1
|
Brandenburg C, Crilly J, Thomas S, Gardiner P, Kinner SA, Heffernan E, Lincoln C, Somerville A, Davidson P, Wilson D, Green D, Byrnes J. Police perspectives on the economic considerations of providing healthcare in short-term custodial settings in Australia. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2024; 64:217-223. [PMID: 37691343 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231198915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Providing appropriate healthcare to people in short-term police custody settings (i.e. watch-houses) is challenging due to the complexity of detainee health needs and the limitations of the custodial environment. However, little is known about how detainee healthcare is managed in Australia, including economic considerations. This study had two aims: (1) to understand police perspectives on the costs associated with the delivery of healthcare to watch-house detainees in Queensland, Australia and (2) to scope the applicability of the Prison Healthcare Expenditure Reporting Checklist (PHERC) tool for the Australian watch-house context. The study employed an exploratory qualitative descriptive approach. A purposive sample comprised 16 watch-house staff from six regions in Queensland, Australia, interviewed between April and November 2021. A key finding was that police viewed healthcare expenditure as a major, but largely unavoidable cost for Australian watch-houses. Participants reported that direct expenditure comprised mostly of in-house healthcare services (of which there were a variety of models), but also costs of medication and health-related consumables. Indirect costs included costs of escorting and guarding detainees requiring transfer to hospital for health assessment and treatment. Participants reported that the PHERC was not applicable to the Australian watch-house context. Future research should explore the cost-effectiveness of different watch-house healthcare delivery models and how best to measure this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Brandenburg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Thomas
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Gardiner
- Cairns Watch-house, Far North District, Queensland Police Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cathy Lincoln
- Forensic Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annabel Somerville
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Division Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Wilson
- Office of the Medical Director, Queensland Ambulance Service, Kedron, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Green
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wardrop R, Ranse J, Crilly J, Stubbs N, Chaboyer W. Clinicians' experiences of caring for people brought in by police to the emergency department: A qualitative interpretive study. J Adv Nurs 2024; 80:1955-1966. [PMID: 37994190 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore nurses' and doctors' experiences of providing care to people brought in by police (BIBP) to the emergency department (ED). DESIGN A qualitative interpretive study using in-depth individual interviews. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses and doctors who worked in various EDs in one Australian state and were involved in the care of people BIBP. Interviews were undertaken between May and October 2022 and focused on the structures (i.e., what), processes (i.e., how) and outcomes of care for people BIBP. Data were analysed using deductive and then inductive content analysis. RESULTS Nine nurses and eight doctors were interviewed. Structures described by participants included human structures (staff) and organizational structures (areas for assessment, involuntary assessment orders, investigations, chemical/physical restraints). For processes, participants described practices including risk/mental health assessments, legal considerations, and increased/decreased levels of care compared to other presentations. Communication processes were largely between police and health care staff. Service outcomes pertained to discharge location (custody, community, hospital admission) and length of stay. CONCLUSION The current care delivery for people BIBP to the ED is unique and complex, often occurring in high traffic, resource-intensive areas. There is a need to strengthen structures and processes, to improve service outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION Understanding the care requirements for people brought into ED by police enables the delivery of targeted care alongside appropriate resource allocation. IMPACT This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the health care requirements for people BIBP to EDs. Interventions delivered in the ED to support health care delivery for people BIBP and foster clinician and police relationships are required to optimize patient and health service outcomes. REPORTING METHOD This study adheres to the COREQ checklist (Table S1) of the EQUATOR guidelines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This study focused on ED staff experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wardrop
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie Ranse
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Stubbs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy Chaboyer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kennedy KM, Payne-James GJ, Payne-James JJ, Green PG. Provision of forensic healthcare services for police custodial settings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Current practice and implications for other services? MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2023; 63:203-217. [PMID: 36377309 DOI: 10.1177/00258024221136721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Provision of forensic healthcare services may affect patient safety and criminal justice outcomes. We reviewed models of delivery for services in police custody in terms of cost, types of healthcare professionals and their minimum required experience, training and qualification. Relevant information was requested under the Freedom of Information Act from all police services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Additional information was sought from the London Ambulance Service and the Metropolitan Police Service. A third of respondent police services refused to provide the requested information and only a small minority answered the questions in their entirety. Many police services cited excessive cost and commercial interests as reasons for not providing the information. A marked variation in models of forensic healthcare provision across police services which responded was identified. London Ambulance Service call-outs to Metropolitan Police Service custody suites for those arrested varied from 0% to 3.8%. There is substantial inconsistency and variability of information on forensic healthcare services in police custody. A standardised national dataset of all aspects of police custodial healthcare (irrespective of by whom such services are provided) should be established. We advise that the Association of Police & Crime Commissioners, College of Policing the National Police Chiefs' Council and NHS England Health and Justice engage on these matters and work with the Faculty of Forensic & Legal Medicine, the United Kingdom Association of Forensic Nurses and Paramedics, and the College of Paramedics to restart the transfer of all police custodial healthcare services to the National Health Service.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Kennedy
- Comerford Medical Education Centre, Clinical Science Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - J Jason Payne-James
- Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Southminster, UK
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter G Green
- Wandsworth Clinical Commissioning Group and the Govt of Jersey, London, UK
- St Georges University Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modification of the examination of fitness for custody as a result of external factors in the period 2013–2018. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-022-00577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and objectives
Previous studies have shown that the assessment of fitness for custody is influenced by external factors. In this study, we analyzed whether the changes that occurred in the period 2015–2016 (predominant involvement of forensic medicine, significant increase in the proportion of the population with a migration background) had an impact on the examination of fitness for custody in the Halle/Saale area (Germany).
