practice in the management of elderly T2DM patients. METHODS Cross-sectional study. RESULTS A total of 993 physicians and 999 community pharmacists completed the questionnaire. More physicians than pharmacists agreed on the need to establish more flexible HbA1c targets for elderly (79.4% vs. 30.6%; p < 0.001) and frail (92.6% vs. 31.4%; p < 0.001) patients than for the general diabetic population. HbA1c targets < 7.5% for elderly patients and < 8.5% for frail patients (as recommended by the principle guidelines) were set by 38.9% and 28.7% of physicians, respectively. Furthermore, 62.8% of physicians stated they follow guideline recommendations but, based on their prescription decisions for hypothetical patients, less than 50% were aligned with them. In addition, 73.1% of physicians monitor treatment adherence, mainly by using dispensing control (59.1%). Specific nutritional approaches for elderly patients are provided by 62.9% of physicians and 56.0% of pharmacists, whilst 57.4% and 21.7%, respectively, deliver specific physical exercise programs. CONCLUSIONS Low adherence to guideline recommendations (i.e. setting more stringent HbA1c targets or delaying treatment intensification) may lead to suboptimal glycaemic control in elderly patients. The standardization of processes, extensive monitoring of patient treatment adherence and providing advice regarding specific personal lifestyle habits may improve the management of elderly T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Franch-Nadal
- CAP Drassanes Raval-Sud, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Moreno Juste A, Gimeno Miguel A, Poblador Plou B, González Rubio F, Aza Pascual-Salcedo MM, Menditto E, Prados Torres A. Adherence to treatment of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes in an elderly population of a Spanish cohort. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 153:1-5. [PMID: 30503066 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sub-optimal adherence to treatment in the general population has been highlighted in several studies, especially in the elderly and/or chronic patients. This study aims to describe the adherence to treatment of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, and to identify the factors that influence adherence. MATERIAL AND METHOD Retrospective, cross-sectional observational study on 16,208 patients aged ≥65 years from the EpiChron Cohort who initiated monotherapy treatment of an antidiabetic, a lipid-lowering or an antihypertensive medication in 2010. Adherence was measured by calculating the medication possession ratio during one year, considering those cases with medication possession ratio ≥80% to be adherent. We performed a descriptive study, and a logistic regression model was used to identify the predictors of low adherence. RESULTS Adherence to antidiabetics, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs was 72.4%, 50.7% and 44.3%, respectively. An increase in adherence of 3-8% was observed for each additional chronic disease suffered by the patient. The presence of mental illness did not affect adherence, and sex, age and number of prescribed drugs did not present consistent effects. CONCLUSION The results obtained show a sub-optimal adherence to treatment for the 3chronic diseases studied. Adherence increased with the number of chronic diseases, while sex, age and number of drugs did not show a consistent effect. It is necessary to investigate if there are other factors that may influence therapeutic adherence, since improving adherence may have a greater impact on health than any progress in therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Moreno Juste
- Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), IIS Aragón, REDISSEC ISCIII, Zaragoza, España; Servicio Aragonés de Salud (SALUD), Zaragoza, España.
| | - Antonio Gimeno Miguel
- Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), IIS Aragón, REDISSEC ISCIII, Zaragoza, España
| | - Beatriz Poblador Plou
- Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), IIS Aragón, REDISSEC ISCIII, Zaragoza, España
| | - Francisca González Rubio
- Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), IIS Aragón, REDISSEC ISCIII, Zaragoza, España; Servicio Aragonés de Salud (SALUD), Zaragoza, España; Grupo de Trabajo de Utilización de Fármacos de la semFYC, España
| | - María Mercedes Aza Pascual-Salcedo
- Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), IIS Aragón, REDISSEC ISCIII, Zaragoza, España; Servicio Aragonés de Salud (SALUD), Zaragoza, España
| | - Enrica Menditto
- CIRFF, Centro de Farmacoeconomía, Universidad de Nápoles Federico II, Nápoles, Italia
| | - Alexandra Prados Torres
- Grupo EpiChron de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), IIS Aragón, REDISSEC ISCIII, Zaragoza, España
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13
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Horvat O, Popržen J, Tomas A, Paut Kusturica M, Tomić Z, Sabo A. Factors associated with non-adherence among type 2 diabetic patients in primary care setting in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prim Care Diabetes 2018; 12:147-154. [PMID: 29089247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to assess patients' non-adherence and associated factors to antidiabetic medication in the primary care setting in the eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of 323 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending the primary health care center of the Foča municipality in eastern part of BiH and measured adherence to antidiabetic medication. Adherence was measured using a pill count method. RESULTS The majority of patients were treated with oral therapy (84.21%). Half of the patients (48%) treated pharmacologically were non-adherent and patients on oral and insulin combination therapy showed better adherence than those on oral therapy. Age (B=-0.749; p=0.004), copayment (B=0.549; p=0.028) and oral therapy (B=0.827; p=0.045) were the strongest predictors of poor adherence. CONCLUSION About half of the patients were non-adherent to antidiabetic medication. Interventions oriented towards policy changes regarding availability of antidiabetic medication through copayment reductions, and providing healt education to younger population and patients on oral therapy could lead to better adherence among T2DM patients in eastern part of BiH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Horvat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Popržen