Material and methods
A retrospective analysis of 1271 examinations of fitness for custody from the period 2013–2018 was carried out. Therefore, two periods (2013–2015 and 2016–2018) were considered and the various parameters were evaluated using several statistical programs.
Results
In terms of the reasons for examination, there was a significant decrease in alcohol intoxication and a significant increase in psychiatric illnesses (p = 0.016) in the period 2016–2018. Regardless of the time period there was an increase in examination time of approximately 3.5 min for examinations of people with a migration background. In comparison of the two time periods, fewer persons examined were fit for custody without restrictions and significantly more were fit for custody with restrictions only (p = <0.001).
Discussion and conclusion
The present study confirmed the influence of external factors on examination of fitness for custody. With the predominant involvement of forensic medicine, there was a significant increase in persons with limited fitness for custody. The increased proportion of persons with a migration background resulted in a broader variety of indications as well as an increase in examination time and the involvement of interpreters. For the future guarantee of the examinations, these changed circumstances must be taken into account, also including appropriate payment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Werner-de-Sondberg CRM, Karanika-Murray M, Baguley T, Blagden N. The Role of Organizational Culture and Climate for Well-Being among Police Custody Personnel: A Multilevel Examination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126369. [PMID: 34208321 PMCID: PMC8296196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
United Kingdom Police custody is one of the most challenging of work environments, liable to excessive demands and reduced well-being. Being difficult to access, it is also a much-neglected area of research that has focused on one or two roles, rather than the full range available, and on individual-level research, rather than a more comprehensive multilevel understanding of how organizational culture and climate can simultaneously influence a range of well-being outcomes. The present longitudinal study explored all types of roles, in both the public and private sectors, across seven English police forces and 26 custody sites (N = 333, response rate 46.57%, with repeated returns = 370). The Integrated Multilevel Model of Organizational Culture and Climate (IMMOCC) was applied to examine the organizational-level influences on individual well-being. Results indicated that (1) custody sergeants were most vulnerable to low well-being, followed by publicly contracted detention officers; (2) shared leadership (a source of team cohesion) was linked to four of six well-being outcomes; (3) two sub-components of culture reflected tensions never acknowledged before, especially in respect of role; and (4) reverse relationships existed between well-being outcomes and the dimensions of culture and climate. The findings inform practical recommendations, including resilience training and the need to raise the status of police custody, while also highlighting concerns about private sector scrutiny that may be relevant to other professions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Karanika-Murray
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (T.B.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Baguley
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (T.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicholas Blagden
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (T.B.); (N.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Identifying vulnerability in police custody: Making sense of information provided to custody officers. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 80:102169. [PMID: 33901738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerable individuals frequently come into contact with the criminal justice system with those with mental health disorders over-represented in custody. Therefore, it is crucial to identify vulnerability in order to ensure the appropriate safeguards can be put in place. Research has documented that this is problematic and can be influenced by a number of factors. The current study, therefore, aimed to understand how custody officers in England and Wales made sense of different types of information presented to them, the impact that it had on their initial disposal option and whether there was a difference in police force area. Six case scenario vignettes containing different types of vulnerability were developed and disseminated. A total of 237 custody officers from 25 police forces participated. Results highlighted that custody officers were more likely to obtain a mental health assessment in all case scenarios, except if the individual displayed comprehension difficulties - custody officers would instead seek to implement the services of an Appropriate Adult. In addition, differences between police force areas were observed. Police forces in the North of England were the least likely to obtain the assistance of an Appropriate Adult when presented with a vulnerable suspect compared to other police force areas. This suggests fundamental differences in the disposal options preferred between police force areas and has implications for the treatment of vulnerable individuals in police custody.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu S, Ren L, Pan M, Qiu X, Ding Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu Q. Retrospective analysis of 172 cases of custodial deaths in China between 1999 and 2016: forensic experience in China. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:1487-1493. [PMID: 31802193 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Custodial deaths refer to the death of an individual who is in prison, a detention center, or a police station. The present study aims to retrospectively analyze cases of custodial deaths examined at Tongji Medico Legal Expertise Center in Hubei (TMECH). A total of 172 out of 5853 cases were screened at TMECH from January 1999 to December 2016. Male preponderance was observed in 172 cases (male-female ratio: 5:1). Natural deaths accounted for the majority (70.93%), followed by suicide (16.28%), accidents (3.49%), homicides (4.65%), and undetermined causes (4.65%). The most common natural cause was cardiovascular disease. Custodial deaths occurred more frequently in prisons and detention houses than in police cells (63%, 63%, and 46%, respectively). Among the 172 cases, 105 deaths occurred after resuscitation failure despite the individual being sent to the hospital. The average age across cases was 36.3 years, and 90% of the deceased were aged under 50 years. Since there is no officially reported data regarding the prevalence of causes and manners of custodial deaths in China, our analysis contributes to enhancing the understanding of such deaths in central China and serves as a reference for law enforcement to develop a prevention program to reduce incidents of mortality in custody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meichen Pan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Qiu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijiao Ding
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schucan Bird K, Shemilt I. The crime, mental health, and economic impacts of prearrest diversion of people with mental health problems: A systematic review. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2019; 29:142-156. [PMID: 30972840 PMCID: PMC6850079 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prearrest diversion strategies are being adopted across the Western world, enabling the police to identify and divert people suspected of having mental disorder towards health and community services rather than the criminal justice system. AIMS To quantify longer-term criminal justice and mental health outcomes after prearrest diversion of people with suspected mental disorder and consider economic correlates. METHODS A systematic review of published literature on longer term outcomes after prearrest diversion. RESULTS Only two quasi-experimental studies, with four independent samples, could be included. Findings for criminal and mental health outcomes were inconclusive, but potential for adverse outcomes was identified. Ten studies with cost data suggested that prearrest diversion can lead to overall cost savings. CONCLUSIONS There is still inadequate evidence on which to base prearrest diversion programmes. Although some benefits have been identified by the review, so have possible harms. Future research and funding strategies must build in high-quality, systematic evaluation of outcomes before implementing a theoretically attractive strategy more widely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Shemilt
- EPPI CentreUCL Institute of EducationLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McKinnon I, Finch T. Contextualising health screening risk assessments in police custody suites - qualitative evaluation from the HELP-PC study in London, UK. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:393. [PMID: 29566649 PMCID: PMC5863839 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the UK, police custody officers have a responsibility to screen for health morbidity and vulnerability among detainees. This study aimed to develop an understanding of the barriers to performing effective health screening in police custody suites, understand the impact of screening tools on practice within the custody suite, and to identify factors that could hinder or facilitate the future implementation of a new screening intervention in this environment. Methods A qualitative study was conducted alongside a quantitative evaluation of a novel screening tool. Qualitative methods included observation of the custody environment, semi-structured interviews with police staff, and elicitation of comments from detainees about their experiences of screening. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Normalization Process Theory (NPT) was used to inform data collection and as a framework for higher level analysis of findings. Results Five overall constructs were identified that develop understanding of the integration of health screening within custody: the workability of risk assessment screening tools; the effect of the custody environment and the people therein; shifts in professional roles and interrelationships amongst staff; cultural responses to risk and liability in police work; how infrastructure, knowledge and skills can impact on detainee safety. Conclusions Health and risk assessment screening in police custody is a complex and demanding activity which extends beyond the delivery of a screening tool. Professional roles, the demanding environment and police culture impact on the overall process. Recommendations for improved integration of health and risk assessment screening in wider police custody practice are proposed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5271-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKinnon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PT, UK. .,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, NE61 3BP, UK.
| | - Tracy Finch
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Coach Lane Campus West, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7XA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Addison M, Stockdale K, McGovern R, McGovern W, McKinnon I, Crowe L, Hogan L, Kaner E. Exploring the intersections between novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and other substance use in a police custody suite setting in the north east of England. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2017.1378620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Addison
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kelly Stockdale
- School of Psychological and Social Sciences, York St John University, North Yorkshire, York, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ruth McGovern
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - William McGovern
- School of Social Work and Communities, Northumbria University, Allendale House, Coach Lane Campus (West), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lisa Crowe
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lisa Hogan
- Northumbria Police, Newcastle City Centre Police Station, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gérardin M, Guigand G, Wainstein L, Jolliet P, Victorri-Vigneau C, Clément R. Evaluation of problematic psychoactive substances use in people placed in police custody. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 49:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|