- Health Institution Moja apoteka, Cara Dušana bb., 73 300 Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Tomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milica Paut Kusturica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zdenko Tomić
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ana Sabo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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14
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Gabric K, Matetic A, Vilovic M, Ticinovic Kurir T, Rusic D, Galic T, Jonjic I, Bozic J. Health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different risk for obstructive sleep apnea. Patient Prefer Adherence 2018; 12:765-773. [PMID: 29785091 PMCID: PMC5953311 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s165203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study primarily aimed to investigate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with different risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study included 466 adult patients with T2DM on regular visit to Center for Diabetes of University Hospital of Split from April to September 2017. All subjects underwent detailed anamnestical evaluation and physical examination with anthropometric measurements. Additionally, all subjects completed STOP (Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, and high blood Pressure) questionnaire to assess risk for OSA, Epworth Sleepiness Scale to assess daytime sleepiness, and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) instrument to evaluate HRQoL. RESULTS Most subjects (N=312, 67.0%) represented high-risk OSA group based on STOP questionnaire (STOP score ≥2). Statistically significantly lower HRQoL scores in all SF-36 dimensions were found in T2DM patients with high risk for OSA compared to low-risk group (P<0.001). STOP score showed statistically significant negative correlation with all SF-36 dimensions (P<0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis, STOP score was confirmed as statistically significant independent predictor for all SF-36 components, adjusted for body mass index, age, glycated hemoglobin, and T2DM duration (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our study found that high proportion of patients with T2DM are at high risk for OSA. Furthermore, we showed that group of T2DM patients with high risk for OSA has lower HRQoL in all SF-36 dimensions compared to low-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kresimir Gabric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- University Eye Hospital Svjetlost, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrija Matetic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Marino Vilovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Doris Rusic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Tea Galic
- Study of Dental Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jonjic
- University Eye Hospital Svjetlost, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: Josko Bozic, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia, Tel +385 21 557 905, Fax +385 21 557 955, Email
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15
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Possibilistic activity recognition with uncertain observations to support medication adherence in an assisted ambient living setting. Knowl Based Syst 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Lee CS, Tan JHM, Sankari U, Koh YLE, Tan NC. Assessing oral medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with polytherapy in a developed Asian community: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016317. [PMID: 28912194 PMCID: PMC5640112 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The disease burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising due to suboptimal glycaemic control leading to vascular complications. Medication adherence (MA) directly influences glycaemic control and clinical consequences. This study aimed to assess the MA of patients with T2DM and identify associated factors. DESIGN Analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey and electronic medical records. SETTING Primary care outpatient clinic in Singapore. PARTICIPANTS Adult patients with T2DM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES MA to each prescribed oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA) was measured using the five-question Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5). Low MA is defined as a MARS-R score of <25. Demographic data, clinical characteristics and investigation results were collected to identify factors that are associated with low MA. RESULTS The study population comprised 382 patients with a slight female predominance (53.4%) and a mean±SD age of 62.0±10.4 years. 57.1% of the patients had low MA to at least one OHA. Univariate analysis showed that patients who were younger, of Chinese ethnicity, married or widowed, self-administering their medications or taking fewer (four or less) daily medications tended to have low MA to OHA. Logistic regression revealed that younger age (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95 to0.99), Chinese ethnicity (OR 2.80; 95% CI 1.53 to5.15) and poorer glycaemic control (HbA1c level) (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.06 to1.51) were associated with low MA to OHA. CONCLUSIONS Younger patients with T2DM and of Chinese ethnicity were susceptible to low MA to OHA, which was associated with poorer glycaemic control. Polytherapy was not associated with low MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cia Sin Lee
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Ngiap Chuan Tan
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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